path: root/core/tx_pool_test.go

// Copyright 2015 The go-ethereum Authors
// This file is part of the go-ethereum library.
//
// The go-ethereum library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
// (at your option) any later version.
//
// The go-ethereum library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
//
// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
// along with the go-ethereum library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.

package core

import (
    "crypto/ecdsa"
    "math/big"
    "math/rand"
    "testing"
    "time"

    "github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/common"
    "github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core/state"
    "github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core/types"
    "github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/crypto"
    "github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/ethdb"
    "github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/event"
)

func transaction(nonce uint64, gaslimit *big.Int, key *ecdsa.PrivateKey) *types.Transaction {
    tx, _ := types.NewTransaction(nonce, common.Address{}, big.NewInt(100), gaslimit, big.NewInt(1), nil).SignECDSA(key)
    return tx
}

func setupTxPool() (*TxPool, *ecdsa.PrivateKey) {
    db, _ := ethdb.NewMemDatabase()
    statedb, _ := state.New(common.Hash{}, db)

    key, _ := crypto.GenerateKey()
    newPool := NewTxPool(testChainConfig(), new(event.TypeMux), func() (*state.StateDB, error) { return statedb, nil }, func() *big.Int { return big.NewInt(1000000) })
    newPool.resetState()

    return newPool, key
}

func TestInvalidTransactions(t *testing.T) {
    pool, key := setupTxPool()

    tx := transaction(0, big.NewInt(100), key)
    if err := pool.Add(tx); err != ErrNonExistentAccount {
        t.Error("expected", ErrNonExistentAccount)
    }

    from, _ := tx.From()
    currentState, _ := pool.currentState()
    currentState.AddBalance(from, big.NewInt(1))
    if err := pool.Add(tx); err != ErrInsufficientFunds {
        t.Error("expected", ErrInsufficientFunds)
    }

    balance := new(big.Int).Add(tx.Value(), new(big.Int).Mul(tx.Gas(), tx.GasPrice()))
    currentState.AddBalance(from, balance)
    if err := pool.Add(tx); err != ErrIntrinsicGas {
        t.Error("expected", ErrIntrinsicGas, "got", err)
    }

    currentState.SetNonce(from, 1)
    currentState.AddBalance(from, big.NewInt(0xffffffffffffff))
    tx = transaction(0, big.NewInt(100000), key)
    if err := pool.Add(tx); err != ErrNonce {
        t.Error("expected", ErrNonce)
    }

    tx = transaction(1, big.NewInt(100000), key)
    pool.minGasPrice = big.NewInt(1000)
    if err := pool.Add(tx); err != ErrCheap {
        t.Error("expected", ErrCheap, "got", err)
    }

    pool.SetLocal(tx)
    if err := pool.Add(tx); err != nil {
        t.Error("expected", nil, "got", err)
    }
}

func TestTransactionQueue(t *testing.T) {
    pool, key := setupTxPool()
    tx := transaction(0, big.NewInt(100), key)
    from, _ := tx.From()
    currentState, _ := pool.currentState()
    currentState.AddBalance(from, big.NewInt(1000))
    pool.enqueueTx(tx.Hash(), tx)

    pool.promoteExecutables()
    if len(pool.pending) != 1 {
        t.Error("expected valid txs to be 1 is", len(pool.pending))
    }

    tx = transaction(1, big.NewInt(100), key)
    from, _ = tx.From()
    currentState.SetNonce(from, 2)
    pool.enqueueTx(tx.Hash(), tx)
    pool.promoteExecutables()
    if _, ok := pool.pending[from].txs.items[tx.Nonce()]; ok {
        t.Error("expected transaction to be in tx pool")
    }

    if len(pool.queue) > 0 {
        t.Error("expected transaction queue to be empty. is", len(pool.queue))
    }

    pool, key = setupTxPool()
    tx1 := transaction(0, big.NewInt(100), key)
    tx2 := transaction(10, big.NewInt(100), key)
    tx3 := transaction(11, big.NewInt(100), key)
    from, _ = tx1.From()
    currentState, _ = pool.currentState()
    currentState.AddBalance(from, big.NewInt(1000))
    pool.enqueueTx(tx1.Hash(), tx1)
    pool.enqueueTx(tx2.Hash(), tx2)
    pool.enqueueTx(tx3.Hash(), tx3)

    pool.promoteExecutables()

    if len(pool.pending) != 1 {
        t.Error("expected tx pool to be 1, got", len(pool.pending))
    }
    if pool.queue[from].Len() != 2 {
        t.Error("expected len(queue) == 2, got", pool.queue[from].Len())
    }
}

func TestRemoveTx(t *testing.T) {
    pool, key := setupTxPool()
    tx := transaction(0, big.NewInt(100), key)
    from, _ := tx.From()
    currentState, _ := pool.currentState()
    currentState.AddBalance(from, big.NewInt(1))

    pool.enqueueTx(tx.Hash(), tx)
    pool.promoteTx(from, tx.Hash(), tx)
    if len(pool.queue) != 1 {
        t.Error("expected queue to be 1, got", len(pool.queue))
    }
    if len(pool.pending) != 1 {
        t.Error("expected pending to be 1, got", len(pool.pending))
    }
    pool.Remove(tx.Hash())
    if len(pool.queue) > 0 {
        t.Error("expected queue to be 0, got", len(pool.queue))
    }
    if len(pool.pending) > 0 {
        t.Error("expected pending to be 0, got", len(pool.pending))
    }
}

func TestNegativeValue(t *testing.T) {
    pool, key := setupTxPool()

    tx, _ := types.NewTransaction(0, common.Address{}, big.NewInt(-1), big.NewInt(100), big.NewInt(1), nil).SignECDSA(key)
    from, _ := tx.From()
    currentState, _ := pool.currentState()
    currentState.AddBalance(from, big.NewInt(1))
    if err := pool.Add(tx); err != ErrNegativeValue {
        t.Error("expected", ErrNegativeValue, "got", err)
    }
}

func TestTransactionChainFork(t *testing.T) {
    pool, key := setupTxPool()
    addr := crypto.PubkeyToAddress(key.PublicKey)
    resetState := func() {
        db, _ := ethdb.NewMemDatabase()
        statedb, _ := state.New(common.Hash{}, db)
        pool.currentState = func() (*state.StateDB, error) { return statedb, nil }
        currentState, _ := pool.currentState()
        currentState.AddBalance(addr, big.NewInt(100000000000000))
        pool.resetState()
    }
    resetState()

    tx := transaction(0, big.NewInt(100000), key)
    if err := pool.add(tx); err != nil {
        t.Error("didn't expect error", err)
    }
    pool.RemoveBatch([]*types.Transaction{tx})

    // reset the pool's internal state
    resetState()
    if err := pool.add(tx); err != nil {
        t.Error("didn't expect error", err)
    }
}

func TestTransactionDoubleNonce(t *testing.T) {
    pool, key := setupTxPool()
    addr := crypto.PubkeyToAddress(key.PublicKey)
    resetState := func() {
        db, _ := ethdb.NewMemDatabase()
        statedb, _ := state.New(common.Hash{}, db)
        pool.currentState = func() (*state.StateDB, error) { return statedb, nil }
        currentState, _ := pool.currentState()
        currentState.AddBalance(addr, big.NewInt(100000000000000))
        pool.resetState()
    }
    resetState()

    tx1, _ := types.NewTransaction(0, common.Address{}, big.NewInt(100), big.NewInt(100000), big.NewInt(1), nil).SignECDSA(key)
    tx2, _ := types.NewTransaction(0, common.Address{}, big.NewInt(100), big.NewInt(1000000), big.NewInt(2), nil).SignECDSA(key)
    tx3, _ := types.NewTransaction(0, common.Address{}, big.NewInt(100), big.NewInt(1000000), big.NewInt(1), nil).SignECDSA(key)

    // Add the first two transaction, ensure higher priced stays only
    if err := pool.add(tx1); err != nil {
        t.Error("didn't expect error", err)
    }
    if err := pool.add(tx2); err != nil {
        t.Error("didn't expect error", err)
    }
    pool.promoteExecutables()
    if pool.pending[addr].Len() != 1 {
        t.Error("expected 1 pending transactions, got", pool.pending[addr].Len())
    }
    if tx := pool.pending[addr].txs.items[0]; tx.Hash() != tx2.Hash() {
        t.Errorf("transaction mismatch: have %x, want %x", tx.Hash(), tx2.Hash())
    }
    // Add the thid transaction and ensure it's not saved (smaller price)
    if err := pool.add(tx3); err != nil {
        t.Error("didn't expect error", err)
    }
    pool.promoteExecutables()
    if pool.pending[addr].Len() != 1 {
        t.Error("expected 1 pending transactions, got", pool.pending[addr].Len())
    }
    if tx := pool.pending[addr].txs.items[0]; tx.Hash() != tx2.Hash() {
        t.Errorf("transaction mismatch: have %x, want %x", tx.Hash(), tx2.Hash())
    }
    // Ensure the total transaction count is correct
    if len(pool.all) != 1 {
        t.Error("expected 1 total transactions, got", len(pool.all))
    }
}

func TestMissingNonce(t *testing.T) {
    pool, key := setupTxPool()
    addr := crypto.PubkeyToAddress(key.PublicKey)
    currentState, _ := pool.currentState()
    currentState.AddBalance(addr, big.NewInt(100000000000000))
    tx := transaction(1, big.NewInt(100000), key)
    if err := pool.add(tx); err != nil {
        t.Error("didn't expect error", err)
    }
    if len(pool.pending) != 0 {
        t.Error("expected 0 pending transactions, got", len(pool.pending))
    }
    if pool.queue[addr].Len() != 1 {
        t.Error("expected 1 queued transaction, got", pool.queue[addr].Len())
    }
    if len(pool.all) != 1 {
        t.Error("expected 1 total transactions, got", len(pool.all))
    }
}

func TestNonceRecovery(t *testing.T) {
    const n = 10
    pool, key := setupTxPool()
    addr := crypto.PubkeyToAddress(key.PublicKey)
    currentState, _ := pool.currentState()
    currentState.SetNonce(addr, n)
    currentState.AddBalance(addr, big.NewInt(100000000000000))
    pool.resetState()
    tx := transaction(n, big.NewInt(100000), key)
    if err := pool.Add(tx); err != nil {
        t.Error(err)
    }
    // simulate some weird re-order of transactions and missing nonce(s)
    currentState.SetNonce(addr, n-1)
    pool.resetState()
    if fn := pool.pendingState.GetNonce(addr); fn != n+1 {
        t.Errorf("expected nonce to be %d, got %d", n+1, fn)
    }
}

func TestRemovedTxEvent(t *testing.T) {
    pool, key := setupTxPool()
    tx := transaction(0, big.NewInt(1000000), key)
    from, _ := tx.From()
    currentState, _ := pool.currentState()
    currentState.AddBalance(from, big.NewInt(1000000000000))
    pool.eventMux.Post(RemovedTransactionEvent{types.Transactions{tx}})
    pool.eventMux.Post(ChainHeadEvent{nil})
    if pool.pending[from].Len() != 1 {
        t.Error("expected 1 pending tx, got", pool.pending[from].Len())
    }
    if len(pool.all) != 1 {
        t.Error("expected 1 total transactions, got", len(pool.all))
    }
}

// Tests that if an account runs out of funds, any pending and queued transactions
// are dropped.
func TestTransactionDropping(t *testing.T) {
    // Create a test account and fund it
    pool, key := setupTxPool()
    account, _ := transaction(0, big.NewInt(0), key).From()

    state, _ := pool.currentState()
    state.AddBalance(account, big.NewInt(1000))

    // Add some pending and some queued transactions
    var (
        tx0  = transaction(0, big.NewInt(100), key)
        tx1  = transaction(1, big.NewInt(200), key)
        tx10 = transaction(10, big.NewInt(100), key)
        tx11 = transaction(11, big.NewInt(200), key)
    )
    pool.promoteTx(account, tx0.Hash(), tx0)
    pool.promoteTx(account, tx1.Hash(), tx1)
    pool.enqueueTx(tx10.Hash(), tx10)
    pool.enqueueTx(tx11.Hash(), tx11)

    // Check that pre and post validations leave the pool as is
    if pool.pending[account].Len() != 2 {
        t.Errorf("pending transaction mismatch: have %d, want %d", pool.pending[account].Len(), 2)
    }
    if pool.queue[account].Len() != 2 {
        t.Errorf("queued transaction mismatch: have %d, want %d", pool.queue[account].Len(), 2)
    }
    if len(pool.all) != 4 {
        t.Errorf("total transaction mismatch: have %d, want %d", len(pool.all), 4)
    }
    pool.resetState()
    if pool.pending[account].Len() != 2 {
        t.Errorf("pending transaction mismatch: have %d, want %d", pool.pending[account].Len(), 2)
    }
    if pool.queue[account].Len() != 2 {
        t.Errorf("queued transaction mismatch: have %d, want %d", pool.queue[account].Len(), 2)
    }
    if len(pool.all) != 4 {
        t.Errorf("total transaction mismatch: have %d, want %d", len(pool.all), 4)
    }
    // Reduce the balance of the account, and check that invalidated transactions are dropped
    state.AddBalance(account, big.NewInt(-750))
    pool.resetState()

    if _, ok := pool.pending[account].txs.items[tx0.Nonce()]; !ok {
        t.Errorf("funded pending transaction missing: %v", tx0)
    }
    if _, ok := pool.pending[account].txs.items[tx1.Nonce()]; ok {
        t.Errorf("out-of-fund pending transaction present: %v", tx1)
    }
    if _, ok := pool.queue[account].txs.items[tx10.Nonce()]; !ok {
        t.Errorf("funded queued transaction missing: %v", tx10)
    }
    if _, ok := pool.queue[account].txs.items[tx11.Nonce()]; ok {
        t.Errorf("out-of-fund queued transaction present: %v", tx11)
    }
    if len(pool.all) != 2 {
        t.Errorf("total transaction mismatch: have %d, want %d", len(pool.all), 2)
    }
}

// Tests that if a transaction is dropped from the current pending pool (e.g. out
// of fund), all consecutive (still valid, but not executable) transactions are
// postponed back into the future queue to prevent broadcasting them.
func TestTransactionPostponing(t *testing.T) {
    // Create a test account and fund it
    pool, key := setupTxPool()
    account, _ := transaction(0, big.NewInt(0), key).From()

    state, _ := pool.currentState()
    state.AddBalance(account, big.NewInt(1000))

    // Add a batch consecutive pending transactions for validation
    txns := []*types.Transaction{}
    for i := 0; i < 100; i++ {
        var tx *types.Transaction
        if i%2 == 0 {
            tx = transaction(uint64(i), big.NewInt(100), key)
        } else {
            tx = transaction(uint64(i), big.NewInt(500), key)
        }
        pool.promoteTx(account, tx.Hash(), tx)
        txns = append(txns, tx)
    }
    // Check that pre and post validations leave the pool as is
    if pool.pending[account].Len() != len(txns) {
        t.Errorf("pending transaction mismatch: have %d, want %d", pool.pending[account].Len(), len(txns))
    }
    if len(pool.queue) != 0 {
        t.Errorf("queued transaction mismatch: have %d, want %d", pool.queue[account].Len(), 0)
    }
    if len(pool.all) != len(txns) {
        t.Errorf("total transaction mismatch: have %d, want %d", len(pool.all), len(txns))
    }
    pool.resetState()
    if pool.pending[account].Len() != len(txns) {
        t.Errorf("pending transaction mismatch: have %d, want %d", pool.pending[account].Len(), len(txns))
    }
    if len(pool.queue) != 0 {
        t.Errorf("queued transaction mismatch: have %d, want %d", pool.queue[account].Len(), 0)
    }
    if len(pool.all) != len(txns) {
        t.Errorf("total transaction mismatch: have %d, want %d", len(pool.all), len(txns))
    }
    // Reduce the balance of the account, and check that transactions are reorganised
    state.AddBalance(account, big.NewInt(-750))
    pool.resetState()

    if _, ok := pool.pending[account].txs.items[txns[0].Nonce()]; !ok {
        t.Errorf("tx %d: valid and funded transaction missing from pending pool: %v", 0, txns[0])
    }
    if _, ok := pool.queue[account].txs.items[txns[0].Nonce()]; ok {
        t.Errorf("tx %d: valid and funded transaction present in future queue: %v", 0, txns[0])
    }
    for i, tx := range txns[1:] {
        if i%2 == 1 {
            if _, ok := pool.pending[account].txs.items[tx.Nonce()]; ok {
                t.Errorf("tx %d: valid but future transaction present in pending pool: %v", i+1, tx)
            }
            if _, ok := pool.queue[account].txs.items[tx.Nonce()]; !ok {
                t.Errorf("tx %d: valid but future transaction missing from future queue: %v", i+1, tx)
            }
        } else {
            if _, ok := pool.pending[account].txs.items[tx.Nonce()]; ok {
                t.Errorf("tx %d: out-of-fund transaction present in pending pool: %v", i+1, tx)
            }
            if _, ok := pool.queue[account].txs.items[tx.Nonce()]; ok {
                t.Errorf("tx %d: out-of-fund transaction present in future queue: %v", i+1, tx)
            }
        }
    }
    if len(pool.all) != len(txns)/2 {
        t.Errorf("total transaction mismatch: have %d, want %d", len(pool.all), len(txns)/2)
    }
}

// Tests that if the transaction count belonging to a single account goes above
// some threshold, the higher transactions are dropped to prevent DOS attacks.
func TestTransactionQueueAccountLimiting(t *testing.T) {
    // Create a test account and fund it
    pool, key := setupTxPool()
    account, _ := transaction(0, big.NewInt(0), key).From()

    state, _ := pool.currentState()
    state.AddBalance(account, big.NewInt(1000000))

    // Keep queuing up transactions and make sure all above a limit are dropped
    for i := uint64(1); i <= maxQueuedPerAccount+5; i++ {
        if err := pool.Add(transaction(i, big.NewInt(100000), key)); err != nil {
            t.Fatalf("tx %d: failed to add transaction: %v", i, err)
        }
        if len(pool.pending) != 0 {
            t.Errorf("tx %d: pending pool size mismatch: have %d, want %d", i, len(pool.pending), 0)
        }
        if i <= maxQueuedPerAccount {
            if pool.queue[account].Len() != int(i) {
                t.Errorf("tx %d: queue size mismatch: have %d, want %d", i, pool.queue[account].Len(), i)
            }
        } else {
            if pool.queue[account].Len() != int(maxQueuedPerAccount) {
                t.Errorf("tx %d: queue limit mismatch: have %d, want %d", i, pool.queue[account].Len(), maxQueuedPerAccount)
            }
        }
    }
    if len(pool.all) != int(maxQueuedPerAccount) {
        t.Errorf("total transaction mismatch: have %d, want %d", len(pool.all), maxQueuedPerAccount)
    }
}

// Tests that if the transaction count belonging to multiple accounts go above
// some threshold, the higher transactions are dropped to prevent DOS attacks.
func TestTransactionQueueGlobalLimiting(t *testing.T) {
    // Reduce the queue limits to shorten test time
    defer func(old uint64) { maxQueuedInTotal = old }(maxQueuedInTotal)
    maxQueuedInTotal = maxQueuedPerAccount * 3

    // Create the pool to test the limit enforcement with
    db, _ := ethdb.NewMemDatabase()
    statedb, _ := state.New(common.Hash{}, db)

    pool := NewTxPool(testChainConfig(), new(event.TypeMux), func() (*state.StateDB, error) { return statedb, nil }, func() *big.Int { return big.NewInt(1000000) })
    pool.resetState()

    // Create a number of test accounts and fund them
    state, _ := pool.currentState()

    keys := make([]*ecdsa.PrivateKey, 5)
    for i := 0; i < len(keys); i++ {
        keys[i], _ = crypto.GenerateKey()
        state.AddBalance(crypto.PubkeyToAddress(keys[i].PublicKey), big.NewInt(1000000))
    }
    // Generate and queue a batch of transactions
    nonces := make(map[common.Address]uint64)

    txs := make(types.Transactions, 0, 3*maxQueuedInTotal)
    for len(txs) < cap(txs) {
        key := keys[rand.Intn(len(keys))]
        addr := crypto.PubkeyToAddress(key.PublicKey)

        txs = append(txs, transaction(nonces[addr]+1, big.NewInt(100000), key))
        nonces[addr]++
    }
    // Import the batch and verify that limits have been enforced
    pool.AddBatch(txs)

    queued := 0
    for addr, list := range pool.queue {
        if list.Len() > int(maxQueuedPerAccount) {
            t.Errorf("addr %x: queued accounts overflown allowance: %d > %d", addr, list.Len(), maxQueuedPerAccount)
        }
        queued += list.Len()
    }
    if queued > int(maxQueuedInTotal) {
        t.Fatalf("total transactions overflow allowance: %d > %d", queued, maxQueuedInTotal)
    }
}

// Tests that if an account remains idle for a prolonged amount of time, any
// non-executable transactions queued up are dropped to prevent wasting resources
// on shuffling them around.
func TestTransactionQueueTimeLimiting(t *testing.T) {
    // Reduce the queue limits to shorten test time
    defer func(old time.Duration) { maxQueuedLifetime = old }(maxQueuedLifetime)
    defer func(old time.Duration) { evictionInterval = old }(evictionInterval)
    maxQueuedLifetime = time.Second
    evictionInterval = time.Second

    // Create a test account and fund it
    pool, key := setupTxPool()
    account, _ := transaction(0, big.NewInt(0), key).From()

    state, _ := pool.currentState()
    state.AddBalance(account, big.NewInt(1000000))

    // Queue up a batch of transactions
    for i := uint64(1); i <= maxQueuedPerAccount; i++ {
        if err := pool.Add(transaction(i, big.NewInt(100000), key)); err != nil {
            t.Fatalf("tx %d: failed to add transaction: %v", i, err)
        }
    }
    // Wait until at least two expiration cycles hit and make sure the transactions are gone
    time.Sleep(2 * evictionInterval)
    if len(pool.queue) > 0 {
        t.Fatalf("old transactions remained after eviction")
    }
}

// Tests that even if the transaction count belonging to a single account goes
// above some threshold, as long as the transactions are executable, they are
// accepted.
func TestTransactionPendingLimiting(t *testing.T) {
    // Create a test account and fund it
    pool, key := setupTxPool()
    account, _ := transaction(0, big.NewInt(0), key).From()

    state, _ := pool.currentState()
    state.AddBalance(account, big.NewInt(1000000))

    // Keep queuing up transactions and make sure all above a limit are dropped
    for i := uint64(0); i < maxQueuedPerAccount+5; i++ {
        if err := pool.Add(transaction(i, big.NewInt(100000), key)); err != nil {
            t.Fatalf("tx %d: failed to add transaction: %v", i, err)
        }
        if pool.pending[account].Len() != int(i)+1 {
            t.Errorf("tx %d: pending pool size mismatch: have %d, want %d", i, pool.pending[account].Len(), i+1)
        }
        if len(pool.queue) != 0 {
            t.Errorf("tx %d: queue size mismatch: have %d, want %d", i, pool.queue[account].Len(), 0)
        }
    }
    if len(pool.all) != int(maxQueuedPerAccount+5) {
        t.Errorf("total transaction mismatch: have %d, want %d", len(pool.all), maxQueuedPerAccount+5)
    }
}

// Tests that the transaction limits are enforced the same way irrelevant whether
// the transactions are added one by one or in batches.
func TestTransactionQueueLimitingEquivalency(t *testing.T)   { testTransactionLimitingEquivalency(t, 1) }
func TestTransactionPendingLimitingEquivalency(t *testing.T) { testTransactionLimitingEquivalency(t, 0) }

func testTransactionLimitingEquivalency(t *testing.T, origin uint64) {
    // Add a batch of transactions to a pool one by one
    pool1, key1 := setupTxPool()
    account1, _ := transaction(0, big.NewInt(0), key1).From()
    state1, _ := pool1.currentState()
    state1.AddBalance(account1, big.NewInt(1000000))

    for i := uint64(0); i < maxQueuedPerAccount+5; i++ {
        if err := pool1.Add(transaction(origin+i, big.NewInt(100000), key1)); err != nil {
            t.Fatalf("tx %d: failed to add transaction: %v", i, err)
        }
    }
    // Add a batch of transactions to a pool in one big batch
    pool2, key2 := setupTxPool()
    account2, _ := transaction(0, big.NewInt(0), key2).From()
    state2, _ := pool2.currentState()
    state2.AddBalance(account2, big.NewInt(1000000))

    txns := []*types.Transaction{}
    for i := uint64(0); i < maxQueuedPerAccount+5; i++ {
        txns = append(txns, transaction(origin+i, big.NewInt(100000), key2))
    }
    pool2.AddBatch(txns)

    // Ensure the batch optimization honors the same pool mechanics
    if len(pool1.pending) != len(pool2.pending) {
        t.Errorf("pending transaction count mismatch: one-by-one algo: %d, batch algo: %d", len(pool1.pending), len(pool2.pending))
    }
    if len(pool1.queue) != len(pool2.queue) {
        t.Errorf("queued transaction count mismatch: one-by-one algo: %d, batch algo: %d", len(pool1.queue), len(pool2.queue))
    }
    if len(pool1.all) != len(pool2.all) {
        t.Errorf("total transaction count mismatch: one-by-one algo %d, batch algo %d", len(pool1.all), len(pool2.all))
    }
}

// Benchmarks the speed of validating the contents of the pending queue of the
// transaction pool.
func BenchmarkPendingDemotion100(b *testing.B)   { benchmarkPendingDemotion(b, 100) }
func BenchmarkPendingDemotion1000(b *testing.B)  { benchmarkPendingDemotion(b, 1000) }
func BenchmarkPendingDemotion10000(b *testing.B) { benchmarkPendingDemotion(b, 10000) }

func benchmarkPendingDemotion(b *testing.B, size int) {
    // Add a batch of transactions to a pool one by one
    pool, key := setupTxPool()
    account, _ := transaction(0, big.NewInt(0), key).From()
    state, _ := pool.currentState()
    state.AddBalance(account, big.NewInt(1000000))

    for i := 0; i < size; i++ {
        tx := transaction(uint64(i), big.NewInt(100000), key)
        pool.promoteTx(account, tx.Hash(), tx)
    }
    // Benchmark the speed of pool validation
    b.ResetTimer()
    for i := 0; i < b.N; i++ {
        pool.demoteUnexecutables()
    }
}

// Benchmarks the speed of scheduling the contents of the future queue of the
// transaction pool.
func BenchmarkFuturePromotion100(b *testing.B)   { benchmarkFuturePromotion(b, 100) }
func BenchmarkFuturePromotion1000(b *testing.B)  { benchmarkFuturePromotion(b, 1000) }
func BenchmarkFuturePromotion10000(b *testing.B) { benchmarkFuturePromotion(b, 10000) }

func benchmarkFuturePromotion(b *testing.B, size int) {
    // Add a batch of transactions to a pool one by one
    pool, key := setupTxPool()
    account, _ := transaction(0, big.NewInt(0), key).From()
    state, _ := pool.currentState()
    state.AddBalance(account, big.NewInt(1000000))

    for i := 0; i < size; i++ {
        tx := transaction(uint64(1+i), big.NewInt(100000), key)
        pool.enqueueTx(tx.Hash(), tx)
    }
    // Benchmark the speed of pool validation
    b.ResetTimer()
    for i := 0; i < b.N; i++ {
        pool.promoteExecutables()
    }
}

// Benchmarks the speed of iterative transaction insertion.
func BenchmarkPoolInsert(b *testing.B) {
    // Generate a batch of transactions to enqueue into the pool
    pool, key := setupTxPool()
    account, _ := transaction(0, big.NewInt(0), key).From()
    state, _ := pool.currentState()
    state.AddBalance(account, big.NewInt(1000000))

    txs := make(types.Transactions, b.N)
    for i := 0; i < b.N; i++ {
        txs[i] = transaction(uint64(i), big.NewInt(100000), key)
    }
    // Benchmark importing the transactions into the queue
    b.ResetTimer()
    for _, tx := range txs {
        pool.Add(tx)
    }
}

// Benchmarks the speed of batched transaction insertion.
func BenchmarkPoolBatchInsert100(b *testing.B)   { benchmarkPoolBatchInsert(b, 100) }
func BenchmarkPoolBatchInsert1000(b *testing.B)  { benchmarkPoolBatchInsert(b, 1000) }
func BenchmarkPoolBatchInsert10000(b *testing.B) { benchmarkPoolBatchInsert(b, 10000) }

func benchmarkPoolBatchInsert(b *testing.B, size int) {
    // Generate a batch of transactions to enqueue into the pool
    pool, key := setupTxPool()
    account, _ := transaction(0, big.NewInt(0), key).From()
    state, _ := pool.currentState()
    state.AddBalance(account, big.NewInt(1000000))

    batches := make([]types.Transactions, b.N)
    for i := 0; i < b.N; i++ {
        batches[i] = make(types.Transactions, size)
        for j := 0; j < size; j++ {
            batches[i][j] = transaction(uint64(size*i+j), big.NewInt(100000), key)
        }
    }
    // Benchmark importing the transactions into the queue
    b.ResetTimer()
    for _, batch := range batches {
        pool.AddBatch(batch)
    }
}