path: root/p2p/discover/udp.go

// Copyright 2015 The go-ethereum Authors
// This file is part of the go-ethereum library.
//
// The go-ethereum library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
// (at your option) any later version.
//
// The go-ethereum library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
//
// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
// along with the go-ethereum library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.

package discover

import (
    "bytes"
    "container/list"
    "crypto/ecdsa"
    "errors"
    "fmt"
    "net"
    "time"

    "github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/crypto"
    "github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/logger"
    "github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/logger/glog"
    "github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/p2p/nat"
    "github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/p2p/netutil"
    "github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/rlp"
)

const Version = 4

// Errors
var (
    errPacketTooSmall   = errors.New("too small")
    errBadHash          = errors.New("bad hash")
    errExpired          = errors.New("expired")
    errUnsolicitedReply = errors.New("unsolicited reply")
    errUnknownNode      = errors.New("unknown node")
    errTimeout          = errors.New("RPC timeout")
    errClockWarp        = errors.New("reply deadline too far in the future")
    errClosed           = errors.New("socket closed")
)

// Timeouts
const (
    respTimeout = 500 * time.Millisecond
    sendTimeout = 500 * time.Millisecond
    expiration  = 20 * time.Second

    ntpFailureThreshold = 32               // Continuous timeouts after which to check NTP
    ntpWarningCooldown  = 10 * time.Minute // Minimum amount of time to pass before repeating NTP warning
    driftThreshold      = 10 * time.Second // Allowed clock drift before warning user
)

// RPC packet types
const (
    pingPacket = iota + 1 // zero is 'reserved'
    pongPacket
    findnodePacket
    neighborsPacket
)

// RPC request structures
type (
    ping struct {
        Version    uint
        From, To   rpcEndpoint
        Expiration uint64
        // Ignore additional fields (for forward compatibility).
        Rest []rlp.RawValue `rlp:"tail"`
    }

    // pong is the reply to ping.
    pong struct {
        // This field should mirror the UDP envelope address
        // of the ping packet, which provides a way to discover the
        // the external address (after NAT).
        To rpcEndpoint

        ReplyTok   []byte // This contains the hash of the ping packet.
        Expiration uint64 // Absolute timestamp at which the packet becomes invalid.
        // Ignore additional fields (for forward compatibility).
        Rest []rlp.RawValue `rlp:"tail"`
    }

    // findnode is a query for nodes close to the given target.
    findnode struct {
        Target     NodeID // doesn't need to be an actual public key
        Expiration uint64
        // Ignore additional fields (for forward compatibility).
        Rest []rlp.RawValue `rlp:"tail"`
    }

    // reply to findnode
    neighbors struct {
        Nodes      []rpcNode
        Expiration uint64
        // Ignore additional fields (for forward compatibility).
        Rest []rlp.RawValue `rlp:"tail"`
    }

    rpcNode struct {
        IP  net.IP // len 4 for IPv4 or 16 for IPv6
        UDP uint16 // for discovery protocol
        TCP uint16 // for RLPx protocol
        ID  NodeID
    }

    rpcEndpoint struct {
        IP  net.IP // len 4 for IPv4 or 16 for IPv6
        UDP uint16 // for discovery protocol
        TCP uint16 // for RLPx protocol
    }
)

func makeEndpoint(addr *net.UDPAddr, tcpPort uint16) rpcEndpoint {
    ip := addr.IP.To4()
    if ip == nil {
        ip = addr.IP.To16()
    }
    return rpcEndpoint{IP: ip, UDP: uint16(addr.Port), TCP: tcpPort}
}

func nodeFromRPC(sender *net.UDPAddr, rn rpcNode) (*Node, error) {
    if rn.UDP <= 1024 {
        return nil, errors.New("low port")
    }
    if err := netutil.CheckRelayIP(sender.IP, rn.IP); err != nil {
        return nil, err
    }
    n := NewNode(rn.ID, rn.IP, rn.UDP, rn.TCP)
    err := n.validateComplete()
    return n, err
}

func nodeToRPC(n *Node) rpcNode {
    return rpcNode{ID: n.ID, IP: n.IP, UDP: n.UDP, TCP: n.TCP}
}

type packet interface {
    handle(t *udp, from *net.UDPAddr, fromID NodeID, mac []byte) error
}

type conn interface {
    ReadFromUDP(b []byte) (n int, addr *net.UDPAddr, err error)
    WriteToUDP(b []byte, addr *net.UDPAddr) (n int, err error)
    Close() error
    LocalAddr() net.Addr
}

// udp implements the RPC protocol.
type udp struct {
    conn        conn
    priv        *ecdsa.PrivateKey
    ourEndpoint rpcEndpoint

    addpending chan *pending
    gotreply   chan reply

    closing chan struct{}
    nat     nat.Interface

    *Table
}

// pending represents a pending reply.
//
// some implementations of the protocol wish to send more than one
// reply packet to findnode. in general, any neighbors packet cannot
// be matched up with a specific findnode packet.
//
// our implementation handles this by storing a callback function for
// each pending reply. incoming packets from a node are dispatched
// to all the callback functions for that node.
type pending struct {
    // these fields must match in the reply.
    from  NodeID
    ptype byte

    // time when the request must complete
    deadline time.Time

    // callback is called when a matching reply arrives. if it returns
    // true, the callback is removed from the pending reply queue.
    // if it returns false, the reply is considered incomplete and
    // the callback will be invoked again for the next matching reply.
    callback func(resp interface{}) (done bool)

    // errc receives nil when the callback indicates completion or an
    // error if no further reply is received within the timeout.
    errc chan<- error
}

type reply struct {
    from  NodeID
    ptype byte
    data  interface{}
    // loop indicates whether there was
    // a matching request by sending on this channel.
    matched chan<- bool
}

// ListenUDP returns a new table that listens for UDP packets on laddr.
func ListenUDP(priv *ecdsa.PrivateKey, laddr string, natm nat.Interface, nodeDBPath string) (*Table, error) {
    addr, err := net.ResolveUDPAddr("udp", laddr)
    if err != nil {
        return nil, err
    }
    conn, err := net.ListenUDP("udp", addr)
    if err != nil {
        return nil, err
    }
    tab, _, err := newUDP(priv, conn, natm, nodeDBPath)
    if err != nil {
        return nil, err
    }
    glog.V(logger.Info).Infoln("Listening,", tab.self)
    return tab, nil
}

func newUDP(priv *ecdsa.PrivateKey, c conn, natm nat.Interface, nodeDBPath string) (*Table, *udp, error) {
    udp := &udp{
        conn:       c,
        priv:       priv,
        closing:    make(chan struct{}),
        gotreply:   make(chan reply),
        addpending: make(chan *pending),
    }
    realaddr := c.LocalAddr().(*net.UDPAddr)
    if natm != nil {
        if !realaddr.IP.IsLoopback() {
            go nat.Map(natm, udp.closing, "udp", realaddr.Port, realaddr.Port, "ethereum discovery")
        }
        // TODO: react to external IP changes over time.
        if ext, err := natm.ExternalIP(); err == nil {
            realaddr = &net.UDPAddr{IP: ext, Port: realaddr.Port}
        }
    }
    // TODO: separate TCP port
    udp.ourEndpoint = makeEndpoint(realaddr, uint16(realaddr.Port))
    tab, err := newTable(udp, PubkeyID(&priv.PublicKey), realaddr, nodeDBPath)
    if err != nil {
        return nil, nil, err
    }
    udp.Table = tab

    go udp.loop()
    go udp.readLoop()
    return udp.Table, udp, nil
}

func (t *udp) close() {
    close(t.closing)
    t.conn.Close()
    // TODO: wait for the loops to end.
}

// ping sends a ping message to the given node and waits for a reply.
func (t *udp) ping(toid NodeID, toaddr *net.UDPAddr) error {
    // TODO: maybe check for ReplyTo field in callback to measure RTT
    errc := t.pending(toid, pongPacket, func(interface{}) bool { return true })
    t.send(toaddr, pingPacket, ping{
        Version:    Version,
        From:       t.ourEndpoint,
        To:         makeEndpoint(toaddr, 0), // TODO: maybe use known TCP port from DB
        Expiration: uint64(time.Now().Add(expiration).Unix()),
    })
    return <-errc
}

func (t *udp) waitping(from NodeID) error {
    return <-t.pending(from, pingPacket, func(interface{}) bool { return true })
}

// findnode sends a findnode request to the given node and waits until
// the node has sent up to k neighbors.
func (t *udp) findnode(toid NodeID, toaddr *net.UDPAddr, target NodeID) ([]*Node, error) {
    nodes := make([]*Node, 0, bucketSize)
    nreceived := 0
    errc := t.pending(toid, neighborsPacket, func(r interface{}) bool {
        reply := r.(*neighbors)
        for _, rn := range reply.Nodes {
            nreceived++
            n, err := nodeFromRPC(toaddr, rn)
            if err != nil {
                glog.V(logger.Detail).Infof("invalid neighbor node (%v) from %v: %v", rn.IP, toaddr, err)
                continue
            }
            nodes = append(nodes, n)
        }
        return nreceived >= bucketSize
    })
    t.send(toaddr, findnodePacket, findnode{
        Target:     target,
        Expiration: uint64(time.Now().Add(expiration).Unix()),
    })
    err := <-errc
    return nodes, err
}

// pending adds a reply callback to the pending reply queue.
// see the documentation of type pending for a detailed explanation.
func (t *udp) pending(id NodeID, ptype byte, callback func(interface{}) bool) <-chan error {
    ch := make(chan error, 1)
    p := &pending{from: id, ptype: ptype, callback: callback, errc: ch}
    select {
    case t.addpending <- p:
        // loop will handle it
    case <-t.closing:
        ch <- errClosed
    }
    return ch
}

func (t *udp) handleReply(from NodeID, ptype byte, req packet) bool {
    matched := make(chan bool, 1)
    select {
    case t.gotreply <- reply{from, ptype, req, matched}:
        // loop will handle it
        return <-matched
    case <-t.closing:
        return false
    }
}

// loop runs in its own goroutine. it keeps track of
// the refresh timer and the pending reply queue.
func (t *udp) loop() {
    var (
        plist        = list.New()
        timeout      = time.NewTimer(0)
        nextTimeout  *pending // head of plist when timeout was last reset
        contTimeouts = 0      // number of continuous timeouts to do NTP checks
        ntpWarnTime  = time.Unix(0, 0)
    )
    <-timeout.C // ignore first timeout
    defer timeout.Stop()

    resetTimeout := func() {
        if plist.Front() == nil || nextTimeout == plist.Front().Value {
            return
        }
        // Start the timer so it fires when the next pending reply has expired.
        now := time.Now()
        for el := plist.Front(); el != nil; el = el.Next() {
            nextTimeout = el.Value.(*pending)
            if dist := nextTimeout.deadline.Sub(now); dist < 2*respTimeout {
                timeout.Reset(dist)
                return
            }
            // Remove pending replies whose deadline is too far in the
            // future. These can occur if the system clock jumped
            // backwards after the deadline was assigned.
            nextTimeout.errc <- errClockWarp
            plist.Remove(el)
        }
        nextTimeout = nil
        timeout.Stop()
    }

    for {
        resetTimeout()

        select {
        case <-t.closing:
            for el := plist.Front(); el != nil; el = el.Next() {
                el.Value.(*pending).errc <- errClosed
            }
            return

        case p := <-t.addpending:
            p.deadline = time.Now().Add(respTimeout)
            plist.PushBack(p)

        case r := <-t.gotreply:
            var matched bool
            for el := plist.Front(); el != nil; el = el.Next() {
                p := el.Value.(*pending)
                if p.from == r.from && p.ptype == r.ptype {
                    matched = true
                    // Remove the matcher if its callback indicates
                    // that all replies have been received. This is
                    // required for packet types that expect multiple
                    // reply packets.
                    if p.callback(r.data) {
                        p.errc <- nil
                        plist.Remove(el)
                    }
                    // Reset the continuous timeout counter (time drift detection)
                    contTimeouts = 0
                }
            }
            r.matched <- matched

        case now := <-timeout.C:
            nextTimeout = nil

            // Notify and remove callbacks whose deadline is in the past.
            for el := plist.Front(); el != nil; el = el.Next() {
                p := el.Value.(*pending)
                if now.After(p.deadline) || now.Equal(p.deadline) {
                    p.errc <- errTimeout
                    plist.Remove(el)
                    contTimeouts++
                }
            }
            // If we've accumulated too many timeouts, do an NTP time sync check
            if contTimeouts > ntpFailureThreshold {
                if time.Since(ntpWarnTime) >= ntpWarningCooldown {
                    ntpWarnTime = time.Now()
                    go checkClockDrift()
                }
                contTimeouts = 0
            }
        }
    }
}

const (
    macSize  = 256 / 8
    sigSize  = 520 / 8
    headSize = macSize + sigSize // space of packet frame data
)

var (
    headSpace = make([]byte, headSize)

    // Neighbors replies are sent across multiple packets to
    // stay below the 1280 byte limit. We compute the maximum number
    // of entries by stuffing a packet until it grows too large.
    maxNeighbors int
)

func init() {
    p := neighbors{Expiration: ^uint64(0)}
    maxSizeNode := rpcNode{IP: make(net.IP, 16), UDP: ^uint16(0), TCP: ^uint16(0)}
    for n := 0; ; n++ {
        p.Nodes = append(p.Nodes, maxSizeNode)
        size, _, err := rlp.EncodeToReader(p)
        if err != nil {
            // If this ever happens, it will be caught by the unit tests.
            panic("cannot encode: " + err.Error())
        }
        if headSize+size+1 >= 1280 {
            maxNeighbors = n
            break
        }
    }
}

func (t *udp) send(toaddr *net.UDPAddr, ptype byte, req interface{}) error {
    packet, err := encodePacket(t.priv, ptype, req)
    if err != nil {
        return err
    }
    glog.V(logger.Detail).Infof(">>> %v %T\n", toaddr, req)
    if _, err = t.conn.WriteToUDP(packet, toaddr); err != nil {
        glog.V(logger.Detail).Infoln("UDP send failed:", err)
    }
    return err
}

func encodePacket(priv *ecdsa.PrivateKey, ptype byte, req interface{}) ([]byte, error) {
    b := new(bytes.Buffer)
    b.Write(headSpace)
    b.WriteByte(ptype)
    if err := rlp.Encode(b, req); err != nil {
        glog.V(logger.Error).Infoln("error encoding packet:", err)
        return nil, err
    }
    packet := b.Bytes()
    sig, err := crypto.Sign(crypto.Keccak256(packet[headSize:]), priv)
    if err != nil {
        glog.V(logger.Error).Infoln("could not sign packet:", err)
        return nil, err
    }
    copy(packet[macSize:], sig)
    // add the hash to the front. Note: this doesn't protect the
    // packet in any way. Our public key will be part of this hash in
    // The future.
    copy(packet, crypto.Keccak256(packet[macSize:]))
    return packet, nil
}

// readLoop runs in its own goroutine. it handles incoming UDP packets.
func (t *udp) readLoop() {
    defer t.conn.Close()
    // Discovery packets are defined to be no larger than 1280 bytes.
    // Packets larger than this size will be cut at the end and treated
    // as invalid because their hash won't match.
    buf := make([]byte, 1280)
    for {
        nbytes, from, err := t.conn.ReadFromUDP(buf)
        if netutil.IsTemporaryError(err) {
            // Ignore temporary read errors.
            glog.V(logger.Debug).Infof("Temporary read error: %v", err)
            continue
        } else if err != nil {
            // Shut down the loop for permament errors.
            glog.V(logger.Debug).Infof("Read error: %v", err)
            return
        }
        t.handlePacket(from, buf[:nbytes])
    }
}

func (t *udp) handlePacket(from *net.UDPAddr, buf []byte) error {
    packet, fromID, hash, err := decodePacket(buf)
    if err != nil {
        glog.V(logger.Debug).Infof("Bad packet from %v: %v\n", from, err)
        return err
    }
    status := "ok"
    if err = packet.handle(t, from, fromID, hash); err != nil {
        status = err.Error()
    }
    glog.V(logger.Detail).Infof("<<< %v %T: %s\n", from, packet, status)
    return err
}

func decodePacket(buf []byte) (packet, NodeID, []byte, error) {
    if len(buf) < headSize+1 {
        return nil, NodeID{}, nil, errPacketTooSmall
    }
    hash, sig, sigdata := buf[:macSize], buf[macSize:headSize], buf[headSize:]
    shouldhash := crypto.Keccak256(buf[macSize:])
    if !bytes.Equal(hash, shouldhash) {
        return nil, NodeID{}, nil, errBadHash
    }
    fromID, err := recoverNodeID(crypto.Keccak256(buf[headSize:]), sig)
    if err != nil {
        return nil, NodeID{}, hash, err
    }
    var req packet
    switch ptype := sigdata[0]; ptype {
    case pingPacket:
        req = new(ping)
    case pongPacket:
        req = new(pong)
    case findnodePacket:
        req = new(findnode)
    case neighborsPacket:
        req = new(neighbors)
    default:
        return nil, fromID, hash, fmt.Errorf("unknown type: %d", ptype)
    }
    s := rlp.NewStream(bytes.NewReader(sigdata[1:]), 0)
    err = s.Decode(req)
    return req, fromID, hash, err
}

func (req *ping) handle(t *udp, from *net.UDPAddr, fromID NodeID, mac []byte) error {
    if expired(req.Expiration) {
        return errExpired
    }
    t.send(from, pongPacket, pong{
        To:         makeEndpoint(from, req.From.TCP),
        ReplyTok:   mac,
        Expiration: uint64(time.Now().Add(expiration).Unix()),
    })
    if !t.handleReply(fromID, pingPacket, req) {
        // Note: we're ignoring the provided IP address right now
        go t.bond(true, fromID, from, req.From.TCP)
    }
    return nil
}

func (req *pong) handle(t *udp, from *net.UDPAddr, fromID NodeID, mac []byte) error {
    if expired(req.Expiration) {
        return errExpired
    }
    if !t.handleReply(fromID, pongPacket, req) {
        return errUnsolicitedReply
    }
    return nil
}

func (req *findnode) handle(t *udp, from *net.UDPAddr, fromID NodeID, mac []byte) error {
    if expired(req.Expiration) {
        return errExpired
    }
    if t.db.node(fromID) == nil {
        // No bond exists, we don't process the packet. This prevents
        // an attack vector where the discovery protocol could be used
        // to amplify traffic in a DDOS attack. A malicious actor
        // would send a findnode request with the IP address and UDP
        // port of the target as the source address. The recipient of
        // the findnode packet would then send a neighbors packet
        // (which is a much bigger packet than findnode) to the victim.
        return errUnknownNode
    }
    target := crypto.Keccak256Hash(req.Target[:])
    t.mutex.Lock()
    closest := t.closest(target, bucketSize).entries
    t.mutex.Unlock()

    p := neighbors{Expiration: uint64(time.Now().Add(expiration).Unix())}
    // Send neighbors in chunks with at most maxNeighbors per packet
    // to stay below the 1280 byte limit.
    for i, n := range closest {
        if netutil.CheckRelayIP(from.IP, n.IP) != nil {
            continue
        }
        p.Nodes = append(p.Nodes, nodeToRPC(n))
        if len(p.Nodes) == maxNeighbors || i == len(closest)-1 {
            t.send(from, neighborsPacket, p)
            p.Nodes = p.Nodes[:0]
        }
    }
    return nil
}

func (req *neighbors) handle(t *udp, from *net.UDPAddr, fromID NodeID, mac []byte) error {
    if expired(req.Expiration) {
        return errExpired
    }
    if !t.handleReply(fromID, neighborsPacket, req) {
        return errUnsolicitedReply
    }
    return nil
}

func expired(ts uint64) bool {
    return time.Unix(int64(ts), 0).Before(time.Now())
}