Use coding style.

2 files changed, 256 insertions, 2 deletions

diff --git a/CODING_STYLE.md b/CODING_STYLE.md
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+0. Formatting
+
+GOLDEN RULE: Follow the style of the existing code when you make changes.
+
+a. Use tabs for leading indentation
+- tab stops are every 4 characters.
+- One indentation level -> exactly one byte (i.e. a tab character) in the source file.
+- If you have run-on lines, indent as you would for a block.
+b. Line widths:
+- Don't worry about having lines of code > 80-char wide.
+- Lines of comments should be formatted according to ease of viewing, but simplicity is to be preferred over beauty.
+c. Don't use braces for condition-body one-liners.
+d. Never place condition bodies on same line as condition.
+e. Space between first paren and keyword, but *not* following first paren or preceding final paren.
+f. No spaces when fewer than intra-expression three parens together; when three or more, space according to clarity.
+g. No spaces for subscripting or unary operators.
+h. No space before ':' but one after it, except in the ternary operator: one on both sides.
+i. Space all other operators.
+j. Braces, when used, always have their own lines and are at same indentation level as "parent" scope.
+
+(WRONG)
+if( a==b[ i ] ) { printf ("Hello\n"); }
+foo->bar(someLongVariableName,
+         anotherLongVariableName,
+         anotherLongVariableName,
+         anotherLongVariableName,
+         anotherLongVariableName);
+
+(RIGHT)
+if (a == b[i])
+    printf("Hello\n");	// NOTE spaces used instead of tab here for clarity - first byte should be '\t'.
+foo->bar(
+    someLongVariableName,
+    anotherLongVariableName,
+    anotherLongVariableName,
+    anotherLongVariableName,
+    anotherLongVariableName
+);
+
+
+
+1. Namespaces;
+
+a. No "using namespace" declarations in header files.
+b. All symbols should be declared in a namespace except for final applications.
+c. Preprocessor symbols should be prefixed with the namespace in all-caps and an underscore.
+
+(WRONG)
+#include <cassert>
+using namespace std;
+tuple<float, float> meanAndSigma(vector<float> const& _v);
+
+(CORRECT)
+#include <cassert>
+std::tuple<float, float> meanAndSigma(std::vector<float> const& _v);
+
+
+
+2. Preprocessor;
+
+a. File comment is always at top, and includes:
+- Copyright.
+- License (e.g. see COPYING).
+b. Never use #ifdef/#define/#endif file guards. Prefer #pragma once as first line below file comment.
+c. Prefer static const variable to value macros.
+d. Prefer inline constexpr functions to function macros.
+e. Split complex macro on multiple lines with '\'.
+
+
+
+3. Capitalization;
+
+GOLDEN RULE: Preprocessor: ALL_CAPS; C++: camelCase.
+
+a. Use camelCase for splitting words in names, except where obviously extending STL/boost functionality in which case follow those naming conventions.
+b. The following entities' first alpha is upper case:
+- Type names.
+- Template parameters.
+- Enum members.
+- static const variables that form an external API.
+c. All preprocessor symbols (macros, macro arguments) in full uppercase with underscore word separation.
+
+
+All other entities' first alpha is lower case.
+
+
+
+4. Variable prefixes:
+
+a. Leading underscore "_" to parameter names.
+- Exception: "o_parameterName" when it is used exclusively for output. See 6(f).
+- Exception: "io_parameterName" when it is used for both input and output. See 6(f).
+b. Leading "c_" to const variables (unless part of an external API).
+c. Leading "g_" to global (non-const) variables.
+d. Leading "s_" to static (non-const, non-global) variables.
+
+
+
+5. Error reporting:
+
+- Prefer exception to bool/int return type.
+
+
+
+6. Declarations:
+
+a. {Typename} + {qualifiers} + {name}.
+b. Only one per line.
+c. Associate */& with type, not variable (at ends with parser, but more readable, and safe if in conjunction with (b)).
+d. Favour declarations close to use; don't habitually declare at top of scope ala C.
+e. Always pass non-trivial parameters with a const& suffix.
+f. If a function returns multiple values, use std::tuple (std::pair acceptable). Prefer not using */& arguments, except where efficiency requires.
+g. Never use a macro where adequate non-preprocessor C++ can be written.
+h. Make use of auto whenever type is clear or unimportant:
+- Always avoid doubly-stating the type.
+- Use to avoid vast and unimportant type declarations.
+- However, avoid using auto where type is not immediately obvious from the context, and especially not for arithmetic expressions.
+i. Don't pass bools: prefer enumerations instead.
+j. Prefer enum class to straight enum.
+
+
+(WRONG)
+const double d = 0;
+int i, j;
+char *s;
+float meanAndSigma(std::vector<float> _v, float* _sigma, bool _approximate);
+Derived* x(dynamic_cast<Derived*>(base));
+for (map<ComplexTypeOne, ComplexTypeTwo>::iterator i = l.begin(); i != l.end(); ++l) {}
+
+
+(CORRECT)
+enum class Accuracy
+{
+	Approximate,
+	Exact
+};
+double const d = 0;
+int i;
+int j;
+char* s;
+std::tuple<float, float> meanAndSigma(std::vector<float> const& _v, Accuracy _a);
+auto x = dynamic_cast<Derived*>(base);
+for (auto i = x.begin(); i != x.end(); ++i) {}
+
+
+7. Structs & classes
+
+a. Structs to be used when all members public and no virtual functions.
+- In this case, members should be named naturally and not prefixed with 'm_'
+b. Classes to be used in all other circumstances.
+
+
+
+8. Members:
+
+a. One member per line only.
+b. Private, non-static, non-const fields prefixed with m_.
+c. Avoid public fields, except in structs.
+d. Use override, final and const as much as possible.
+e. No implementations with the class declaration, except:
+- template or force-inline method (though prefer implementation at bottom of header file).
+- one-line implementation (in which case include it in same line as declaration).
+f. For a property 'foo'
+- Member: m_foo;
+- Getter: foo() [ also: for booleans, isFoo() ];
+- Setter: setFoo();
+
+
+
+9. Naming
+
+a. Collection conventions:
+- -s means std::vector e.g. using MyTypes = std::vector<MyType>
+- -Set means std::set e.g. using MyTypeSet = std::set<MyType>
+- -Hash means std::unordered_set e.g. using MyTypeHash = std::unordered_set<MyType>
+b. Class conventions:
+- -Face means the interface of some shared concept. (e.g. FooFace might be a pure virtual class.)
+c. Avoid unpronouncable names;
+- If you need to shorten a name favour a pronouncable slice of the original to a scattered set of consonants.
+- e.g. Manager shortens to Man rather than Mgr.
+d. Avoid prefixes of initials (e.g. DON'T use IMyInterface, CMyImplementation)
+e. Find short, memorable & (at least semi-) descriptive names for commonly used classes or name-fragments.
+- A dictionary and thesaurus are your friends.
+- Spell correctly.
+- Think carefully about the class's purpose.
+- Imagine it as an isolated component to try to decontextualise it when considering its name.
+- Don't be trapped into naming it (purely) in terms of its implementation.
+
+
+
+10. Type-definitions
+
+a. Prefer 'using' to 'typedef'. e.g. using ints = std::vector<int>; rather than typedef std::vector<int> ints;
+b. Generally avoid shortening a standard form that already includes all important information:
+- e.g. stick to shared_ptr<X> rather than shortening to ptr<X>.
+c. Where there are exceptions to this (due to excessive use and clear meaning), note the change prominently and use it consistently.
+- e.g. using Guard = std::lock_guard<std::mutex>; ///< Guard is used throughout the codebase since it's clear in meaning and used commonly. 
+d. In general expressions should be roughly as important/semantically meaningful as the space they occupy.
+
+
+
+11. Commenting
+
+a. Comments should be doxygen-compilable, using @notation rather than \notation.
+b. Document the interface, not the implementation.
+- Documentation should be able to remain completely unchanged, even if the method is reimplemented.
+- Comment in terms of the method properties and intended alteration to class state (or what aspects of the state it reports).
+- Be careful to scrutinise documentation that extends only to intended purpose and usage.
+- Reject documentation that is simply an English transaction of the implementation.
+
+
+
+12. Include Headers
+
+Includes should go in increasing order of generality (libethereum -> libethcore -> libdevcrypto -> libdevcore -> boost -> STL).  For example:
+
+#include <libethereum/Defaults.h>
+#include <libdevcrypto/SHA3.h>
+#include <libdevcore/Log.h>
+#include <libdevcore/Exceptions.h>
+#include <libdevcore/CommonData.h>
+#include <libdevcore/Common.h>
+#include <boost/filesystem.hpp>
+#include <string>
+
+See http://stackoverflow.com/questions/614302/c-header-order/614333#614333 for the reason: this makes it easier to find missing includes in header files.
+
+
+
+13. Logging
+
+Logging should be performed at appropriate verbosities depending on the logging message.
+The more likely a message is to repeat (and thus cause noise) the higher in verbosity it should be.
+Some rules to keep in mind:
+
+ - Verbosity == 0 -> Reserved for important stuff that users must see and can understand.
+ - Verbosity == 1 -> Reserved for stuff that users don't need to see but can understand.
+ - Verbosity >= 2 -> Anything that is or might be displayed more than once every minute
+ - Verbosity >= 3 -> Anything that only a developer would understand
+ - Verbosity >= 4 -> Anything that is low-level (e.g. peer disconnects, timers being cancelled)
+
+
+14. Recommended reading
+
+Herb Sutter and Bjarne Stroustrup
+- "C++ Core Guidelines" (https://github.com/isocpp/CppCoreGuidelines/blob/master/CppCoreGuidelines.md)
+
+Herb Sutter and Andrei Alexandrescu
+- "C++ Coding Standards: 101 Rules, Guidelines, and Best Practices"
+
+Scott Meyers
+- "Effective C++: 55 Specific Ways to Improve Your Programs and Designs (3rd Edition)"
+- "More Effective C++: 35 New Ways to Improve Your Programs and Designs"
+- "Effective Modern C++: 42 Specific Ways to Improve Your Use of C++11 and C++14"
diff --git a/docs/contributing.rst b/docs/contributing.rst
index a5efba8b..8c190a26 100644
--- a/docs/contributing.rst
+++ b/docs/contributing.rst
@@ -55,8 +55,8 @@ However, if you are making a larger change, please consult with the `Solidity De
 focused on compiler and language development instead of language use) first.
 
 
-Finally, please make sure you respect the `coding standards
-<https://raw.githubusercontent.com/ethereum/cpp-ethereum/develop/CodingStandards.txt>`_
+Finally, please make sure you respect the `coding style
+<https://raw.githubusercontent.com/ethereum/solidity/develop/CODING_STYLE.md>`_
 for this project. Also, even though we do CI testing, please test your code and
 ensure that it builds locally before submitting a pull request.