#ifndef   Self_h__
#define   Self_h__

#include <cstdlib>

namespace meow {

/*!
 *@brief A little class use for packing the data part of another class.
 *       With this technique, it can achieve Copy-On-Write(COR) mechanism at
 *       background and have a reference mechanism which much more flexible
 *       then the one C++ has.
 *
 * Sample code:
 *@code{.cpp}
 * class A {
 * private:
 *   struct Myself {
 *     int data;
 *
 *     Myself() {                               // Necessary
 *       data = 0;
 *     }
 *
 *     Myself(Myself const& b): data(b.data) {  // Necessary, copy constructor
 *     }
 *
 *     ~Myself() {
 *     }
 *
 *     bool operator==(Myself const& b) const { // Optional (this method will
 *                                              // be called only if you use
 *                                              // Self::equal() method)
 *       return (data == b.data);
 *     }
 *   };
 *
 *   Self<Myself> const self;          // Here we use 'constant' data type in 
 *                                     // order to have a coutious coding style
 *                                     // and allow the COR mechanism to clone
 *                                     // data only when we really want to
 *                                     // modify them.
 * public:
 *   A(): self() { }                            // Default constructor
 *
 *   A(A const& a): self(a.self, COPY_FROM) { } // Copy constructor. You must
 *                                              // tell me which way of
 *                                              // duplicating should I use.
 *                                              // It strongly recommended you
 *                                              // use COYP_FROM for keeping the
 *                                              // C++'s original behavior.
 *   ~A() { }
 *
 *   int getMemember(int wh) const {
 *     return self->data;   // Use 'operator->()' to get the pointer of the data
 *                          // The pointer is constant or not will depend on
 *                          // whether the left side variable of '->' is
 *                          // constant or not.
 *                          // If we just want to read the data, use
 *                          // 'self' instead of 'self()'
 *   }
 *   void setMemeber(int k) {
 *     self()->data = k;    // As a result of 'self()' returning a non-constant
 *                          // reference of itself, here we get the permission
 *                          // for modiying data.
 *                          // So now we can observe that if you type
 *                          // 'Self<Myself> self' instead of the one above,
 *                          // 'self' and 'self()' will become the same one and
 *                          // both of them allow you using '->' for getting
 *                          // writing permission. At the same time, the COR
 *                          // machanism will become useless because everytime
 *                          // you want to access the date, Self will copy the
 *                          // data to prevent you to modify it no matter that
 *                          // you might just want to read it.
 *   }
 *
 *   A referenceFrom(A const& a) {
 *     self.referenceFrom(a.self);
 *   }
 *
 *   A copyFrom(A const& a) {
 *     self.copyFrom(a.self);
 *   }
 *
 *   A& operator=(A const& b) { // If you really like to use operator=, it
 *                              // strongly recommended you use 'copyFrom()' for
 *                              // keeping C++'s original behavior.
 *     copyFrom(b);
 *   }
 * };
 *@endcode
 * Note that 'referenceFrom()' will cause the two object become the same one,
 * Which means that if you do something like '\c a.referenceFrom(b);
 * \c a.copyFrom(c); ', the result is that the value of \c a,b,c will all the
 * same one.
 *
 *@author cathook
 *
 *@warning This class disabled the method \c operator= and copy constructor
 *         in order to prevent upexplicit default behavior, so if you want
 *         to have one of them (or both), you must implement yourself
 */
template<class Data>
class Self {
public:
  /*!
   * @brief Kind of ways of duplicating
   */
  enum DuplicateType {
    COPY_FROM,          //!< Normal copy operation
    REFERENCE_FROM      //!< By reference, much like pointer's copy operation
  };
private:
  class Body {
  private:
    struct Kernel {
      Data    data_;
      int  counter_;

      Kernel(                ): data_(    ), counter_(1) { }
      Kernel(Data const& data): data_(data), counter_(1) { }
      ~Kernel() { }
    };

    Kernel* pointer_;
    int     counter_;
  public:
    Body(             ): pointer_(new Kernel( )), counter_(1) { }
    Body(Data const& d): pointer_(new Kernel(d)), counter_(1) { }
    Body(Body const& b): pointer_(b.pointer_   ), counter_(1) {
      ++pointer_->counter_;
    }
    ~Body() {
      clear();
    }
    Body& copyFrom(Body const& b) {
      clear();
      pointer_ = b.pointer_;
      ++(pointer_->counter_);
      return *this;
    }
    void clear() {
      --(pointer_->counter_);
      if (pointer_->counter_ <= 0) {
        delete pointer_;
      }
    }
    int attach() { return ++counter_; }
    int detach() { return --counter_; }
    Data const* access() const {
      return &(pointer_->data_);
    }
    Data* modify() {
      if (pointer_->counter_ > 1) {
        --pointer_->counter_;
        pointer_ = new Kernel(pointer_->data_);
      }
      return &(pointer_->data_);
    }
  };

  Body* body_;

  void clear() {
    if (body_->detach() <= 0) {
      delete body_;
    }
  }
public:
  /*!
   * @brief constructor with a real entity
   */
  Self(): body_(new Body()) {
  }

  /*!
   * @brief connstructor with a real entity with it using its copy constructor
   *
   * @param [in] d Inital data
   */
  Self(Data const& d): body_(new Body(d)) {
  }

  /*!
   * @brief constructor with given another Self
   *
   * @param [in] b Another Self object.
   * @param [in] d To indicate type of way of duplicating
   */
  Self(Self const& b, DuplicateType d) {
    switch(d) {
    case COPY_FROM:
      body_ = new Body(*b.body_);
      break;
    case REFERENCE_FROM:
      body_ = b.body_;
      body_->attach();
      break;
    }
  }

  //! @brief Disallow copy constructor
  Self(Self const& b);

  //! @brief destructor
  ~Self() {
    clear();
  }

  //! @brief Return the constant pointer to the data
  Data const* operator->() const {
    return body_->access();
  }

  /*! @brief Return the non-constant pointer to the data (COR's clone might
   *         occure here.
   */
  Data* operator->() {
    return body_->modify();
  }

  //! @brief Return the non-constant reference of \c *this
  Self& operator()() const {
    return *((Self*)this);
  }

  /*!
   * @brief Copy the gived \c Self to myself
   *
   * @param [in] s gived \c Self
   * @return *this
   */
  Self const& copyFrom(Self const& s) {
    if (body_->access() != s.body_->access()) {
      body_->copyFrom(*s.body_);
    }
    return *this;
  }

  /*!
   * @brief Reference myself from given \c Self object.
   *
   * @param [in] s given \c Self
   * @return *this
   */
  Self const& referenceFrom(Self const& s) {
    if (body_ != s.body_) {
      clear();
      body_ = s.body_;
      body_->attach();
    }
    return *this;
  }

  /*!
   * @brief call \c copyFrom() or \c referenceFrom() depend on your instruction
   *
   * @param [in] s gived \c Self object
   * @param [in] t instruction
   * @return *this
   */
  Self const& duplicateFrom(Self const& s, DuplicateType t) {
    switch(t) {
    case COPY_FROM     : return      copyFrom(s);
    case REFERENCE_FROM: return referenceFrom(s);
    }
    return *this;
  }

  /*!
   * @brief Compare tht if the gived \c Self object is reference from the same
   *        object of me
   *
   * @param [in] s gived \c Self object
   * @return \c true if we are referenced to the same object.
   */
  bool same(Self const& s) const {
    return (body_ == s.body_);
  }

  /*!
   * @brief Compare that the data are the same.
   *
   * @param [in] s another \c Self object
   * @return \c true if the data are same.
   *
   * @note This will need the method 'Data::equal()'
   */
  bool equal(Self const& s) const {
    if (same(s) || body_->access() == s.body_->access()) return true;
    return (*body_->access() == *s.body_->access());
  }

  /*!
   * @brief Order compare by reference pointer.
   *
   * @param [in] s another \c Self object
   */
  bool referenceLess(Self const& s) const {
    return (body_ < s.body_);
  }

  //! @brief Disallow default \c 'operator='
  void operator=(Self const& a);
};

} // meow

#endif // Self_h__