Merge pull request #19244 from karalabe/freezer-2

cmd, core, eth, les, node: chain freezer on top of db rework

54 files changed, 3748 insertions, 458 deletions

diff --git a/cmd/geth/chaincmd.go b/cmd/geth/chaincmd.go
index 582f0b768..c91545c7f 100644
--- a/cmd/geth/chaincmd.go
+++ b/cmd/geth/chaincmd.go
@@ -20,6 +20,7 @@ import (
 	"encoding/json"
 	"fmt"
 	"os"
+	"path/filepath"
 	"runtime"
 	"strconv"
 	"sync/atomic"
@@ -167,6 +168,22 @@ Remove blockchain and state databases`,
 The arguments are interpreted as block numbers or hashes.
 Use "ethereum dump 0" to dump the genesis block.`,
 	}
+	inspectCommand = cli.Command{
+		Action:    utils.MigrateFlags(inspect),
+		Name:      "inspect",
+		Usage:     "Inspect the storage size for each type of data in the database",
+		ArgsUsage: " ",
+		Flags: []cli.Flag{
+			utils.DataDirFlag,
+			utils.AncientFlag,
+			utils.CacheFlag,
+			utils.TestnetFlag,
+			utils.RinkebyFlag,
+			utils.GoerliFlag,
+			utils.SyncModeFlag,
+		},
+		Category: "BLOCKCHAIN COMMANDS",
+	}
 )
 
 // initGenesis will initialise the given JSON format genesis file and writes it as
@@ -368,9 +385,12 @@ func exportPreimages(ctx *cli.Context) error {
 
 func copyDb(ctx *cli.Context) error {
 	// Ensure we have a source chain directory to copy
-	if len(ctx.Args()) != 1 {
+	if len(ctx.Args()) < 1 {
 		utils.Fatalf("Source chaindata directory path argument missing")
 	}
+	if len(ctx.Args()) < 2 {
+		utils.Fatalf("Source ancient chain directory path argument missing")
+	}
 	// Initialize a new chain for the running node to sync into
 	stack := makeFullNode(ctx)
 	defer stack.Close()
@@ -385,7 +405,7 @@ func copyDb(ctx *cli.Context) error {
 	dl := downloader.New(0, chainDb, syncBloom, new(event.TypeMux), chain, nil, nil)
 
 	// Create a source peer to satisfy downloader requests from
-	db, err := rawdb.NewLevelDBDatabase(ctx.Args().First(), ctx.GlobalInt(utils.CacheFlag.Name)/2, 256, "")
+	db, err := rawdb.NewLevelDBDatabaseWithFreezer(ctx.Args().First(), ctx.GlobalInt(utils.CacheFlag.Name)/2, 256, ctx.Args().Get(1), "")
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
@@ -420,34 +440,65 @@ func copyDb(ctx *cli.Context) error {
 }
 
 func removeDB(ctx *cli.Context) error {
-	stack, _ := makeConfigNode(ctx)
+	stack, config := makeConfigNode(ctx)
 
-	for _, name := range []string{"chaindata", "lightchaindata"} {
-		// Ensure the database exists in the first place
-		logger := log.New("database", name)
-
-		dbdir := stack.ResolvePath(name)
-		if !common.FileExist(dbdir) {
-			logger.Info("Database doesn't exist, skipping", "path", dbdir)
-			continue
-		}
-		// Confirm removal and execute
-		fmt.Println(dbdir)
-		confirm, err := console.Stdin.PromptConfirm("Remove this database?")
-		switch {
-		case err != nil:
-			utils.Fatalf("%v", err)
-		case !confirm:
-			logger.Warn("Database deletion aborted")
-		default:
-			start := time.Now()
-			os.RemoveAll(dbdir)
-			logger.Info("Database successfully deleted", "elapsed", common.PrettyDuration(time.Since(start)))
-		}
+	// Remove the full node state database
+	path := stack.ResolvePath("chaindata")
+	if common.FileExist(path) {
+		confirmAndRemoveDB(path, "full node state database")
+	} else {
+		log.Info("Full node state database missing", "path", path)
+	}
+	// Remove the full node ancient database
+	path = config.Eth.DatabaseFreezer
+	switch {
+	case path == "":
+		path = filepath.Join(stack.ResolvePath("chaindata"), "ancient")
+	case !filepath.IsAbs(path):
+		path = config.Node.ResolvePath(path)
+	}
+	if common.FileExist(path) {
+		confirmAndRemoveDB(path, "full node ancient database")
+	} else {
+		log.Info("Full node ancient database missing", "path", path)
+	}
+	// Remove the light node database
+	path = stack.ResolvePath("lightchaindata")
+	if common.FileExist(path) {
+		confirmAndRemoveDB(path, "light node database")
+	} else {
+		log.Info("Light node database missing", "path", path)
 	}
 	return nil
 }
 
+// confirmAndRemoveDB prompts the user for a last confirmation and removes the
+// folder if accepted.
+func confirmAndRemoveDB(database string, kind string) {
+	confirm, err := console.Stdin.PromptConfirm(fmt.Sprintf("Remove %s (%s)?", kind, database))
+	switch {
+	case err != nil:
+		utils.Fatalf("%v", err)
+	case !confirm:
+		log.Info("Database deletion skipped", "path", database)
+	default:
+		start := time.Now()
+		filepath.Walk(database, func(path string, info os.FileInfo, err error) error {
+			// If we're at the top level folder, recurse into
+			if path == database {
+				return nil
+			}
+			// Delete all the files, but not subfolders
+			if !info.IsDir() {
+				os.Remove(path)
+				return nil
+			}
+			return filepath.SkipDir
+		})
+		log.Info("Database successfully deleted", "path", database, "elapsed", common.PrettyDuration(time.Since(start)))
+	}
+}
+
 func dump(ctx *cli.Context) error {
 	stack := makeFullNode(ctx)
 	defer stack.Close()
@@ -476,6 +527,16 @@ func dump(ctx *cli.Context) error {
 	return nil
 }
 
+func inspect(ctx *cli.Context) error {
+	node, _ := makeConfigNode(ctx)
+	defer node.Close()
+
+	_, chainDb := utils.MakeChain(ctx, node)
+	defer chainDb.Close()
+
+	return rawdb.InspectDatabase(chainDb)
+}
+
 // hashish returns true for strings that look like hashes.
 func hashish(x string) bool {
 	_, err := strconv.Atoi(x)
diff --git a/cmd/geth/main.go b/cmd/geth/main.go
index 838029333..1b23cbd9f 100644
--- a/cmd/geth/main.go
+++ b/cmd/geth/main.go
@@ -62,6 +62,7 @@ var (
 		utils.BootnodesV4Flag,
 		utils.BootnodesV5Flag,
 		utils.DataDirFlag,
+		utils.AncientFlag,
 		utils.KeyStoreDirFlag,
 		utils.ExternalSignerFlag,
 		utils.NoUSBFlag,
@@ -203,6 +204,7 @@ func init() {
 		copydbCommand,
 		removedbCommand,
 		dumpCommand,
+		inspectCommand,
 		// See accountcmd.go:
 		accountCommand,
 		walletCommand,
diff --git a/cmd/geth/usage.go b/cmd/geth/usage.go
index 7ec1ab03f..67b0027f2 100644
--- a/cmd/geth/usage.go
+++ b/cmd/geth/usage.go
@@ -69,6 +69,7 @@ var AppHelpFlagGroups = []flagGroup{
 		Flags: []cli.Flag{
 			configFileFlag,
 			utils.DataDirFlag,
+			utils.AncientFlag,
 			utils.KeyStoreDirFlag,
 			utils.NoUSBFlag,
 			utils.NetworkIdFlag,
diff --git a/cmd/utils/cmd.go b/cmd/utils/cmd.go
index 74a8c7f39..a3ee45ba7 100644
--- a/cmd/utils/cmd.go
+++ b/cmd/utils/cmd.go
@@ -302,6 +302,8 @@ func ExportPreimages(db ethdb.Database, fn string) error {
 	}
 	// Iterate over the preimages and export them
 	it := db.NewIteratorWithPrefix([]byte("secure-key-"))
+	defer it.Release()
+
 	for it.Next() {
 		if err := rlp.Encode(writer, it.Value()); err != nil {
 			return err
diff --git a/cmd/utils/flags.go b/cmd/utils/flags.go
index 2dc45cbba..ddeb44f34 100644
--- a/cmd/utils/flags.go
+++ b/cmd/utils/flags.go
@@ -117,6 +117,10 @@ var (
 		Usage: "Data directory for the databases and keystore",
 		Value: DirectoryString{node.DefaultDataDir()},
 	}
+	AncientFlag = DirectoryFlag{
+		Name:  "datadir.ancient",
+		Usage: "Data directory for ancient chain segments (default = inside chaindata)",
+	}
 	KeyStoreDirFlag = DirectoryFlag{
 		Name:  "keystore",
 		Usage: "Directory for the keystore (default = inside the datadir)",
@@ -1378,6 +1382,9 @@ func SetEthConfig(ctx *cli.Context, stack *node.Node, cfg *eth.Config) {
 		cfg.DatabaseCache = ctx.GlobalInt(CacheFlag.Name) * ctx.GlobalInt(CacheDatabaseFlag.Name) / 100
 	}
 	cfg.DatabaseHandles = makeDatabaseHandles()
+	if ctx.GlobalIsSet(AncientFlag.Name) {
+		cfg.DatabaseFreezer = ctx.GlobalString(AncientFlag.Name)
+	}
 
 	if gcmode := ctx.GlobalString(GCModeFlag.Name); gcmode != "full" && gcmode != "archive" {
 		Fatalf("--%s must be either 'full' or 'archive'", GCModeFlag.Name)
@@ -1566,7 +1573,7 @@ func MakeChainDatabase(ctx *cli.Context, stack *node.Node) ethdb.Database {
 	if ctx.GlobalString(SyncModeFlag.Name) == "light" {
 		name = "lightchaindata"
 	}
-	chainDb, err := stack.OpenDatabase(name, cache, handles, "")
+	chainDb, err := stack.OpenDatabaseWithFreezer(name, cache, handles, ctx.GlobalString(AncientFlag.Name), "")
 	if err != nil {
 		Fatalf("Could not open database: %v", err)
 	}
diff --git a/common/size.go b/common/size.go
index 6381499a4..097b6304a 100644
--- a/common/size.go
+++ b/common/size.go
@@ -26,7 +26,11 @@ type StorageSize float64
 
 // String implements the stringer interface.
 func (s StorageSize) String() string {
-	if s > 1048576 {
+	if s > 1099511627776 {
+		return fmt.Sprintf("%.2f TiB", s/1099511627776)
+	} else if s > 1073741824 {
+		return fmt.Sprintf("%.2f GiB", s/1073741824)
+	} else if s > 1048576 {
 		return fmt.Sprintf("%.2f MiB", s/1048576)
 	} else if s > 1024 {
 		return fmt.Sprintf("%.2f KiB", s/1024)
@@ -38,7 +42,11 @@ func (s StorageSize) String() string {
 // TerminalString implements log.TerminalStringer, formatting a string for console
 // output during logging.
 func (s StorageSize) TerminalString() string {
-	if s > 1048576 {
+	if s > 1099511627776 {
+		return fmt.Sprintf("%.2fTiB", s/1099511627776)
+	} else if s > 1073741824 {
+		return fmt.Sprintf("%.2fGiB", s/1073741824)
+	} else if s > 1048576 {
 		return fmt.Sprintf("%.2fMiB", s/1048576)
 	} else if s > 1024 {
 		return fmt.Sprintf("%.2fKiB", s/1024)
diff --git a/consensus/clique/clique.go b/consensus/clique/clique.go
index 4caa9dc74..084009a06 100644
--- a/consensus/clique/clique.go
+++ b/consensus/clique/clique.go
@@ -365,8 +365,11 @@ func (c *Clique) snapshot(chain consensus.ChainReader, number uint64, hash commo
 				break
 			}
 		}
-		// If we're at an checkpoint block, make a snapshot if it's known
-		if number == 0 || (number%c.config.Epoch == 0 && chain.GetHeaderByNumber(number-1) == nil) {
+		// If we're at the genesis, snapshot the initial state. Alternatively if we're
+		// at a checkpoint block without a parent (light client CHT), or we have piled
+		// up more headers than allowed to be reorged (chain reinit from a freezer),
+		// consider the checkpoint trusted and snapshot it.
+		if number == 0 || (number%c.config.Epoch == 0 && (len(headers) > params.ImmutabilityThreshold || chain.GetHeaderByNumber(number-1) == nil)) {
 			checkpoint := chain.GetHeaderByNumber(number)
 			if checkpoint != nil {
 				hash := checkpoint.Hash()
diff --git a/consensus/clique/snapshot.go b/consensus/clique/snapshot.go
index 54d4555f3..4ee731a90 100644
--- a/consensus/clique/snapshot.go
+++ b/consensus/clique/snapshot.go
@@ -20,10 +20,12 @@ import (
 	"bytes"
 	"encoding/json"
 	"sort"
+	"time"
 
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/common"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core/types"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/ethdb"
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/log"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/params"
 	lru "github.com/hashicorp/golang-lru"
 )
@@ -197,7 +199,11 @@ func (s *Snapshot) apply(headers []*types.Header) (*Snapshot, error) {
 	// Iterate through the headers and create a new snapshot
 	snap := s.copy()
 
-	for _, header := range headers {
+	var (
+		start  = time.Now()
+		logged = time.Now()
+	)
+	for i, header := range headers {
 		// Remove any votes on checkpoint blocks
 		number := header.Number.Uint64()
 		if number%s.config.Epoch == 0 {
@@ -285,6 +291,14 @@ func (s *Snapshot) apply(headers []*types.Header) (*Snapshot, error) {
 			}
 			delete(snap.Tally, header.Coinbase)
 		}
+		// If we're taking too much time (ecrecover), notify the user once a while
+		if time.Since(logged) > 8*time.Second {
+			log.Info("Reconstructing voting history", "processed", i, "total", len(headers), "elapsed", common.PrettyDuration(time.Since(start)))
+			logged = time.Now()
+		}
+	}
+	if time.Since(start) > 8*time.Second {
+		log.Info("Reconstructed voting history", "processed", len(headers), "elapsed", common.PrettyDuration(time.Since(start)))
 	}
 	snap.Number += uint64(len(headers))
 	snap.Hash = headers[len(headers)-1].Hash()
diff --git a/consensus/ethash/sealer.go b/consensus/ethash/sealer.go
index 3a0919ca9..43db1fcb7 100644
--- a/consensus/ethash/sealer.go
+++ b/consensus/ethash/sealer.go
@@ -270,7 +270,7 @@ func (ethash *Ethash) remote(notify []string, noverify bool) {
 		start := time.Now()
 		if !noverify {
 			if err := ethash.verifySeal(nil, header, true); err != nil {
-				log.Warn("Invalid proof-of-work submitted", "sealhash", sealhash, "elapsed", time.Since(start), "err", err)
+				log.Warn("Invalid proof-of-work submitted", "sealhash", sealhash, "elapsed", common.PrettyDuration(time.Since(start)), "err", err)
 				return false
 			}
 		}
@@ -279,7 +279,7 @@ func (ethash *Ethash) remote(notify []string, noverify bool) {
 			log.Warn("Ethash result channel is empty, submitted mining result is rejected")
 			return false
 		}
-		log.Trace("Verified correct proof-of-work", "sealhash", sealhash, "elapsed", time.Since(start))
+		log.Trace("Verified correct proof-of-work", "sealhash", sealhash, "elapsed", common.PrettyDuration(time.Since(start)))
 
 		// Solutions seems to be valid, return to the miner and notify acceptance.
 		solution := block.WithSeal(header)
diff --git a/console/prompter.go b/console/prompter.go
index 29a53aead..65675061a 100644
--- a/console/prompter.go
+++ b/console/prompter.go
@@ -142,7 +142,7 @@ func (p *terminalPrompter) PromptPassword(prompt string) (passwd string, err err
 // PromptConfirm displays the given prompt to the user and requests a boolean
 // choice to be made, returning that choice.
 func (p *terminalPrompter) PromptConfirm(prompt string) (bool, error) {
-	input, err := p.Prompt(prompt + " [y/N] ")
+	input, err := p.Prompt(prompt + " [y/n] ")
 	if len(input) > 0 && strings.ToUpper(input[:1]) == "Y" {
 		return true, nil
 	}
diff --git a/core/blockchain.go b/core/blockchain.go
index 61b809319..7ab6806c2 100644
--- a/core/blockchain.go
+++ b/core/blockchain.go
@@ -63,6 +63,8 @@ var (
 
 	blockPrefetchExecuteTimer   = metrics.NewRegisteredTimer("chain/prefetch/executes", nil)
 	blockPrefetchInterruptMeter = metrics.NewRegisteredMeter("chain/prefetch/interrupts", nil)
+
+	errInsertionInterrupted = errors.New("insertion is interrupted")
 )
 
 const (
@@ -91,7 +93,10 @@ const (
 	// - Version 6
 	//  The following incompatible database changes were added:
 	//    * Transaction lookup information stores the corresponding block number instead of block hash
-	BlockChainVersion uint64 = 6
+	// - Version 7
+	//  The following incompatible database changes were added:
+	//    * Use freezer as the ancient database to maintain all ancient data
+	BlockChainVersion uint64 = 7
 )
 
 // CacheConfig contains the configuration values for the trie caching/pruning
@@ -138,7 +143,6 @@ type BlockChain struct {
 
 	chainmu sync.RWMutex // blockchain insertion lock
 
-	checkpoint       int          // checkpoint counts towards the new checkpoint
 	currentBlock     atomic.Value // Current head of the block chain
 	currentFastBlock atomic.Value // Current head of the fast-sync chain (may be above the block chain!)
 
@@ -161,8 +165,9 @@ type BlockChain struct {
 	processor  Processor  // Block transaction processor interface
 	vmConfig   vm.Config
 
-	badBlocks      *lru.Cache              // Bad block cache
-	shouldPreserve func(*types.Block) bool // Function used to determine whether should preserve the given block.
+	badBlocks       *lru.Cache                     // Bad block cache
+	shouldPreserve  func(*types.Block) bool        // Function used to determine whether should preserve the given block.
+	terminateInsert func(common.Hash, uint64) bool // Testing hook used to terminate ancient receipt chain insertion.
 }
 
 // NewBlockChain returns a fully initialised block chain using information
@@ -213,9 +218,82 @@ func NewBlockChain(db ethdb.Database, cacheConfig *CacheConfig, chainConfig *par
 	if bc.genesisBlock == nil {
 		return nil, ErrNoGenesis
 	}
+	// Initialize the chain with ancient data if it isn't empty.
+	if bc.empty() {
+		if frozen, err := bc.db.Ancients(); err == nil && frozen > 0 {
+			var (
+				start  = time.Now()
+				logged time.Time
+			)
+			for i := uint64(0); i < frozen; i++ {
+				// Inject hash<->number mapping.
+				hash := rawdb.ReadCanonicalHash(bc.db, i)
+				if hash == (common.Hash{}) {
+					return nil, errors.New("broken ancient database")
+				}
+				rawdb.WriteHeaderNumber(bc.db, hash, i)
+
+				// Inject txlookup indexes.
+				block := rawdb.ReadBlock(bc.db, hash, i)
+				if block == nil {
+					return nil, errors.New("broken ancient database")
+				}
+				rawdb.WriteTxLookupEntries(bc.db, block)
+
+				// If we've spent too much time already, notify the user of what we're doing
+				if time.Since(logged) > 8*time.Second {
+					log.Info("Initializing chain from ancient data", "number", i, "hash", hash, "total", frozen-1, "elapsed", common.PrettyDuration(time.Since(start)))
+					logged = time.Now()
+				}
+			}
+			hash := rawdb.ReadCanonicalHash(bc.db, frozen-1)
+			rawdb.WriteHeadHeaderHash(bc.db, hash)
+			rawdb.WriteHeadFastBlockHash(bc.db, hash)
+
+			// The first thing the node will do is reconstruct the verification data for
+			// the head block (ethash cache or clique voting snapshot). Might as well do
+			// it in advance.
+			bc.engine.VerifyHeader(bc, rawdb.ReadHeader(bc.db, hash, frozen-1), true)
+
+			log.Info("Initialized chain from ancient data", "number", frozen-1, "hash", hash, "elapsed", common.PrettyDuration(time.Since(start)))
+		}
+	}
 	if err := bc.loadLastState(); err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}
+	if frozen, err := bc.db.Ancients(); err == nil && frozen > 0 {
+		var (
+			needRewind bool
+			low        uint64
+		)
+		// The head full block may be rolled back to a very low height due to
+		// blockchain repair. If the head full block is even lower than the ancient
+		// chain, truncate the ancient store.
+		fullBlock := bc.CurrentBlock()
+		if fullBlock != nil && fullBlock != bc.genesisBlock && fullBlock.NumberU64() < frozen-1 {
+			needRewind = true
+			low = fullBlock.NumberU64()
+		}
+		// In fast sync, it may happen that ancient data has been written to the
+		// ancient store, but the LastFastBlock has not been updated, truncate the
+		// extra data here.
+		fastBlock := bc.CurrentFastBlock()
+		if fastBlock != nil && fastBlock.NumberU64() < frozen-1 {
+			needRewind = true
+			if fastBlock.NumberU64() < low || low == 0 {
+				low = fastBlock.NumberU64()
+			}
+		}
+		if needRewind {
+			var hashes []common.Hash
+			previous := bc.CurrentHeader().Number.Uint64()
+			for i := low + 1; i <= bc.CurrentHeader().Number.Uint64(); i++ {
+				hashes = append(hashes, rawdb.ReadCanonicalHash(bc.db, i))
+			}
+			bc.Rollback(hashes)
+			log.Warn("Truncate ancient chain", "from", previous, "to", low)
+		}
+	}
 	// Check the current state of the block hashes and make sure that we do not have any of the bad blocks in our chain
 	for hash := range BadHashes {
 		if header := bc.GetHeaderByHash(hash); header != nil {
@@ -243,6 +321,20 @@ func (bc *BlockChain) GetVMConfig() *vm.Config {
 	return &bc.vmConfig
 }
 
+// empty returns an indicator whether the blockchain is empty.
+// Note, it's a special case that we connect a non-empty ancient
+// database with an empty node, so that we can plugin the ancient
+// into node seamlessly.
+func (bc *BlockChain) empty() bool {
+	genesis := bc.genesisBlock.Hash()
+	for _, hash := range []common.Hash{rawdb.ReadHeadBlockHash(bc.db), rawdb.ReadHeadHeaderHash(bc.db), rawdb.ReadHeadFastBlockHash(bc.db)} {
+		if hash != genesis {
+			return false
+		}
+	}
+	return true
+}
+
 // loadLastState loads the last known chain state from the database. This method
 // assumes that the chain manager mutex is held.
 func (bc *BlockChain) loadLastState() error {
@@ -267,6 +359,7 @@ func (bc *BlockChain) loadLastState() error {
 		if err := bc.repair(&currentBlock); err != nil {
 			return err
 		}
+		rawdb.WriteHeadBlockHash(bc.db, currentBlock.Hash())
 	}
 	// Everything seems to be fine, set as the head block
 	bc.currentBlock.Store(currentBlock)
@@ -312,12 +405,57 @@ func (bc *BlockChain) SetHead(head uint64) error {
 	bc.chainmu.Lock()
 	defer bc.chainmu.Unlock()
 
+	updateFn := func(db ethdb.KeyValueWriter, header *types.Header) {
+		// Rewind the block chain, ensuring we don't end up with a stateless head block
+		if currentBlock := bc.CurrentBlock(); currentBlock != nil && header.Number.Uint64() < currentBlock.NumberU64() {
+			newHeadBlock := bc.GetBlock(header.Hash(), header.Number.Uint64())
+			if newHeadBlock == nil {
+				newHeadBlock = bc.genesisBlock
+			} else {
+				if _, err := state.New(newHeadBlock.Root(), bc.stateCache); err != nil {
+					// Rewound state missing, rolled back to before pivot, reset to genesis
+					newHeadBlock = bc.genesisBlock
+				}
+			}
+			rawdb.WriteHeadBlockHash(db, newHeadBlock.Hash())
+			bc.currentBlock.Store(newHeadBlock)
+		}
+
+		// Rewind the fast block in a simpleton way to the target head
+		if currentFastBlock := bc.CurrentFastBlock(); currentFastBlock != nil && header.Number.Uint64() < currentFastBlock.NumberU64() {
+			newHeadFastBlock := bc.GetBlock(header.Hash(), header.Number.Uint64())
+			// If either blocks reached nil, reset to the genesis state
+			if newHeadFastBlock == nil {
+				newHeadFastBlock = bc.genesisBlock
+			}
+			rawdb.WriteHeadFastBlockHash(db, newHeadFastBlock.Hash())
+			bc.currentFastBlock.Store(newHeadFastBlock)
+		}
+	}
+
 	// Rewind the header chain, deleting all block bodies until then
-	delFn := func(db ethdb.Writer, hash common.Hash, num uint64) {
-		rawdb.DeleteBody(db, hash, num)
+	delFn := func(db ethdb.KeyValueWriter, hash common.Hash, num uint64) {
+		// Ignore the error here since light client won't hit this path
+		frozen, _ := bc.db.Ancients()
+		if num+1 <= frozen {
+			// Truncate all relative data(header, total difficulty, body, receipt
+			// and canonical hash) from ancient store.
+			if err := bc.db.TruncateAncients(num + 1); err != nil {
+				log.Crit("Failed to truncate ancient data", "number", num, "err", err)
+			}
+
+			// Remove the hash <-> number mapping from the active store.
+			rawdb.DeleteHeaderNumber(db, hash)
+		} else {
+			// Remove relative body and receipts from the active store.
+			// The header, total difficulty and canonical hash will be
+			// removed in the hc.SetHead function.
+			rawdb.DeleteBody(db, hash, num)
+			rawdb.DeleteReceipts(db, hash, num)
+		}
+		// Todo(rjl493456442) txlookup, bloombits, etc
 	}
-	bc.hc.SetHead(head, delFn)
-	currentHeader := bc.hc.CurrentHeader()
+	bc.hc.SetHead(head, updateFn, delFn)
 
 	// Clear out any stale content from the caches
 	bc.bodyCache.Purge()
@@ -326,33 +464,6 @@ func (bc *BlockChain) SetHead(head uint64) error {
 	bc.blockCache.Purge()
 	bc.futureBlocks.Purge()
 
-	// Rewind the block chain, ensuring we don't end up with a stateless head block
-	if currentBlock := bc.CurrentBlock(); currentBlock != nil && currentHeader.Number.Uint64() < currentBlock.NumberU64() {
-		bc.currentBlock.Store(bc.GetBlock(currentHeader.Hash(), currentHeader.Number.Uint64()))
-	}
-	if currentBlock := bc.CurrentBlock(); currentBlock != nil {
-		if _, err := state.New(currentBlock.Root(), bc.stateCache); err != nil {
-			// Rewound state missing, rolled back to before pivot, reset to genesis
-			bc.currentBlock.Store(bc.genesisBlock)
-		}
-	}
-	// Rewind the fast block in a simpleton way to the target head
-	if currentFastBlock := bc.CurrentFastBlock(); currentFastBlock != nil && currentHeader.Number.Uint64() < currentFastBlock.NumberU64() {
-		bc.currentFastBlock.Store(bc.GetBlock(currentHeader.Hash(), currentHeader.Number.Uint64()))
-	}
-	// If either blocks reached nil, reset to the genesis state
-	if currentBlock := bc.CurrentBlock(); currentBlock == nil {
-		bc.currentBlock.Store(bc.genesisBlock)
-	}
-	if currentFastBlock := bc.CurrentFastBlock(); currentFastBlock == nil {
-		bc.currentFastBlock.Store(bc.genesisBlock)
-	}
-	currentBlock := bc.CurrentBlock()
-	currentFastBlock := bc.CurrentFastBlock()
-
-	rawdb.WriteHeadBlockHash(bc.db, currentBlock.Hash())
-	rawdb.WriteHeadFastBlockHash(bc.db, currentFastBlock.Hash())
-
 	return bc.loadLastState()
 }
 
@@ -780,96 +891,272 @@ func (bc *BlockChain) Rollback(chain []common.Hash) {
 		}
 		if currentFastBlock := bc.CurrentFastBlock(); currentFastBlock.Hash() == hash {
 			newFastBlock := bc.GetBlock(currentFastBlock.ParentHash(), currentFastBlock.NumberU64()-1)
-			bc.currentFastBlock.Store(newFastBlock)
 			rawdb.WriteHeadFastBlockHash(bc.db, newFastBlock.Hash())
+			bc.currentFastBlock.Store(newFastBlock)
 		}
 		if currentBlock := bc.CurrentBlock(); currentBlock.Hash() == hash {
 			newBlock := bc.GetBlock(currentBlock.ParentHash(), currentBlock.NumberU64()-1)
-			bc.currentBlock.Store(newBlock)
 			rawdb.WriteHeadBlockHash(bc.db, newBlock.Hash())
+			bc.currentBlock.Store(newBlock)
 		}
 	}
+	// Truncate ancient data which exceeds the current header.
+	//
+	// Notably, it can happen that system crashes without truncating the ancient data
+	// but the head indicator has been updated in the active store. Regarding this issue,
+	// system will self recovery by truncating the extra data during the setup phase.
+	if err := bc.truncateAncient(bc.hc.CurrentHeader().Number.Uint64()); err != nil {
+		log.Crit("Truncate ancient store failed", "err", err)
+	}
+}
+
+// truncateAncient rewinds the blockchain to the specified header and deletes all
+// data in the ancient store that exceeds the specified header.
+func (bc *BlockChain) truncateAncient(head uint64) error {
+	frozen, err := bc.db.Ancients()
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	// Short circuit if there is no data to truncate in ancient store.
+	if frozen <= head+1 {
+		return nil
+	}
+	// Truncate all the data in the freezer beyond the specified head
+	if err := bc.db.TruncateAncients(head + 1); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	// Clear out any stale content from the caches
+	bc.hc.headerCache.Purge()
+	bc.hc.tdCache.Purge()
+	bc.hc.numberCache.Purge()
+
+	// Clear out any stale content from the caches
+	bc.bodyCache.Purge()
+	bc.bodyRLPCache.Purge()
+	bc.receiptsCache.Purge()
+	bc.blockCache.Purge()
+	bc.futureBlocks.Purge()
+
+	log.Info("Rewind ancient data", "number", head)
+	return nil
 }
 
 // InsertReceiptChain attempts to complete an already existing header chain with
 // transaction and receipt data.
-func (bc *BlockChain) InsertReceiptChain(blockChain types.Blocks, receiptChain []types.Receipts) (int, error) {
+func (bc *BlockChain) InsertReceiptChain(blockChain types.Blocks, receiptChain []types.Receipts, ancientLimit uint64) (int, error) {
 	bc.wg.Add(1)
 	defer bc.wg.Done()
 
+	var (
+		ancientBlocks, liveBlocks     types.Blocks
+		ancientReceipts, liveReceipts []types.Receipts
+	)
 	// Do a sanity check that the provided chain is actually ordered and linked
-	for i := 1; i < len(blockChain); i++ {
-		if blockChain[i].NumberU64() != blockChain[i-1].NumberU64()+1 || blockChain[i].ParentHash() != blockChain[i-1].Hash() {
-			log.Error("Non contiguous receipt insert", "number", blockChain[i].Number(), "hash", blockChain[i].Hash(), "parent", blockChain[i].ParentHash(),
-				"prevnumber", blockChain[i-1].Number(), "prevhash", blockChain[i-1].Hash())
-			return 0, fmt.Errorf("non contiguous insert: item %d is #%d [%x…], item %d is #%d [%x…] (parent [%x…])", i-1, blockChain[i-1].NumberU64(),
-				blockChain[i-1].Hash().Bytes()[:4], i, blockChain[i].NumberU64(), blockChain[i].Hash().Bytes()[:4], blockChain[i].ParentHash().Bytes()[:4])
+	for i := 0; i < len(blockChain); i++ {
+		if i != 0 {
+			if blockChain[i].NumberU64() != blockChain[i-1].NumberU64()+1 || blockChain[i].ParentHash() != blockChain[i-1].Hash() {
+				log.Error("Non contiguous receipt insert", "number", blockChain[i].Number(), "hash", blockChain[i].Hash(), "parent", blockChain[i].ParentHash(),
+					"prevnumber", blockChain[i-1].Number(), "prevhash", blockChain[i-1].Hash())
+				return 0, fmt.Errorf("non contiguous insert: item %d is #%d [%x…], item %d is #%d [%x…] (parent [%x…])", i-1, blockChain[i-1].NumberU64(),
+					blockChain[i-1].Hash().Bytes()[:4], i, blockChain[i].NumberU64(), blockChain[i].Hash().Bytes()[:4], blockChain[i].ParentHash().Bytes()[:4])
+			}
+		}
+		if blockChain[i].NumberU64() <= ancientLimit {
+			ancientBlocks, ancientReceipts = append(ancientBlocks, blockChain[i]), append(ancientReceipts, receiptChain[i])
+		} else {
+			liveBlocks, liveReceipts = append(liveBlocks, blockChain[i]), append(liveReceipts, receiptChain[i])
 		}
 	}
 
 	var (
 		stats = struct{ processed, ignored int32 }{}
 		start = time.Now()
-		bytes = 0
-		batch = bc.db.NewBatch()
+		size  = 0
 	)
-	for i, block := range blockChain {
-		receipts := receiptChain[i]
-		// Short circuit insertion if shutting down or processing failed
-		if atomic.LoadInt32(&bc.procInterrupt) == 1 {
-			return 0, nil
+	// updateHead updates the head fast sync block if the inserted blocks are better
+	// and returns a indicator whether the inserted blocks are canonical.
+	updateHead := func(head *types.Block) bool {
+		var isCanonical bool
+		bc.chainmu.Lock()
+		if td := bc.GetTd(head.Hash(), head.NumberU64()); td != nil { // Rewind may have occurred, skip in that case
+			currentFastBlock := bc.CurrentFastBlock()
+			if bc.GetTd(currentFastBlock.Hash(), currentFastBlock.NumberU64()).Cmp(td) < 0 {
+				rawdb.WriteHeadFastBlockHash(bc.db, head.Hash())
+				bc.currentFastBlock.Store(head)
+				isCanonical = true
+			}
+		}
+		bc.chainmu.Unlock()
+		return isCanonical
+	}
+	// writeAncient writes blockchain and corresponding receipt chain into ancient store.
+	//
+	// this function only accepts canonical chain data. All side chain will be reverted
+	// eventually.
+	writeAncient := func(blockChain types.Blocks, receiptChain []types.Receipts) (int, error) {
+		var (
+			previous = bc.CurrentFastBlock()
+			batch    = bc.db.NewBatch()
+		)
+		// If any error occurs before updating the head or we are inserting a side chain,
+		// all the data written this time wll be rolled back.
+		defer func() {
+			if previous != nil {
+				if err := bc.truncateAncient(previous.NumberU64()); err != nil {
+					log.Crit("Truncate ancient store failed", "err", err)
+				}
+			}
+		}()
+		var deleted types.Blocks
+		for i, block := range blockChain {
+			// Short circuit insertion if shutting down or processing failed
+			if atomic.LoadInt32(&bc.procInterrupt) == 1 {
+				return 0, errInsertionInterrupted
+			}
+			// Short circuit insertion if it is required(used in testing only)
+			if bc.terminateInsert != nil && bc.terminateInsert(block.Hash(), block.NumberU64()) {
+				return i, errors.New("insertion is terminated for testing purpose")
+			}
+			// Short circuit if the owner header is unknown
+			if !bc.HasHeader(block.Hash(), block.NumberU64()) {
+				return i, fmt.Errorf("containing header #%d [%x…] unknown", block.Number(), block.Hash().Bytes()[:4])
+			}
+			var (
+				start  = time.Now()
+				logged = time.Now()
+				count  int
+			)
+			// Migrate all ancient blocks. This can happen if someone upgrades from Geth
+			// 1.8.x to 1.9.x mid-fast-sync. Perhaps we can get rid of this path in the
+			// long term.
+			for {
+				// We can ignore the error here since light client won't hit this code path.
+				frozen, _ := bc.db.Ancients()
+				if frozen >= block.NumberU64() {
+					break
+				}
+				h := rawdb.ReadCanonicalHash(bc.db, frozen)
+				b := rawdb.ReadBlock(bc.db, h, frozen)
+				size += rawdb.WriteAncientBlock(bc.db, b, rawdb.ReadReceipts(bc.db, h, frozen, bc.chainConfig), rawdb.ReadTd(bc.db, h, frozen))
+				count += 1
+
+				// Always keep genesis block in active database.
+				if b.NumberU64() != 0 {
+					deleted = append(deleted, b)
+				}
+				if time.Since(logged) > 8*time.Second {
+					log.Info("Migrating ancient blocks", "count", count, "elapsed", common.PrettyDuration(time.Since(start)))
+					logged = time.Now()
+				}
+			}
+			if count > 0 {
+				log.Info("Migrated ancient blocks", "count", count, "elapsed", common.PrettyDuration(time.Since(start)))
+			}
+			// Flush data into ancient database.
+			size += rawdb.WriteAncientBlock(bc.db, block, receiptChain[i], bc.GetTd(block.Hash(), block.NumberU64()))
+			rawdb.WriteTxLookupEntries(batch, block)
+
+			stats.processed++
 		}
-		// Short circuit if the owner header is unknown
-		if !bc.HasHeader(block.Hash(), block.NumberU64()) {
-			return i, fmt.Errorf("containing header #%d [%x…] unknown", block.Number(), block.Hash().Bytes()[:4])
+		// Flush all tx-lookup index data.
+		size += batch.ValueSize()
+		if err := batch.Write(); err != nil {
+			return 0, err
 		}
-		// Skip if the entire data is already known
-		if bc.HasBlock(block.Hash(), block.NumberU64()) {
-			stats.ignored++
-			continue
+		batch.Reset()
+
+		// Sync the ancient store explicitly to ensure all data has been flushed to disk.
+		if err := bc.db.Sync(); err != nil {
+			return 0, err
 		}
-		// Compute all the non-consensus fields of the receipts
-		if err := receipts.DeriveFields(bc.chainConfig, block.Hash(), block.NumberU64(), block.Transactions()); err != nil {
-			return i, fmt.Errorf("failed to derive receipts data: %v", err)
+		if !updateHead(blockChain[len(blockChain)-1]) {
+			return 0, errors.New("side blocks can't be accepted as the ancient chain data")
 		}
-		// Write all the data out into the database
-		rawdb.WriteBody(batch, block.Hash(), block.NumberU64(), block.Body())
-		rawdb.WriteReceipts(batch, block.Hash(), block.NumberU64(), receipts)
-		rawdb.WriteTxLookupEntries(batch, block)
+		previous = nil // disable rollback explicitly
 
-		stats.processed++
+		// Wipe out canonical block data.
+		for _, block := range append(deleted, blockChain...) {
+			rawdb.DeleteBlockWithoutNumber(batch, block.Hash(), block.NumberU64())
+			rawdb.DeleteCanonicalHash(batch, block.NumberU64())
+		}
+		if err := batch.Write(); err != nil {
+			return 0, err
+		}
+		batch.Reset()
 
-		if batch.ValueSize() >= ethdb.IdealBatchSize {
-			if err := batch.Write(); err != nil {
-				return 0, err
+		// Wipe out side chain too.
+		for _, block := range append(deleted, blockChain...) {
+			for _, hash := range rawdb.ReadAllHashes(bc.db, block.NumberU64()) {
+				rawdb.DeleteBlock(batch, hash, block.NumberU64())
 			}
-			bytes += batch.ValueSize()
-			batch.Reset()
 		}
-	}
-	if batch.ValueSize() > 0 {
-		bytes += batch.ValueSize()
 		if err := batch.Write(); err != nil {
 			return 0, err
 		}
+		return 0, nil
 	}
+	// writeLive writes blockchain and corresponding receipt chain into active store.
+	writeLive := func(blockChain types.Blocks, receiptChain []types.Receipts) (int, error) {
+		batch := bc.db.NewBatch()
+		for i, block := range blockChain {
+			// Short circuit insertion if shutting down or processing failed
+			if atomic.LoadInt32(&bc.procInterrupt) == 1 {
+				return 0, errInsertionInterrupted
+			}
+			// Short circuit if the owner header is unknown
+			if !bc.HasHeader(block.Hash(), block.NumberU64()) {
+				return i, fmt.Errorf("containing header #%d [%x…] unknown", block.Number(), block.Hash().Bytes()[:4])
+			}
+			if bc.HasBlock(block.Hash(), block.NumberU64()) {
+				stats.ignored++
+				continue
+			}
+			// Write all the data out into the database
+			rawdb.WriteBody(batch, block.Hash(), block.NumberU64(), block.Body())
+			rawdb.WriteReceipts(batch, block.Hash(), block.NumberU64(), receiptChain[i])
+			rawdb.WriteTxLookupEntries(batch, block)
 
-	// Update the head fast sync block if better
-	bc.chainmu.Lock()
-	head := blockChain[len(blockChain)-1]
-	if td := bc.GetTd(head.Hash(), head.NumberU64()); td != nil { // Rewind may have occurred, skip in that case
-		currentFastBlock := bc.CurrentFastBlock()
-		if bc.GetTd(currentFastBlock.Hash(), currentFastBlock.NumberU64()).Cmp(td) < 0 {
-			rawdb.WriteHeadFastBlockHash(bc.db, head.Hash())
-			bc.currentFastBlock.Store(head)
+			stats.processed++
+			if batch.ValueSize() >= ethdb.IdealBatchSize {
+				if err := batch.Write(); err != nil {
+					return 0, err
+				}
+				size += batch.ValueSize()
+				batch.Reset()
+			}
+		}
+		if batch.ValueSize() > 0 {
+			size += batch.ValueSize()
+			if err := batch.Write(); err != nil {
+				return 0, err
+			}
+		}
+		updateHead(blockChain[len(blockChain)-1])
+		return 0, nil
+	}
+	// Write downloaded chain data and corresponding receipt chain data.
+	if len(ancientBlocks) > 0 {
+		if n, err := writeAncient(ancientBlocks, ancientReceipts); err != nil {
+			if err == errInsertionInterrupted {
+				return 0, nil
+			}
+			return n, err
+		}
+	}
+	if len(liveBlocks) > 0 {
+		if n, err := writeLive(liveBlocks, liveReceipts); err != nil {
+			if err == errInsertionInterrupted {
+				return 0, nil
+			}
+			return n, err
 		}
 	}
-	bc.chainmu.Unlock()
 
+	head := blockChain[len(blockChain)-1]
 	context := []interface{}{
 		"count", stats.processed, "elapsed", common.PrettyDuration(time.Since(start)),
 		"number", head.Number(), "hash", head.Hash(), "age", common.PrettyAge(time.Unix(int64(head.Time()), 0)),
-		"size", common.StorageSize(bytes),
+		"size", common.StorageSize(size),
 	}
 	if stats.ignored > 0 {
 		context = append(context, []interface{}{"ignored", stats.ignored}...)
diff --git a/core/blockchain_test.go b/core/blockchain_test.go
index 70e3207f5..8dfcda6d4 100644
--- a/core/blockchain_test.go
+++ b/core/blockchain_test.go
@@ -18,8 +18,10 @@ package core
 
 import (
 	"fmt"
+	"io/ioutil"
 	"math/big"
 	"math/rand"
+	"os"
 	"sync"
 	"testing"
 	"time"
@@ -33,7 +35,6 @@ import (
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core/vm"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/crypto"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/ethdb"
-	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/ethdb/memorydb"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/params"
 )
 
@@ -639,7 +640,27 @@ func TestFastVsFullChains(t *testing.T) {
 	if n, err := fast.InsertHeaderChain(headers, 1); err != nil {
 		t.Fatalf("failed to insert header %d: %v", n, err)
 	}
-	if n, err := fast.InsertReceiptChain(blocks, receipts); err != nil {
+	if n, err := fast.InsertReceiptChain(blocks, receipts, 0); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("failed to insert receipt %d: %v", n, err)
+	}
+	// Freezer style fast import the chain.
+	frdir, err := ioutil.TempDir("", "")
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("failed to create temp freezer dir: %v", err)
+	}
+	defer os.Remove(frdir)
+	ancientDb, err := rawdb.NewDatabaseWithFreezer(rawdb.NewMemoryDatabase(), frdir, "")
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("failed to create temp freezer db: %v", err)
+	}
+	gspec.MustCommit(ancientDb)
+	ancient, _ := NewBlockChain(ancientDb, nil, gspec.Config, ethash.NewFaker(), vm.Config{}, nil)
+	defer ancient.Stop()
+
+	if n, err := ancient.InsertHeaderChain(headers, 1); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("failed to insert header %d: %v", n, err)
+	}
+	if n, err := ancient.InsertReceiptChain(blocks, receipts, uint64(len(blocks)/2)); err != nil {
 		t.Fatalf("failed to insert receipt %d: %v", n, err)
 	}
 	// Iterate over all chain data components, and cross reference
@@ -647,26 +668,35 @@ func TestFastVsFullChains(t *testing.T) {
 		num, hash := blocks[i].NumberU64(), blocks[i].Hash()
 
 		if ftd, atd := fast.GetTdByHash(hash), archive.GetTdByHash(hash); ftd.Cmp(atd) != 0 {
-			t.Errorf("block #%d [%x]: td mismatch: have %v, want %v", num, hash, ftd, atd)
+			t.Errorf("block #%d [%x]: td mismatch: fastdb %v, archivedb %v", num, hash, ftd, atd)
+		}
+		if antd, artd := ancient.GetTdByHash(hash), archive.GetTdByHash(hash); antd.Cmp(artd) != 0 {
+			t.Errorf("block #%d [%x]: td mismatch: ancientdb %v, archivedb %v", num, hash, antd, artd)
 		}
 		if fheader, aheader := fast.GetHeaderByHash(hash), archive.GetHeaderByHash(hash); fheader.Hash() != aheader.Hash() {
-			t.Errorf("block #%d [%x]: header mismatch: have %v, want %v", num, hash, fheader, aheader)
+			t.Errorf("block #%d [%x]: header mismatch: fastdb %v, archivedb %v", num, hash, fheader, aheader)
 		}
-		if fblock, ablock := fast.GetBlockByHash(hash), archive.GetBlockByHash(hash); fblock.Hash() != ablock.Hash() {
-			t.Errorf("block #%d [%x]: block mismatch: have %v, want %v", num, hash, fblock, ablock)
-		} else if types.DeriveSha(fblock.Transactions()) != types.DeriveSha(ablock.Transactions()) {
-			t.Errorf("block #%d [%x]: transactions mismatch: have %v, want %v", num, hash, fblock.Transactions(), ablock.Transactions())
-		} else if types.CalcUncleHash(fblock.Uncles()) != types.CalcUncleHash(ablock.Uncles()) {
-			t.Errorf("block #%d [%x]: uncles mismatch: have %v, want %v", num, hash, fblock.Uncles(), ablock.Uncles())
+		if anheader, arheader := ancient.GetHeaderByHash(hash), archive.GetHeaderByHash(hash); anheader.Hash() != arheader.Hash() {
+			t.Errorf("block #%d [%x]: header mismatch: ancientdb %v, archivedb %v", num, hash, anheader, arheader)
 		}
-		if freceipts, areceipts := rawdb.ReadReceipts(fastDb, hash, *rawdb.ReadHeaderNumber(fastDb, hash), fast.Config()), rawdb.ReadReceipts(archiveDb, hash, *rawdb.ReadHeaderNumber(archiveDb, hash), archive.Config()); types.DeriveSha(freceipts) != types.DeriveSha(areceipts) {
-			t.Errorf("block #%d [%x]: receipts mismatch: have %v, want %v", num, hash, freceipts, areceipts)
+		if fblock, arblock, anblock := fast.GetBlockByHash(hash), archive.GetBlockByHash(hash), ancient.GetBlockByHash(hash); fblock.Hash() != arblock.Hash() || anblock.Hash() != arblock.Hash() {
+			t.Errorf("block #%d [%x]: block mismatch: fastdb %v, ancientdb %v, archivedb %v", num, hash, fblock, anblock, arblock)
+		} else if types.DeriveSha(fblock.Transactions()) != types.DeriveSha(arblock.Transactions()) || types.DeriveSha(anblock.Transactions()) != types.DeriveSha(arblock.Transactions()) {
+			t.Errorf("block #%d [%x]: transactions mismatch: fastdb %v, ancientdb %v, archivedb %v", num, hash, fblock.Transactions(), anblock.Transactions(), arblock.Transactions())
+		} else if types.CalcUncleHash(fblock.Uncles()) != types.CalcUncleHash(arblock.Uncles()) || types.CalcUncleHash(anblock.Uncles()) != types.CalcUncleHash(arblock.Uncles()) {
+			t.Errorf("block #%d [%x]: uncles mismatch: fastdb %v, ancientdb %v, archivedb %v", num, hash, fblock.Uncles(), anblock, arblock.Uncles())
+		}
+		if freceipts, anreceipts, areceipts := rawdb.ReadReceipts(fastDb, hash, *rawdb.ReadHeaderNumber(fastDb, hash), fast.Config()), rawdb.ReadReceipts(ancientDb, hash, *rawdb.ReadHeaderNumber(ancientDb, hash), fast.Config()), rawdb.ReadReceipts(archiveDb, hash, *rawdb.ReadHeaderNumber(archiveDb, hash), fast.Config()); types.DeriveSha(freceipts) != types.DeriveSha(areceipts) {
+			t.Errorf("block #%d [%x]: receipts mismatch: fastdb %v, ancientdb %v, archivedb %v", num, hash, freceipts, anreceipts, areceipts)
 		}
 	}
 	// Check that the canonical chains are the same between the databases
 	for i := 0; i < len(blocks)+1; i++ {
 		if fhash, ahash := rawdb.ReadCanonicalHash(fastDb, uint64(i)), rawdb.ReadCanonicalHash(archiveDb, uint64(i)); fhash != ahash {
-			t.Errorf("block #%d: canonical hash mismatch: have %v, want %v", i, fhash, ahash)
+			t.Errorf("block #%d: canonical hash mismatch: fastdb %v, archivedb %v", i, fhash, ahash)
+		}
+		if anhash, arhash := rawdb.ReadCanonicalHash(ancientDb, uint64(i)), rawdb.ReadCanonicalHash(archiveDb, uint64(i)); anhash != arhash {
+			t.Errorf("block #%d: canonical hash mismatch: ancientdb %v, archivedb %v", i, anhash, arhash)
 		}
 	}
 }
@@ -686,6 +716,20 @@ func TestLightVsFastVsFullChainHeads(t *testing.T) {
 	height := uint64(1024)
 	blocks, receipts := GenerateChain(gspec.Config, genesis, ethash.NewFaker(), gendb, int(height), nil)
 
+	// makeDb creates a db instance for testing.
+	makeDb := func() (ethdb.Database, func()) {
+		dir, err := ioutil.TempDir("", "")
+		if err != nil {
+			t.Fatalf("failed to create temp freezer dir: %v", err)
+		}
+		defer os.Remove(dir)
+		db, err := rawdb.NewDatabaseWithFreezer(rawdb.NewMemoryDatabase(), dir, "")
+		if err != nil {
+			t.Fatalf("failed to create temp freezer db: %v", err)
+		}
+		gspec.MustCommit(db)
+		return db, func() { os.RemoveAll(dir) }
+	}
 	// Configure a subchain to roll back
 	remove := []common.Hash{}
 	for _, block := range blocks[height/2:] {
@@ -704,9 +748,8 @@ func TestLightVsFastVsFullChainHeads(t *testing.T) {
 		}
 	}
 	// Import the chain as an archive node and ensure all pointers are updated
-	archiveDb := rawdb.NewMemoryDatabase()
-	gspec.MustCommit(archiveDb)
-
+	archiveDb, delfn := makeDb()
+	defer delfn()
 	archive, _ := NewBlockChain(archiveDb, nil, gspec.Config, ethash.NewFaker(), vm.Config{}, nil)
 	if n, err := archive.InsertChain(blocks); err != nil {
 		t.Fatalf("failed to process block %d: %v", n, err)
@@ -718,8 +761,8 @@ func TestLightVsFastVsFullChainHeads(t *testing.T) {
 	assert(t, "archive", archive, height/2, height/2, height/2)
 
 	// Import the chain as a non-archive node and ensure all pointers are updated
-	fastDb := rawdb.NewMemoryDatabase()
-	gspec.MustCommit(fastDb)
+	fastDb, delfn := makeDb()
+	defer delfn()
 	fast, _ := NewBlockChain(fastDb, nil, gspec.Config, ethash.NewFaker(), vm.Config{}, nil)
 	defer fast.Stop()
 
@@ -730,17 +773,35 @@ func TestLightVsFastVsFullChainHeads(t *testing.T) {
 	if n, err := fast.InsertHeaderChain(headers, 1); err != nil {
 		t.Fatalf("failed to insert header %d: %v", n, err)
 	}
-	if n, err := fast.InsertReceiptChain(blocks, receipts); err != nil {
+	if n, err := fast.InsertReceiptChain(blocks, receipts, 0); err != nil {
 		t.Fatalf("failed to insert receipt %d: %v", n, err)
 	}
 	assert(t, "fast", fast, height, height, 0)
 	fast.Rollback(remove)
 	assert(t, "fast", fast, height/2, height/2, 0)
 
-	// Import the chain as a light node and ensure all pointers are updated
-	lightDb := rawdb.NewMemoryDatabase()
-	gspec.MustCommit(lightDb)
+	// Import the chain as a ancient-first node and ensure all pointers are updated
+	ancientDb, delfn := makeDb()
+	defer delfn()
+	ancient, _ := NewBlockChain(ancientDb, nil, gspec.Config, ethash.NewFaker(), vm.Config{}, nil)
+	defer ancient.Stop()
+
+	if n, err := ancient.InsertHeaderChain(headers, 1); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("failed to insert header %d: %v", n, err)
+	}
+	if n, err := ancient.InsertReceiptChain(blocks, receipts, uint64(3*len(blocks)/4)); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("failed to insert receipt %d: %v", n, err)
+	}
+	assert(t, "ancient", ancient, height, height, 0)
+	ancient.Rollback(remove)
+	assert(t, "ancient", ancient, height/2, height/2, 0)
+	if frozen, err := ancientDb.Ancients(); err != nil || frozen != height/2+1 {
+		t.Fatalf("failed to truncate ancient store, want %v, have %v", height/2+1, frozen)
+	}
 
+	// Import the chain as a light node and ensure all pointers are updated
+	lightDb, delfn := makeDb()
+	defer delfn()
 	light, _ := NewBlockChain(lightDb, nil, gspec.Config, ethash.NewFaker(), vm.Config{}, nil)
 	if n, err := light.InsertHeaderChain(headers, 1); err != nil {
 		t.Fatalf("failed to insert header %d: %v", n, err)
@@ -918,7 +979,7 @@ func TestLogRebirth(t *testing.T) {
 	var (
 		key1, _ = crypto.HexToECDSA("b71c71a67e1177ad4e901695e1b4b9ee17ae16c6668d313eac2f96dbcda3f291")
 		addr1   = crypto.PubkeyToAddress(key1.PublicKey)
-		db      = memorydb.New()
+		db      = rawdb.NewMemoryDatabase()
 
 		// this code generates a log
 		code     = common.Hex2Bytes("60606040525b7f24ec1d3ff24c2f6ff210738839dbc339cd45a5294d85c79361016243157aae7b60405180905060405180910390a15b600a8060416000396000f360606040526008565b00")
@@ -1040,7 +1101,7 @@ func TestSideLogRebirth(t *testing.T) {
 	var (
 		key1, _ = crypto.HexToECDSA("b71c71a67e1177ad4e901695e1b4b9ee17ae16c6668d313eac2f96dbcda3f291")
 		addr1   = crypto.PubkeyToAddress(key1.PublicKey)
-		db      = memorydb.New()
+		db      = rawdb.NewMemoryDatabase()
 
 		// this code generates a log
 		code     = common.Hex2Bytes("60606040525b7f24ec1d3ff24c2f6ff210738839dbc339cd45a5294d85c79361016243157aae7b60405180905060405180910390a15b600a8060416000396000f360606040526008565b00")
@@ -1564,6 +1625,119 @@ func TestLargeReorgTrieGC(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 }
 
+func TestBlockchainRecovery(t *testing.T) {
+	// Configure and generate a sample block chain
+	var (
+		gendb   = rawdb.NewMemoryDatabase()
+		key, _  = crypto.HexToECDSA("b71c71a67e1177ad4e901695e1b4b9ee17ae16c6668d313eac2f96dbcda3f291")
+		address = crypto.PubkeyToAddress(key.PublicKey)
+		funds   = big.NewInt(1000000000)
+		gspec   = &Genesis{Config: params.TestChainConfig, Alloc: GenesisAlloc{address: {Balance: funds}}}
+		genesis = gspec.MustCommit(gendb)
+	)
+	height := uint64(1024)
+	blocks, receipts := GenerateChain(gspec.Config, genesis, ethash.NewFaker(), gendb, int(height), nil)
+
+	// Import the chain as a ancient-first node and ensure all pointers are updated
+	frdir, err := ioutil.TempDir("", "")
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("failed to create temp freezer dir: %v", err)
+	}
+	defer os.Remove(frdir)
+	ancientDb, err := rawdb.NewDatabaseWithFreezer(rawdb.NewMemoryDatabase(), frdir, "")
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("failed to create temp freezer db: %v", err)
+	}
+	gspec.MustCommit(ancientDb)
+	ancient, _ := NewBlockChain(ancientDb, nil, gspec.Config, ethash.NewFaker(), vm.Config{}, nil)
+
+	headers := make([]*types.Header, len(blocks))
+	for i, block := range blocks {
+		headers[i] = block.Header()
+	}
+	if n, err := ancient.InsertHeaderChain(headers, 1); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("failed to insert header %d: %v", n, err)
+	}
+	if n, err := ancient.InsertReceiptChain(blocks, receipts, uint64(3*len(blocks)/4)); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("failed to insert receipt %d: %v", n, err)
+	}
+	ancient.Stop()
+
+	// Destroy head fast block manually
+	midBlock := blocks[len(blocks)/2]
+	rawdb.WriteHeadFastBlockHash(ancientDb, midBlock.Hash())
+
+	// Reopen broken blockchain again
+	ancient, _ = NewBlockChain(ancientDb, nil, gspec.Config, ethash.NewFaker(), vm.Config{}, nil)
+	defer ancient.Stop()
+	if num := ancient.CurrentBlock().NumberU64(); num != 0 {
+		t.Errorf("head block mismatch: have #%v, want #%v", num, 0)
+	}
+	if num := ancient.CurrentFastBlock().NumberU64(); num != midBlock.NumberU64() {
+		t.Errorf("head fast-block mismatch: have #%v, want #%v", num, midBlock.NumberU64())
+	}
+	if num := ancient.CurrentHeader().Number.Uint64(); num != midBlock.NumberU64() {
+		t.Errorf("head header mismatch: have #%v, want #%v", num, midBlock.NumberU64())
+	}
+}
+
+func TestIncompleteAncientReceiptChainInsertion(t *testing.T) {
+	// Configure and generate a sample block chain
+	var (
+		gendb   = rawdb.NewMemoryDatabase()
+		key, _  = crypto.HexToECDSA("b71c71a67e1177ad4e901695e1b4b9ee17ae16c6668d313eac2f96dbcda3f291")
+		address = crypto.PubkeyToAddress(key.PublicKey)
+		funds   = big.NewInt(1000000000)
+		gspec   = &Genesis{Config: params.TestChainConfig, Alloc: GenesisAlloc{address: {Balance: funds}}}
+		genesis = gspec.MustCommit(gendb)
+	)
+	height := uint64(1024)
+	blocks, receipts := GenerateChain(gspec.Config, genesis, ethash.NewFaker(), gendb, int(height), nil)
+
+	// Import the chain as a ancient-first node and ensure all pointers are updated
+	frdir, err := ioutil.TempDir("", "")
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("failed to create temp freezer dir: %v", err)
+	}
+	defer os.Remove(frdir)
+	ancientDb, err := rawdb.NewDatabaseWithFreezer(rawdb.NewMemoryDatabase(), frdir, "")
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("failed to create temp freezer db: %v", err)
+	}
+	gspec.MustCommit(ancientDb)
+	ancient, _ := NewBlockChain(ancientDb, nil, gspec.Config, ethash.NewFaker(), vm.Config{}, nil)
+	defer ancient.Stop()
+
+	headers := make([]*types.Header, len(blocks))
+	for i, block := range blocks {
+		headers[i] = block.Header()
+	}
+	if n, err := ancient.InsertHeaderChain(headers, 1); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("failed to insert header %d: %v", n, err)
+	}
+	// Abort ancient receipt chain insertion deliberately
+	ancient.terminateInsert = func(hash common.Hash, number uint64) bool {
+		return number == blocks[len(blocks)/2].NumberU64()
+	}
+	previousFastBlock := ancient.CurrentFastBlock()
+	if n, err := ancient.InsertReceiptChain(blocks, receipts, uint64(3*len(blocks)/4)); err == nil {
+		t.Fatalf("failed to insert receipt %d: %v", n, err)
+	}
+	if ancient.CurrentFastBlock().NumberU64() != previousFastBlock.NumberU64() {
+		t.Fatalf("failed to rollback ancient data, want %d, have %d", previousFastBlock.NumberU64(), ancient.CurrentFastBlock().NumberU64())
+	}
+	if frozen, err := ancient.db.Ancients(); err != nil || frozen != 1 {
+		t.Fatalf("failed to truncate ancient data")
+	}
+	ancient.terminateInsert = nil
+	if n, err := ancient.InsertReceiptChain(blocks, receipts, uint64(3*len(blocks)/4)); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("failed to insert receipt %d: %v", n, err)
+	}
+	if ancient.CurrentFastBlock().NumberU64() != blocks[len(blocks)-1].NumberU64() {
+		t.Fatalf("failed to insert ancient recept chain after rollback")
+	}
+}
+
 // Tests that importing a very large side fork, which is larger than the canon chain,
 // but where the difficulty per block is kept low: this means that it will not
 // overtake the 'canon' chain until after it's passed canon by about 200 blocks.
@@ -1719,10 +1893,18 @@ func testInsertKnownChainData(t *testing.T, typ string) {
 		b.SetCoinbase(common.Address{1})
 		b.OffsetTime(-9) // A higher difficulty
 	})
-
 	// Import the shared chain and the original canonical one
-	chaindb := rawdb.NewMemoryDatabase()
+	dir, err := ioutil.TempDir("", "")
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("failed to create temp freezer dir: %v", err)
+	}
+	defer os.Remove(dir)
+	chaindb, err := rawdb.NewDatabaseWithFreezer(rawdb.NewMemoryDatabase(), dir, "")
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("failed to create temp freezer db: %v", err)
+	}
 	new(Genesis).MustCommit(chaindb)
+	defer os.RemoveAll(dir)
 
 	chain, err := NewBlockChain(chaindb, nil, params.TestChainConfig, engine, vm.Config{}, nil)
 	if err != nil {
@@ -1764,7 +1946,7 @@ func testInsertKnownChainData(t *testing.T, typ string) {
 			if err != nil {
 				return err
 			}
-			_, err = chain.InsertReceiptChain(blocks, receipts)
+			_, err = chain.InsertReceiptChain(blocks, receipts, 0)
 			return err
 		}
 		asserter = func(t *testing.T, block *types.Block) {
@@ -1819,18 +2001,16 @@ func testInsertKnownChainData(t *testing.T, typ string) {
 	// The head shouldn't change.
 	asserter(t, blocks3[len(blocks3)-1])
 
-	if typ != "headers" {
-		// Rollback the heavier chain and re-insert the longer chain again
-		for i := 0; i < len(blocks3); i++ {
-			rollback = append(rollback, blocks3[i].Hash())
-		}
-		chain.Rollback(rollback)
+	// Rollback the heavier chain and re-insert the longer chain again
+	for i := 0; i < len(blocks3); i++ {
+		rollback = append(rollback, blocks3[i].Hash())
+	}
+	chain.Rollback(rollback)
 
-		if err := inserter(append(blocks, blocks2...), append(receipts, receipts2...)); err != nil {
-			t.Fatalf("failed to insert chain data: %v", err)
-		}
-		asserter(t, blocks2[len(blocks2)-1])
+	if err := inserter(append(blocks, blocks2...), append(receipts, receipts2...)); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("failed to insert chain data: %v", err)
 	}
+	asserter(t, blocks2[len(blocks2)-1])
 }
 
 // getLongAndShortChains returns two chains,
@@ -2019,14 +2199,12 @@ func BenchmarkBlockChain_1x1000ValueTransferToNonexisting(b *testing.B) {
 		numTxs    = 1000
 		numBlocks = 1
 	)
-
 	recipientFn := func(nonce uint64) common.Address {
 		return common.BigToAddress(big.NewInt(0).SetUint64(1337 + nonce))
 	}
 	dataFn := func(nonce uint64) []byte {
 		return nil
 	}
-
 	benchmarkLargeNumberOfValueToNonexisting(b, numTxs, numBlocks, recipientFn, dataFn)
 }
 
@@ -2044,7 +2222,6 @@ func BenchmarkBlockChain_1x1000ValueTransferToExisting(b *testing.B) {
 	dataFn := func(nonce uint64) []byte {
 		return nil
 	}
-
 	benchmarkLargeNumberOfValueToNonexisting(b, numTxs, numBlocks, recipientFn, dataFn)
 }
 
@@ -2062,6 +2239,5 @@ func BenchmarkBlockChain_1x1000Executions(b *testing.B) {
 	dataFn := func(nonce uint64) []byte {
 		return nil
 	}
-
 	benchmarkLargeNumberOfValueToNonexisting(b, numTxs, numBlocks, recipientFn, dataFn)
 }
diff --git a/core/genesis.go b/core/genesis.go
index 1f34a3a9e..830fb033b 100644
--- a/core/genesis.go
+++ b/core/genesis.go
@@ -170,6 +170,22 @@ func SetupGenesisBlockWithOverride(db ethdb.Database, genesis *Genesis, constant
 		return genesis.Config, block.Hash(), err
 	}
 
+	// We have the genesis block in database(perhaps in ancient database)
+	// but the corresponding state is missing.
+	header := rawdb.ReadHeader(db, stored, 0)
+	if _, err := state.New(header.Root, state.NewDatabaseWithCache(db, 0)); err != nil {
+		if genesis == nil {
+			genesis = DefaultGenesisBlock()
+		}
+		// Ensure the stored genesis matches with the given one.
+		hash := genesis.ToBlock(nil).Hash()
+		if hash != stored {
+			return genesis.Config, hash, &GenesisMismatchError{stored, hash}
+		}
+		block, err := genesis.Commit(db)
+		return genesis.Config, block.Hash(), err
+	}
+
 	// Check whether the genesis block is already written.
 	if genesis != nil {
 		hash := genesis.ToBlock(nil).Hash()
@@ -277,6 +293,7 @@ func (g *Genesis) Commit(db ethdb.Database) (*types.Block, error) {
 	rawdb.WriteReceipts(db, block.Hash(), block.NumberU64(), nil)
 	rawdb.WriteCanonicalHash(db, block.Hash(), block.NumberU64())
 	rawdb.WriteHeadBlockHash(db, block.Hash())
+	rawdb.WriteHeadFastBlockHash(db, block.Hash())
 	rawdb.WriteHeadHeaderHash(db, block.Hash())
 
 	config := g.Config
diff --git a/core/headerchain.go b/core/headerchain.go
index d0c1987fb..cdd64bb50 100644
--- a/core/headerchain.go
+++ b/core/headerchain.go
@@ -274,9 +274,14 @@ func (hc *HeaderChain) InsertHeaderChain(chain []*types.Header, writeHeader WhCa
 			return i, errors.New("aborted")
 		}
 		// If the header's already known, skip it, otherwise store
-		if hc.HasHeader(header.Hash(), header.Number.Uint64()) {
-			stats.ignored++
-			continue
+		hash := header.Hash()
+		if hc.HasHeader(hash, header.Number.Uint64()) {
+			externTd := hc.GetTd(hash, header.Number.Uint64())
+			localTd := hc.GetTd(hc.currentHeaderHash, hc.CurrentHeader().Number.Uint64())
+			if externTd == nil || externTd.Cmp(localTd) <= 0 {
+				stats.ignored++
+				continue
+			}
 		}
 		if err := writeHeader(header); err != nil {
 			return i, err
@@ -453,33 +458,56 @@ func (hc *HeaderChain) SetCurrentHeader(head *types.Header) {
 	hc.currentHeaderHash = head.Hash()
 }
 
-// DeleteCallback is a callback function that is called by SetHead before
-// each header is deleted.
-type DeleteCallback func(ethdb.Writer, common.Hash, uint64)
+type (
+	// UpdateHeadBlocksCallback is a callback function that is called by SetHead
+	// before head header is updated.
+	UpdateHeadBlocksCallback func(ethdb.KeyValueWriter, *types.Header)
+
+	// DeleteBlockContentCallback is a callback function that is called by SetHead
+	// before each header is deleted.
+	DeleteBlockContentCallback func(ethdb.KeyValueWriter, common.Hash, uint64)
+)
 
 // SetHead rewinds the local chain to a new head. Everything above the new head
 // will be deleted and the new one set.
-func (hc *HeaderChain) SetHead(head uint64, delFn DeleteCallback) {
-	height := uint64(0)
-
-	if hdr := hc.CurrentHeader(); hdr != nil {
-		height = hdr.Number.Uint64()
-	}
-	batch := hc.chainDb.NewBatch()
+func (hc *HeaderChain) SetHead(head uint64, updateFn UpdateHeadBlocksCallback, delFn DeleteBlockContentCallback) {
+	var (
+		parentHash common.Hash
+		batch      = hc.chainDb.NewBatch()
+	)
 	for hdr := hc.CurrentHeader(); hdr != nil && hdr.Number.Uint64() > head; hdr = hc.CurrentHeader() {
-		hash := hdr.Hash()
-		num := hdr.Number.Uint64()
+		hash, num := hdr.Hash(), hdr.Number.Uint64()
+
+		// Rewind block chain to new head.
+		parent := hc.GetHeader(hdr.ParentHash, num-1)
+		if parent == nil {
+			parent = hc.genesisHeader
+		}
+		parentHash = hdr.ParentHash
+		// Notably, since geth has the possibility for setting the head to a low
+		// height which is even lower than ancient head.
+		// In order to ensure that the head is always no higher than the data in
+		// the database(ancient store or active store), we need to update head
+		// first then remove the relative data from the database.
+		//
+		// Update head first(head fast block, head full block) before deleting the data.
+		if updateFn != nil {
+			updateFn(hc.chainDb, parent)
+		}
+		// Update head header then.
+		rawdb.WriteHeadHeaderHash(hc.chainDb, parentHash)
+
+		// Remove the relative data from the database.
 		if delFn != nil {
 			delFn(batch, hash, num)
 		}
+		// Rewind header chain to new head.
 		rawdb.DeleteHeader(batch, hash, num)
 		rawdb.DeleteTd(batch, hash, num)
+		rawdb.DeleteCanonicalHash(batch, num)
 
-		hc.currentHeader.Store(hc.GetHeader(hdr.ParentHash, hdr.Number.Uint64()-1))
-	}
-	// Roll back the canonical chain numbering
-	for i := height; i > head; i-- {
-		rawdb.DeleteCanonicalHash(batch, i)
+		hc.currentHeader.Store(parent)
+		hc.currentHeaderHash = parentHash
 	}
 	batch.Write()
 
@@ -487,13 +515,6 @@ func (hc *HeaderChain) SetHead(head uint64, delFn DeleteCallback) {
 	hc.headerCache.Purge()
 	hc.tdCache.Purge()
 	hc.numberCache.Purge()
-
-	if hc.CurrentHeader() == nil {
-		hc.currentHeader.Store(hc.genesisHeader)
-	}
-	hc.currentHeaderHash = hc.CurrentHeader().Hash()
-
-	rawdb.WriteHeadHeaderHash(hc.chainDb, hc.currentHeaderHash)
 }
 
 // SetGenesis sets a new genesis block header for the chain
diff --git a/core/rawdb/accessors_chain.go b/core/rawdb/accessors_chain.go
index cc0591a4c..fab7ca56c 100644
--- a/core/rawdb/accessors_chain.go
+++ b/core/rawdb/accessors_chain.go
@@ -31,7 +31,17 @@ import (
 
 // ReadCanonicalHash retrieves the hash assigned to a canonical block number.
 func ReadCanonicalHash(db ethdb.Reader, number uint64) common.Hash {
-	data, _ := db.Get(headerHashKey(number))
+	data, _ := db.Ancient(freezerHashTable, number)
+	if len(data) == 0 {
+		data, _ = db.Get(headerHashKey(number))
+		// In the background freezer is moving data from leveldb to flatten files.
+		// So during the first check for ancient db, the data is not yet in there,
+		// but when we reach into leveldb, the data was already moved. That would
+		// result in a not found error.
+		if len(data) == 0 {
+			data, _ = db.Ancient(freezerHashTable, number)
+		}
+	}
 	if len(data) == 0 {
 		return common.Hash{}
 	}
@@ -39,21 +49,38 @@ func ReadCanonicalHash(db ethdb.Reader, number uint64) common.Hash {
 }
 
 // WriteCanonicalHash stores the hash assigned to a canonical block number.
-func WriteCanonicalHash(db ethdb.Writer, hash common.Hash, number uint64) {
+func WriteCanonicalHash(db ethdb.KeyValueWriter, hash common.Hash, number uint64) {
 	if err := db.Put(headerHashKey(number), hash.Bytes()); err != nil {
 		log.Crit("Failed to store number to hash mapping", "err", err)
 	}
 }
 
 // DeleteCanonicalHash removes the number to hash canonical mapping.
-func DeleteCanonicalHash(db ethdb.Writer, number uint64) {
+func DeleteCanonicalHash(db ethdb.KeyValueWriter, number uint64) {
 	if err := db.Delete(headerHashKey(number)); err != nil {
 		log.Crit("Failed to delete number to hash mapping", "err", err)
 	}
 }
 
+// ReadAllHashes retrieves all the hashes assigned to blocks at a certain heights,
+// both canonical and reorged forks included.
+func ReadAllHashes(db ethdb.Iteratee, number uint64) []common.Hash {
+	prefix := headerKeyPrefix(number)
+
+	hashes := make([]common.Hash, 0, 1)
+	it := db.NewIteratorWithPrefix(prefix)
+	defer it.Release()
+
+	for it.Next() {
+		if key := it.Key(); len(key) == len(prefix)+32 {
+			hashes = append(hashes, common.BytesToHash(key[len(key)-32:]))
+		}
+	}
+	return hashes
+}
+
 // ReadHeaderNumber returns the header number assigned to a hash.
-func ReadHeaderNumber(db ethdb.Reader, hash common.Hash) *uint64 {
+func ReadHeaderNumber(db ethdb.KeyValueReader, hash common.Hash) *uint64 {
 	data, _ := db.Get(headerNumberKey(hash))
 	if len(data) != 8 {
 		return nil
@@ -62,8 +89,24 @@ func ReadHeaderNumber(db ethdb.Reader, hash common.Hash) *uint64 {
 	return &number
 }
 
+// WriteHeaderNumber stores the hash->number mapping.
+func WriteHeaderNumber(db ethdb.KeyValueWriter, hash common.Hash, number uint64) {
+	key := headerNumberKey(hash)
+	enc := encodeBlockNumber(number)
+	if err := db.Put(key, enc); err != nil {
+		log.Crit("Failed to store hash to number mapping", "err", err)
+	}
+}
+
+// DeleteHeaderNumber removes hash->number mapping.
+func DeleteHeaderNumber(db ethdb.KeyValueWriter, hash common.Hash) {
+	if err := db.Delete(headerNumberKey(hash)); err != nil {
+		log.Crit("Failed to delete hash to number mapping", "err", err)
+	}
+}
+
 // ReadHeadHeaderHash retrieves the hash of the current canonical head header.
-func ReadHeadHeaderHash(db ethdb.Reader) common.Hash {
+func ReadHeadHeaderHash(db ethdb.KeyValueReader) common.Hash {
 	data, _ := db.Get(headHeaderKey)
 	if len(data) == 0 {
 		return common.Hash{}
@@ -72,14 +115,14 @@ func ReadHeadHeaderHash(db ethdb.Reader) common.Hash {
 }
 
 // WriteHeadHeaderHash stores the hash of the current canonical head header.
-func WriteHeadHeaderHash(db ethdb.Writer, hash common.Hash) {
+func WriteHeadHeaderHash(db ethdb.KeyValueWriter, hash common.Hash) {
 	if err := db.Put(headHeaderKey, hash.Bytes()); err != nil {
 		log.Crit("Failed to store last header's hash", "err", err)
 	}
 }
 
 // ReadHeadBlockHash retrieves the hash of the current canonical head block.
-func ReadHeadBlockHash(db ethdb.Reader) common.Hash {
+func ReadHeadBlockHash(db ethdb.KeyValueReader) common.Hash {
 	data, _ := db.Get(headBlockKey)
 	if len(data) == 0 {
 		return common.Hash{}
@@ -88,14 +131,14 @@ func ReadHeadBlockHash(db ethdb.Reader) common.Hash {
 }
 
 // WriteHeadBlockHash stores the head block's hash.
-func WriteHeadBlockHash(db ethdb.Writer, hash common.Hash) {
+func WriteHeadBlockHash(db ethdb.KeyValueWriter, hash common.Hash) {
 	if err := db.Put(headBlockKey, hash.Bytes()); err != nil {
 		log.Crit("Failed to store last block's hash", "err", err)
 	}
 }
 
 // ReadHeadFastBlockHash retrieves the hash of the current fast-sync head block.
-func ReadHeadFastBlockHash(db ethdb.Reader) common.Hash {
+func ReadHeadFastBlockHash(db ethdb.KeyValueReader) common.Hash {
 	data, _ := db.Get(headFastBlockKey)
 	if len(data) == 0 {
 		return common.Hash{}
@@ -104,7 +147,7 @@ func ReadHeadFastBlockHash(db ethdb.Reader) common.Hash {
 }
 
 // WriteHeadFastBlockHash stores the hash of the current fast-sync head block.
-func WriteHeadFastBlockHash(db ethdb.Writer, hash common.Hash) {
+func WriteHeadFastBlockHash(db ethdb.KeyValueWriter, hash common.Hash) {
 	if err := db.Put(headFastBlockKey, hash.Bytes()); err != nil {
 		log.Crit("Failed to store last fast block's hash", "err", err)
 	}
@@ -112,7 +155,7 @@ func WriteHeadFastBlockHash(db ethdb.Writer, hash common.Hash) {
 
 // ReadFastTrieProgress retrieves the number of tries nodes fast synced to allow
 // reporting correct numbers across restarts.
-func ReadFastTrieProgress(db ethdb.Reader) uint64 {
+func ReadFastTrieProgress(db ethdb.KeyValueReader) uint64 {
 	data, _ := db.Get(fastTrieProgressKey)
 	if len(data) == 0 {
 		return 0
@@ -122,7 +165,7 @@ func ReadFastTrieProgress(db ethdb.Reader) uint64 {
 
 // WriteFastTrieProgress stores the fast sync trie process counter to support
 // retrieving it across restarts.
-func WriteFastTrieProgress(db ethdb.Writer, count uint64) {
+func WriteFastTrieProgress(db ethdb.KeyValueWriter, count uint64) {
 	if err := db.Put(fastTrieProgressKey, new(big.Int).SetUint64(count).Bytes()); err != nil {
 		log.Crit("Failed to store fast sync trie progress", "err", err)
 	}
@@ -130,12 +173,25 @@ func WriteFastTrieProgress(db ethdb.Writer, count uint64) {
 
 // ReadHeaderRLP retrieves a block header in its raw RLP database encoding.
 func ReadHeaderRLP(db ethdb.Reader, hash common.Hash, number uint64) rlp.RawValue {
-	data, _ := db.Get(headerKey(number, hash))
+	data, _ := db.Ancient(freezerHeaderTable, number)
+	if len(data) == 0 {
+		data, _ = db.Get(headerKey(number, hash))
+		// In the background freezer is moving data from leveldb to flatten files.
+		// So during the first check for ancient db, the data is not yet in there,
+		// but when we reach into leveldb, the data was already moved. That would
+		// result in a not found error.
+		if len(data) == 0 {
+			data, _ = db.Ancient(freezerHeaderTable, number)
+		}
+	}
 	return data
 }
 
 // HasHeader verifies the existence of a block header corresponding to the hash.
 func HasHeader(db ethdb.Reader, hash common.Hash, number uint64) bool {
+	if has, err := db.Ancient(freezerHashTable, number); err == nil && common.BytesToHash(has) == hash {
+		return true
+	}
 	if has, err := db.Has(headerKey(number, hash)); !has || err != nil {
 		return false
 	}
@@ -158,30 +214,27 @@ func ReadHeader(db ethdb.Reader, hash common.Hash, number uint64) *types.Header
 
 // WriteHeader stores a block header into the database and also stores the hash-
 // to-number mapping.
-func WriteHeader(db ethdb.Writer, header *types.Header) {
-	// Write the hash -> number mapping
+func WriteHeader(db ethdb.KeyValueWriter, header *types.Header) {
 	var (
-		hash    = header.Hash()
-		number  = header.Number.Uint64()
-		encoded = encodeBlockNumber(number)
+		hash   = header.Hash()
+		number = header.Number.Uint64()
 	)
-	key := headerNumberKey(hash)
-	if err := db.Put(key, encoded); err != nil {
-		log.Crit("Failed to store hash to number mapping", "err", err)
-	}
+	// Write the hash -> number mapping
+	WriteHeaderNumber(db, hash, number)
+
 	// Write the encoded header
 	data, err := rlp.EncodeToBytes(header)
 	if err != nil {
 		log.Crit("Failed to RLP encode header", "err", err)
 	}
-	key = headerKey(number, hash)
+	key := headerKey(number, hash)
 	if err := db.Put(key, data); err != nil {
 		log.Crit("Failed to store header", "err", err)
 	}
 }
 
 // DeleteHeader removes all block header data associated with a hash.
-func DeleteHeader(db ethdb.Writer, hash common.Hash, number uint64) {
+func DeleteHeader(db ethdb.KeyValueWriter, hash common.Hash, number uint64) {
 	deleteHeaderWithoutNumber(db, hash, number)
 	if err := db.Delete(headerNumberKey(hash)); err != nil {
 		log.Crit("Failed to delete hash to number mapping", "err", err)
@@ -190,7 +243,7 @@ func DeleteHeader(db ethdb.Writer, hash common.Hash, number uint64) {
 
 // deleteHeaderWithoutNumber removes only the block header but does not remove
 // the hash to number mapping.
-func deleteHeaderWithoutNumber(db ethdb.Writer, hash common.Hash, number uint64) {
+func deleteHeaderWithoutNumber(db ethdb.KeyValueWriter, hash common.Hash, number uint64) {
 	if err := db.Delete(headerKey(number, hash)); err != nil {
 		log.Crit("Failed to delete header", "err", err)
 	}
@@ -198,12 +251,22 @@ func deleteHeaderWithoutNumber(db ethdb.Writer, hash common.Hash, number uint64)
 
 // ReadBodyRLP retrieves the block body (transactions and uncles) in RLP encoding.
 func ReadBodyRLP(db ethdb.Reader, hash common.Hash, number uint64) rlp.RawValue {
-	data, _ := db.Get(blockBodyKey(number, hash))
+	data, _ := db.Ancient(freezerBodiesTable, number)
+	if len(data) == 0 {
+		data, _ = db.Get(blockBodyKey(number, hash))
+		// In the background freezer is moving data from leveldb to flatten files.
+		// So during the first check for ancient db, the data is not yet in there,
+		// but when we reach into leveldb, the data was already moved. That would
+		// result in a not found error.
+		if len(data) == 0 {
+			data, _ = db.Ancient(freezerBodiesTable, number)
+		}
+	}
 	return data
 }
 
 // WriteBodyRLP stores an RLP encoded block body into the database.
-func WriteBodyRLP(db ethdb.Writer, hash common.Hash, number uint64, rlp rlp.RawValue) {
+func WriteBodyRLP(db ethdb.KeyValueWriter, hash common.Hash, number uint64, rlp rlp.RawValue) {
 	if err := db.Put(blockBodyKey(number, hash), rlp); err != nil {
 		log.Crit("Failed to store block body", "err", err)
 	}
@@ -211,6 +274,9 @@ func WriteBodyRLP(db ethdb.Writer, hash common.Hash, number uint64, rlp rlp.RawV
 
 // HasBody verifies the existence of a block body corresponding to the hash.
 func HasBody(db ethdb.Reader, hash common.Hash, number uint64) bool {
+	if has, err := db.Ancient(freezerHashTable, number); err == nil && common.BytesToHash(has) == hash {
+		return true
+	}
 	if has, err := db.Has(blockBodyKey(number, hash)); !has || err != nil {
 		return false
 	}
@@ -232,7 +298,7 @@ func ReadBody(db ethdb.Reader, hash common.Hash, number uint64) *types.Body {
 }
 
 // WriteBody stores a block body into the database.
-func WriteBody(db ethdb.Writer, hash common.Hash, number uint64, body *types.Body) {
+func WriteBody(db ethdb.KeyValueWriter, hash common.Hash, number uint64, body *types.Body) {
 	data, err := rlp.EncodeToBytes(body)
 	if err != nil {
 		log.Crit("Failed to RLP encode body", "err", err)
@@ -241,7 +307,7 @@ func WriteBody(db ethdb.Writer, hash common.Hash, number uint64, body *types.Bod
 }
 
 // DeleteBody removes all block body data associated with a hash.
-func DeleteBody(db ethdb.Writer, hash common.Hash, number uint64) {
+func DeleteBody(db ethdb.KeyValueWriter, hash common.Hash, number uint64) {
 	if err := db.Delete(blockBodyKey(number, hash)); err != nil {
 		log.Crit("Failed to delete block body", "err", err)
 	}
@@ -249,7 +315,17 @@ func DeleteBody(db ethdb.Writer, hash common.Hash, number uint64) {
 
 // ReadTdRLP retrieves a block's total difficulty corresponding to the hash in RLP encoding.
 func ReadTdRLP(db ethdb.Reader, hash common.Hash, number uint64) rlp.RawValue {
-	data, _ := db.Get(headerTDKey(number, hash))
+	data, _ := db.Ancient(freezerDifficultyTable, number)
+	if len(data) == 0 {
+		data, _ = db.Get(headerTDKey(number, hash))
+		// In the background freezer is moving data from leveldb to flatten files.
+		// So during the first check for ancient db, the data is not yet in there,
+		// but when we reach into leveldb, the data was already moved. That would
+		// result in a not found error.
+		if len(data) == 0 {
+			data, _ = db.Ancient(freezerDifficultyTable, number)
+		}
+	}
 	return data
 }
 
@@ -268,7 +344,7 @@ func ReadTd(db ethdb.Reader, hash common.Hash, number uint64) *big.Int {
 }
 
 // WriteTd stores the total difficulty of a block into the database.
-func WriteTd(db ethdb.Writer, hash common.Hash, number uint64, td *big.Int) {
+func WriteTd(db ethdb.KeyValueWriter, hash common.Hash, number uint64, td *big.Int) {
 	data, err := rlp.EncodeToBytes(td)
 	if err != nil {
 		log.Crit("Failed to RLP encode block total difficulty", "err", err)
@@ -279,7 +355,7 @@ func WriteTd(db ethdb.Writer, hash common.Hash, number uint64, td *big.Int) {
 }
 
 // DeleteTd removes all block total difficulty data associated with a hash.
-func DeleteTd(db ethdb.Writer, hash common.Hash, number uint64) {
+func DeleteTd(db ethdb.KeyValueWriter, hash common.Hash, number uint64) {
 	if err := db.Delete(headerTDKey(number, hash)); err != nil {
 		log.Crit("Failed to delete block total difficulty", "err", err)
 	}
@@ -288,6 +364,9 @@ func DeleteTd(db ethdb.Writer, hash common.Hash, number uint64) {
 // HasReceipts verifies the existence of all the transaction receipts belonging
 // to a block.
 func HasReceipts(db ethdb.Reader, hash common.Hash, number uint64) bool {
+	if has, err := db.Ancient(freezerHashTable, number); err == nil && common.BytesToHash(has) == hash {
+		return true
+	}
 	if has, err := db.Has(blockReceiptsKey(number, hash)); !has || err != nil {
 		return false
 	}
@@ -296,7 +375,17 @@ func HasReceipts(db ethdb.Reader, hash common.Hash, number uint64) bool {
 
 // ReadReceiptsRLP retrieves all the transaction receipts belonging to a block in RLP encoding.
 func ReadReceiptsRLP(db ethdb.Reader, hash common.Hash, number uint64) rlp.RawValue {
-	data, _ := db.Get(blockReceiptsKey(number, hash))
+	data, _ := db.Ancient(freezerReceiptTable, number)
+	if len(data) == 0 {
+		data, _ = db.Get(blockReceiptsKey(number, hash))
+		// In the background freezer is moving data from leveldb to flatten files.
+		// So during the first check for ancient db, the data is not yet in there,
+		// but when we reach into leveldb, the data was already moved. That would
+		// result in a not found error.
+		if len(data) == 0 {
+			data, _ = db.Ancient(freezerReceiptTable, number)
+		}
+	}
 	return data
 }
 
@@ -348,7 +437,7 @@ func ReadReceipts(db ethdb.Reader, hash common.Hash, number uint64, config *para
 }
 
 // WriteReceipts stores all the transaction receipts belonging to a block.
-func WriteReceipts(db ethdb.Writer, hash common.Hash, number uint64, receipts types.Receipts) {
+func WriteReceipts(db ethdb.KeyValueWriter, hash common.Hash, number uint64, receipts types.Receipts) {
 	// Convert the receipts into their storage form and serialize them
 	storageReceipts := make([]*types.ReceiptForStorage, len(receipts))
 	for i, receipt := range receipts {
@@ -365,7 +454,7 @@ func WriteReceipts(db ethdb.Writer, hash common.Hash, number uint64, receipts ty
 }
 
 // DeleteReceipts removes all receipt data associated with a block hash.
-func DeleteReceipts(db ethdb.Writer, hash common.Hash, number uint64) {
+func DeleteReceipts(db ethdb.KeyValueWriter, hash common.Hash, number uint64) {
 	if err := db.Delete(blockReceiptsKey(number, hash)); err != nil {
 		log.Crit("Failed to delete block receipts", "err", err)
 	}
@@ -390,22 +479,53 @@ func ReadBlock(db ethdb.Reader, hash common.Hash, number uint64) *types.Block {
 }
 
 // WriteBlock serializes a block into the database, header and body separately.
-func WriteBlock(db ethdb.Writer, block *types.Block) {
+func WriteBlock(db ethdb.KeyValueWriter, block *types.Block) {
 	WriteBody(db, block.Hash(), block.NumberU64(), block.Body())
 	WriteHeader(db, block.Header())
 }
 
+// WriteAncientBlock writes entire block data into ancient store and returns the total written size.
+func WriteAncientBlock(db ethdb.AncientWriter, block *types.Block, receipts types.Receipts, td *big.Int) int {
+	// Encode all block components to RLP format.
+	headerBlob, err := rlp.EncodeToBytes(block.Header())
+	if err != nil {
+		log.Crit("Failed to RLP encode block header", "err", err)
+	}
+	bodyBlob, err := rlp.EncodeToBytes(block.Body())
+	if err != nil {
+		log.Crit("Failed to RLP encode body", "err", err)
+	}
+	storageReceipts := make([]*types.ReceiptForStorage, len(receipts))
+	for i, receipt := range receipts {
+		storageReceipts[i] = (*types.ReceiptForStorage)(receipt)
+	}
+	receiptBlob, err := rlp.EncodeToBytes(storageReceipts)
+	if err != nil {
+		log.Crit("Failed to RLP encode block receipts", "err", err)
+	}
+	tdBlob, err := rlp.EncodeToBytes(td)
+	if err != nil {
+		log.Crit("Failed to RLP encode block total difficulty", "err", err)
+	}
+	// Write all blob to flatten files.
+	err = db.AppendAncient(block.NumberU64(), block.Hash().Bytes(), headerBlob, bodyBlob, receiptBlob, tdBlob)
+	if err != nil {
+		log.Crit("Failed to write block data to ancient store", "err", err)
+	}
+	return len(headerBlob) + len(bodyBlob) + len(receiptBlob) + len(tdBlob) + common.HashLength
+}
+
 // DeleteBlock removes all block data associated with a hash.
-func DeleteBlock(db ethdb.Writer, hash common.Hash, number uint64) {
+func DeleteBlock(db ethdb.KeyValueWriter, hash common.Hash, number uint64) {
 	DeleteReceipts(db, hash, number)
 	DeleteHeader(db, hash, number)
 	DeleteBody(db, hash, number)
 	DeleteTd(db, hash, number)
 }
 
-// deleteBlockWithoutNumber removes all block data associated with a hash, except
+// DeleteBlockWithoutNumber removes all block data associated with a hash, except
 // the hash to number mapping.
-func deleteBlockWithoutNumber(db ethdb.Writer, hash common.Hash, number uint64) {
+func DeleteBlockWithoutNumber(db ethdb.KeyValueWriter, hash common.Hash, number uint64) {
 	DeleteReceipts(db, hash, number)
 	deleteHeaderWithoutNumber(db, hash, number)
 	DeleteBody(db, hash, number)
diff --git a/core/rawdb/accessors_indexes.go b/core/rawdb/accessors_indexes.go
index 423145a76..ed1f1bca6 100644
--- a/core/rawdb/accessors_indexes.go
+++ b/core/rawdb/accessors_indexes.go
@@ -54,7 +54,7 @@ func ReadTxLookupEntry(db ethdb.Reader, hash common.Hash) *uint64 {
 
 // WriteTxLookupEntries stores a positional metadata for every transaction from
 // a block, enabling hash based transaction and receipt lookups.
-func WriteTxLookupEntries(db ethdb.Writer, block *types.Block) {
+func WriteTxLookupEntries(db ethdb.KeyValueWriter, block *types.Block) {
 	for _, tx := range block.Transactions() {
 		if err := db.Put(txLookupKey(tx.Hash()), block.Number().Bytes()); err != nil {
 			log.Crit("Failed to store transaction lookup entry", "err", err)
@@ -63,7 +63,7 @@ func WriteTxLookupEntries(db ethdb.Writer, block *types.Block) {
 }
 
 // DeleteTxLookupEntry removes all transaction data associated with a hash.
-func DeleteTxLookupEntry(db ethdb.Writer, hash common.Hash) {
+func DeleteTxLookupEntry(db ethdb.KeyValueWriter, hash common.Hash) {
 	db.Delete(txLookupKey(hash))
 }
 
@@ -117,13 +117,13 @@ func ReadReceipt(db ethdb.Reader, hash common.Hash, config *params.ChainConfig)
 
 // ReadBloomBits retrieves the compressed bloom bit vector belonging to the given
 // section and bit index from the.
-func ReadBloomBits(db ethdb.Reader, bit uint, section uint64, head common.Hash) ([]byte, error) {
+func ReadBloomBits(db ethdb.KeyValueReader, bit uint, section uint64, head common.Hash) ([]byte, error) {
 	return db.Get(bloomBitsKey(bit, section, head))
 }
 
 // WriteBloomBits stores the compressed bloom bits vector belonging to the given
 // section and bit index.
-func WriteBloomBits(db ethdb.Writer, bit uint, section uint64, head common.Hash, bits []byte) {
+func WriteBloomBits(db ethdb.KeyValueWriter, bit uint, section uint64, head common.Hash, bits []byte) {
 	if err := db.Put(bloomBitsKey(bit, section, head), bits); err != nil {
 		log.Crit("Failed to store bloom bits", "err", err)
 	}
diff --git a/core/rawdb/accessors_metadata.go b/core/rawdb/accessors_metadata.go
index 1361b0d73..f8d09fbdd 100644
--- a/core/rawdb/accessors_metadata.go
+++ b/core/rawdb/accessors_metadata.go
@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@ import (
 )
 
 // ReadDatabaseVersion retrieves the version number of the database.
-func ReadDatabaseVersion(db ethdb.Reader) *uint64 {
+func ReadDatabaseVersion(db ethdb.KeyValueReader) *uint64 {
 	var version uint64
 
 	enc, _ := db.Get(databaseVerisionKey)
@@ -42,7 +42,7 @@ func ReadDatabaseVersion(db ethdb.Reader) *uint64 {
 }
 
 // WriteDatabaseVersion stores the version number of the database
-func WriteDatabaseVersion(db ethdb.Writer, version uint64) {
+func WriteDatabaseVersion(db ethdb.KeyValueWriter, version uint64) {
 	enc, err := rlp.EncodeToBytes(version)
 	if err != nil {
 		log.Crit("Failed to encode database version", "err", err)
@@ -53,7 +53,7 @@ func WriteDatabaseVersion(db ethdb.Writer, version uint64) {
 }
 
 // ReadChainConfig retrieves the consensus settings based on the given genesis hash.
-func ReadChainConfig(db ethdb.Reader, hash common.Hash) *params.ChainConfig {
+func ReadChainConfig(db ethdb.KeyValueReader, hash common.Hash) *params.ChainConfig {
 	data, _ := db.Get(configKey(hash))
 	if len(data) == 0 {
 		return nil
@@ -67,7 +67,7 @@ func ReadChainConfig(db ethdb.Reader, hash common.Hash) *params.ChainConfig {
 }
 
 // WriteChainConfig writes the chain config settings to the database.
-func WriteChainConfig(db ethdb.Writer, hash common.Hash, cfg *params.ChainConfig) {
+func WriteChainConfig(db ethdb.KeyValueWriter, hash common.Hash, cfg *params.ChainConfig) {
 	if cfg == nil {
 		return
 	}
@@ -81,13 +81,13 @@ func WriteChainConfig(db ethdb.Writer, hash common.Hash, cfg *params.ChainConfig
 }
 
 // ReadPreimage retrieves a single preimage of the provided hash.
-func ReadPreimage(db ethdb.Reader, hash common.Hash) []byte {
+func ReadPreimage(db ethdb.KeyValueReader, hash common.Hash) []byte {
 	data, _ := db.Get(preimageKey(hash))
 	return data
 }
 
 // WritePreimages writes the provided set of preimages to the database.
-func WritePreimages(db ethdb.Writer, preimages map[common.Hash][]byte) {
+func WritePreimages(db ethdb.KeyValueWriter, preimages map[common.Hash][]byte) {
 	for hash, preimage := range preimages {
 		if err := db.Put(preimageKey(hash), preimage); err != nil {
 			log.Crit("Failed to store trie preimage", "err", err)
diff --git a/core/rawdb/database.go b/core/rawdb/database.go
index b4c5dea70..353b7dce6 100644
--- a/core/rawdb/database.go
+++ b/core/rawdb/database.go
@@ -17,15 +17,168 @@
 package rawdb
 
 import (
+	"bytes"
+	"errors"
+	"fmt"
+	"os"
+	"time"
+
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/common"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/ethdb"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/ethdb/leveldb"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/ethdb/memorydb"
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/log"
+	"github.com/olekukonko/tablewriter"
 )
 
+// freezerdb is a database wrapper that enabled freezer data retrievals.
+type freezerdb struct {
+	ethdb.KeyValueStore
+	ethdb.AncientStore
+}
+
+// Close implements io.Closer, closing both the fast key-value store as well as
+// the slow ancient tables.
+func (frdb *freezerdb) Close() error {
+	var errs []error
+	if err := frdb.KeyValueStore.Close(); err != nil {
+		errs = append(errs, err)
+	}
+	if err := frdb.AncientStore.Close(); err != nil {
+		errs = append(errs, err)
+	}
+	if len(errs) != 0 {
+		return fmt.Errorf("%v", errs)
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+// nofreezedb is a database wrapper that disables freezer data retrievals.
+type nofreezedb struct {
+	ethdb.KeyValueStore
+}
+
+// HasAncient returns an error as we don't have a backing chain freezer.
+func (db *nofreezedb) HasAncient(kind string, number uint64) (bool, error) {
+	return false, errNotSupported
+}
+
+// Ancient returns an error as we don't have a backing chain freezer.
+func (db *nofreezedb) Ancient(kind string, number uint64) ([]byte, error) {
+	return nil, errNotSupported
+}
+
+// Ancients returns an error as we don't have a backing chain freezer.
+func (db *nofreezedb) Ancients() (uint64, error) {
+	return 0, errNotSupported
+}
+
+// AncientSize returns an error as we don't have a backing chain freezer.
+func (db *nofreezedb) AncientSize(kind string) (uint64, error) {
+	return 0, errNotSupported
+}
+
+// AppendAncient returns an error as we don't have a backing chain freezer.
+func (db *nofreezedb) AppendAncient(number uint64, hash, header, body, receipts, td []byte) error {
+	return errNotSupported
+}
+
+// TruncateAncients returns an error as we don't have a backing chain freezer.
+func (db *nofreezedb) TruncateAncients(items uint64) error {
+	return errNotSupported
+}
+
+// Sync returns an error as we don't have a backing chain freezer.
+func (db *nofreezedb) Sync() error {
+	return errNotSupported
+}
+
 // NewDatabase creates a high level database on top of a given key-value data
 // store without a freezer moving immutable chain segments into cold storage.
 func NewDatabase(db ethdb.KeyValueStore) ethdb.Database {
-	return db
+	return &nofreezedb{
+		KeyValueStore: db,
+	}
+}
+
+// NewDatabaseWithFreezer creates a high level database on top of a given key-
+// value data store with a freezer moving immutable chain segments into cold
+// storage.
+func NewDatabaseWithFreezer(db ethdb.KeyValueStore, freezer string, namespace string) (ethdb.Database, error) {
+	// Create the idle freezer instance
+	frdb, err := newFreezer(freezer, namespace)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	// Since the freezer can be stored separately from the user's key-value database,
+	// there's a fairly high probability that the user requests invalid combinations
+	// of the freezer and database. Ensure that we don't shoot ourselves in the foot
+	// by serving up conflicting data, leading to both datastores getting corrupted.
+	//
+	//   - If both the freezer and key-value store is empty (no genesis), we just
+	//     initialized a new empty freezer, so everything's fine.
+	//   - If the key-value store is empty, but the freezer is not, we need to make
+	//     sure the user's genesis matches the freezer. That will be checked in the
+	//     blockchain, since we don't have the genesis block here (nor should we at
+	//     this point care, the key-value/freezer combo is valid).
+	//   - If neither the key-value store nor the freezer is empty, cross validate
+	//     the genesis hashes to make sure they are compatible. If they are, also
+	//     ensure that there's no gap between the freezer and sunsequently leveldb.
+	//   - If the key-value store is not empty, but the freezer is we might just be
+	//     upgrading to the freezer release, or we might have had a small chain and
+	//     not frozen anything yet. Ensure that no blocks are missing yet from the
+	//     key-value store, since that would mean we already had an old freezer.
+
+	// If the genesis hash is empty, we have a new key-value store, so nothing to
+	// validate in this method. If, however, the genesis hash is not nil, compare
+	// it to the freezer content.
+	if kvgenesis, _ := db.Get(headerHashKey(0)); len(kvgenesis) > 0 {
+		if frozen, _ := frdb.Ancients(); frozen > 0 {
+			// If the freezer already contains something, ensure that the genesis blocks
+			// match, otherwise we might mix up freezers across chains and destroy both
+			// the freezer and the key-value store.
+			if frgenesis, _ := frdb.Ancient(freezerHashTable, 0); !bytes.Equal(kvgenesis, frgenesis) {
+				return nil, fmt.Errorf("genesis mismatch: %#x (leveldb) != %#x (ancients)", kvgenesis, frgenesis)
+			}
+			// Key-value store and freezer belong to the same network. Ensure that they
+			// are contiguous, otherwise we might end up with a non-functional freezer.
+			if kvhash, _ := db.Get(headerHashKey(frozen)); len(kvhash) == 0 {
+				// Subsequent header after the freezer limit is missing from the database.
+				// Reject startup is the database has a more recent head.
+				if *ReadHeaderNumber(db, ReadHeadHeaderHash(db)) > frozen-1 {
+					return nil, fmt.Errorf("gap (#%d) in the chain between ancients and leveldb", frozen)
+				}
+				// Database contains only older data than the freezer, this happens if the
+				// state was wiped and reinited from an existing freezer.
+			} else {
+				// Key-value store continues where the freezer left off, all is fine. We might
+				// have duplicate blocks (crash after freezer write but before kay-value store
+				// deletion, but that's fine).
+			}
+		} else {
+			// If the freezer is empty, ensure nothing was moved yet from the key-value
+			// store, otherwise we'll end up missing data. We check block #1 to decide
+			// if we froze anything previously or not, but do take care of databases with
+			// only the genesis block.
+			if ReadHeadHeaderHash(db) != common.BytesToHash(kvgenesis) {
+				// Key-value store contains more data than the genesis block, make sure we
+				// didn't freeze anything yet.
+				if kvblob, _ := db.Get(headerHashKey(1)); len(kvblob) == 0 {
+					return nil, errors.New("ancient chain segments already extracted, please set --datadir.ancient to the correct path")
+				}
+				// Block #1 is still in the database, we're allowed to init a new feezer
+			} else {
+				// The head header is still the genesis, we're allowed to init a new feezer
+			}
+		}
+	}
+	// Freezer is consistent with the key-value database, permit combining the two
+	go frdb.freeze(db)
+
+	return &freezerdb{
+		KeyValueStore: db,
+		AncientStore:  frdb,
+	}, nil
 }
 
 // NewMemoryDatabase creates an ephemeral in-memory key-value database without a
@@ -34,9 +187,9 @@ func NewMemoryDatabase() ethdb.Database {
 	return NewDatabase(memorydb.New())
 }
 
-// NewMemoryDatabaseWithCap creates an ephemeral in-memory key-value database with
-// an initial starting capacity, but without a freezer moving immutable chain
-// segments into cold storage.
+// NewMemoryDatabaseWithCap creates an ephemeral in-memory key-value database
+// with an initial starting capacity, but without a freezer moving immutable
+// chain segments into cold storage.
 func NewMemoryDatabaseWithCap(size int) ethdb.Database {
 	return NewDatabase(memorydb.NewWithCap(size))
 }
@@ -50,3 +203,153 @@ func NewLevelDBDatabase(file string, cache int, handles int, namespace string) (
 	}
 	return NewDatabase(db), nil
 }
+
+// NewLevelDBDatabaseWithFreezer creates a persistent key-value database with a
+// freezer moving immutable chain segments into cold storage.
+func NewLevelDBDatabaseWithFreezer(file string, cache int, handles int, freezer string, namespace string) (ethdb.Database, error) {
+	kvdb, err := leveldb.New(file, cache, handles, namespace)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	frdb, err := NewDatabaseWithFreezer(kvdb, freezer, namespace)
+	if err != nil {
+		kvdb.Close()
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	return frdb, nil
+}
+
+// InspectDatabase traverses the entire database and checks the size
+// of all different categories of data.
+func InspectDatabase(db ethdb.Database) error {
+	it := db.NewIterator()
+	defer it.Release()
+
+	var (
+		count  int64
+		start  = time.Now()
+		logged = time.Now()
+
+		// Key-value store statistics
+		total           common.StorageSize
+		headerSize      common.StorageSize
+		bodySize        common.StorageSize
+		receiptSize     common.StorageSize
+		tdSize          common.StorageSize
+		numHashPairing  common.StorageSize
+		hashNumPairing  common.StorageSize
+		trieSize        common.StorageSize
+		txlookupSize    common.StorageSize
+		preimageSize    common.StorageSize
+		bloomBitsSize   common.StorageSize
+		cliqueSnapsSize common.StorageSize
+
+		// Ancient store statistics
+		ancientHeaders  common.StorageSize
+		ancientBodies   common.StorageSize
+		ancientReceipts common.StorageSize
+		ancientHashes   common.StorageSize
+		ancientTds      common.StorageSize
+
+		// Les statistic
+		chtTrieNodes   common.StorageSize
+		bloomTrieNodes common.StorageSize
+
+		// Meta- and unaccounted data
+		metadata    common.StorageSize
+		unaccounted common.StorageSize
+	)
+	// Inspect key-value database first.
+	for it.Next() {
+		var (
+			key  = it.Key()
+			size = common.StorageSize(len(key) + len(it.Value()))
+		)
+		total += size
+		switch {
+		case bytes.HasPrefix(key, headerPrefix) && bytes.HasSuffix(key, headerTDSuffix):
+			tdSize += size
+		case bytes.HasPrefix(key, headerPrefix) && bytes.HasSuffix(key, headerHashSuffix):
+			numHashPairing += size
+		case bytes.HasPrefix(key, headerPrefix) && len(key) == (len(headerPrefix)+8+common.HashLength):
+			headerSize += size
+		case bytes.HasPrefix(key, headerNumberPrefix) && len(key) == (len(headerNumberPrefix)+common.HashLength):
+			hashNumPairing += size
+		case bytes.HasPrefix(key, blockBodyPrefix) && len(key) == (len(blockBodyPrefix)+8+common.HashLength):
+			bodySize += size
+		case bytes.HasPrefix(key, blockReceiptsPrefix) && len(key) == (len(blockReceiptsPrefix)+8+common.HashLength):
+			receiptSize += size
+		case bytes.HasPrefix(key, txLookupPrefix) && len(key) == (len(txLookupPrefix)+common.HashLength):
+			txlookupSize += size
+		case bytes.HasPrefix(key, preimagePrefix) && len(key) == (len(preimagePrefix)+common.HashLength):
+			preimageSize += size
+		case bytes.HasPrefix(key, bloomBitsPrefix) && len(key) == (len(bloomBitsPrefix)+10+common.HashLength):
+			bloomBitsSize += size
+		case bytes.HasPrefix(key, []byte("clique-")) && len(key) == 7+common.HashLength:
+			cliqueSnapsSize += size
+		case bytes.HasPrefix(key, []byte("cht-")) && len(key) == 4+common.HashLength:
+			chtTrieNodes += size
+		case bytes.HasPrefix(key, []byte("blt-")) && len(key) == 4+common.HashLength:
+			bloomTrieNodes += size
+		case len(key) == common.HashLength:
+			trieSize += size
+		default:
+			var accounted bool
+			for _, meta := range [][]byte{databaseVerisionKey, headHeaderKey, headBlockKey, headFastBlockKey, fastTrieProgressKey} {
+				if bytes.Equal(key, meta) {
+					metadata += size
+					accounted = true
+					break
+				}
+			}
+			if !accounted {
+				unaccounted += size
+			}
+		}
+		count += 1
+		if count%1000 == 0 && time.Since(logged) > 8*time.Second {
+			log.Info("Inspecting database", "count", count, "elapsed", common.PrettyDuration(time.Since(start)))
+			logged = time.Now()
+		}
+	}
+	// Inspect append-only file store then.
+	ancients := []*common.StorageSize{&ancientHeaders, &ancientBodies, &ancientReceipts, &ancientHashes, &ancientTds}
+	for i, category := range []string{freezerHeaderTable, freezerBodiesTable, freezerReceiptTable, freezerHashTable, freezerDifficultyTable} {
+		if size, err := db.AncientSize(category); err == nil {
+			*ancients[i] += common.StorageSize(size)
+			total += common.StorageSize(size)
+		}
+	}
+	// Display the database statistic.
+	stats := [][]string{
+		{"Key-Value store", "Headers", headerSize.String()},
+		{"Key-Value store", "Bodies", bodySize.String()},
+		{"Key-Value store", "Receipts", receiptSize.String()},
+		{"Key-Value store", "Difficulties", tdSize.String()},
+		{"Key-Value store", "Block number->hash", numHashPairing.String()},
+		{"Key-Value store", "Block hash->number", hashNumPairing.String()},
+		{"Key-Value store", "Transaction index", txlookupSize.String()},
+		{"Key-Value store", "Bloombit index", bloomBitsSize.String()},
+		{"Key-Value store", "Trie nodes", trieSize.String()},
+		{"Key-Value store", "Trie preimages", preimageSize.String()},
+		{"Key-Value store", "Clique snapshots", cliqueSnapsSize.String()},
+		{"Key-Value store", "Singleton metadata", metadata.String()},
+		{"Ancient store", "Headers", ancientHeaders.String()},
+		{"Ancient store", "Bodies", ancientBodies.String()},
+		{"Ancient store", "Receipts", ancientReceipts.String()},
+		{"Ancient store", "Difficulties", ancientTds.String()},
+		{"Ancient store", "Block number->hash", ancientHashes.String()},
+		{"Light client", "CHT trie nodes", chtTrieNodes.String()},
+		{"Light client", "Bloom trie nodes", bloomTrieNodes.String()},
+	}
+	table := tablewriter.NewWriter(os.Stdout)
+	table.SetHeader([]string{"Database", "Category", "Size"})
+	table.SetFooter([]string{"", "Total", total.String()})
+	table.AppendBulk(stats)
+	table.Render()
+
+	if unaccounted > 0 {
+		log.Error("Database contains unaccounted data", "size", unaccounted)
+	}
+	return nil
+}
diff --git a/core/rawdb/freezer.go b/core/rawdb/freezer.go
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..67ed87d66
--- /dev/null
+++ b/core/rawdb/freezer.go
@@ -0,0 +1,382 @@
+// Copyright 2018 The go-ethereum Authors
+// This file is part of the go-ethereum library.
+//
+// The go-ethereum library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The go-ethereum library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the go-ethereum library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+package rawdb
+
+import (
+	"errors"
+	"fmt"
+	"math"
+	"os"
+	"path/filepath"
+	"sync/atomic"
+	"time"
+
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/common"
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/ethdb"
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/log"
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/metrics"
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/params"
+	"github.com/prometheus/tsdb/fileutil"
+)
+
+var (
+	// errUnknownTable is returned if the user attempts to read from a table that is
+	// not tracked by the freezer.
+	errUnknownTable = errors.New("unknown table")
+
+	// errOutOrderInsertion is returned if the user attempts to inject out-of-order
+	// binary blobs into the freezer.
+	errOutOrderInsertion = errors.New("the append operation is out-order")
+
+	// errSymlinkDatadir is returned if the ancient directory specified by user
+	// is a symbolic link.
+	errSymlinkDatadir = errors.New("symbolic link datadir is not supported")
+)
+
+const (
+	// freezerRecheckInterval is the frequency to check the key-value database for
+	// chain progression that might permit new blocks to be frozen into immutable
+	// storage.
+	freezerRecheckInterval = time.Minute
+
+	// freezerBatchLimit is the maximum number of blocks to freeze in one batch
+	// before doing an fsync and deleting it from the key-value store.
+	freezerBatchLimit = 30000
+)
+
+// freezer is an memory mapped append-only database to store immutable chain data
+// into flat files:
+//
+// - The append only nature ensures that disk writes are minimized.
+// - The memory mapping ensures we can max out system memory for caching without
+//   reserving it for go-ethereum. This would also reduce the memory requirements
+//   of Geth, and thus also GC overhead.
+type freezer struct {
+	tables       map[string]*freezerTable // Data tables for storing everything
+	frozen       uint64                   // Number of blocks already frozen
+	instanceLock fileutil.Releaser        // File-system lock to prevent double opens
+}
+
+// newFreezer creates a chain freezer that moves ancient chain data into
+// append-only flat file containers.
+func newFreezer(datadir string, namespace string) (*freezer, error) {
+	// Create the initial freezer object
+	var (
+		readMeter  = metrics.NewRegisteredMeter(namespace+"ancient/read", nil)
+		writeMeter = metrics.NewRegisteredMeter(namespace+"ancient/write", nil)
+	)
+	// Ensure the datadir is not a symbolic link if it exists.
+	if info, err := os.Lstat(datadir); !os.IsNotExist(err) {
+		if info.Mode()&os.ModeSymlink != 0 {
+			log.Warn("Symbolic link ancient database is not supported", "path", datadir)
+			return nil, errSymlinkDatadir
+		}
+	}
+	// Leveldb uses LOCK as the filelock filename. To prevent the
+	// name collision, we use FLOCK as the lock name.
+	lock, _, err := fileutil.Flock(filepath.Join(datadir, "FLOCK"))
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	// Open all the supported data tables
+	freezer := &freezer{
+		tables:       make(map[string]*freezerTable),
+		instanceLock: lock,
+	}
+	for name, disableSnappy := range freezerNoSnappy {
+		table, err := newTable(datadir, name, readMeter, writeMeter, disableSnappy)
+		if err != nil {
+			for _, table := range freezer.tables {
+				table.Close()
+			}
+			lock.Release()
+			return nil, err
+		}
+		freezer.tables[name] = table
+	}
+	if err := freezer.repair(); err != nil {
+		for _, table := range freezer.tables {
+			table.Close()
+		}
+		lock.Release()
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	log.Info("Opened ancient database", "database", datadir)
+	return freezer, nil
+}
+
+// Close terminates the chain freezer, unmapping all the data files.
+func (f *freezer) Close() error {
+	var errs []error
+	for _, table := range f.tables {
+		if err := table.Close(); err != nil {
+			errs = append(errs, err)
+		}
+	}
+	if err := f.instanceLock.Release(); err != nil {
+		errs = append(errs, err)
+	}
+	if errs != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("%v", errs)
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+// HasAncient returns an indicator whether the specified ancient data exists
+// in the freezer.
+func (f *freezer) HasAncient(kind string, number uint64) (bool, error) {
+	if table := f.tables[kind]; table != nil {
+		return table.has(number), nil
+	}
+	return false, nil
+}
+
+// Ancient retrieves an ancient binary blob from the append-only immutable files.
+func (f *freezer) Ancient(kind string, number uint64) ([]byte, error) {
+	if table := f.tables[kind]; table != nil {
+		return table.Retrieve(number)
+	}
+	return nil, errUnknownTable
+}
+
+// Ancients returns the length of the frozen items.
+func (f *freezer) Ancients() (uint64, error) {
+	return atomic.LoadUint64(&f.frozen), nil
+}
+
+// AncientSize returns the ancient size of the specified category.
+func (f *freezer) AncientSize(kind string) (uint64, error) {
+	if table := f.tables[kind]; table != nil {
+		return table.size()
+	}
+	return 0, errUnknownTable
+}
+
+// AppendAncient injects all binary blobs belong to block at the end of the
+// append-only immutable table files.
+//
+// Notably, this function is lock free but kind of thread-safe. All out-of-order
+// injection will be rejected. But if two injections with same number happen at
+// the same time, we can get into the trouble.
+func (f *freezer) AppendAncient(number uint64, hash, header, body, receipts, td []byte) (err error) {
+	// Ensure the binary blobs we are appending is continuous with freezer.
+	if atomic.LoadUint64(&f.frozen) != number {
+		return errOutOrderInsertion
+	}
+	// Rollback all inserted data if any insertion below failed to ensure
+	// the tables won't out of sync.
+	defer func() {
+		if err != nil {
+			rerr := f.repair()
+			if rerr != nil {
+				log.Crit("Failed to repair freezer", "err", rerr)
+			}
+			log.Info("Append ancient failed", "number", number, "err", err)
+		}
+	}()
+	// Inject all the components into the relevant data tables
+	if err := f.tables[freezerHashTable].Append(f.frozen, hash[:]); err != nil {
+		log.Error("Failed to append ancient hash", "number", f.frozen, "hash", hash, "err", err)
+		return err
+	}
+	if err := f.tables[freezerHeaderTable].Append(f.frozen, header); err != nil {
+		log.Error("Failed to append ancient header", "number", f.frozen, "hash", hash, "err", err)
+		return err
+	}
+	if err := f.tables[freezerBodiesTable].Append(f.frozen, body); err != nil {
+		log.Error("Failed to append ancient body", "number", f.frozen, "hash", hash, "err", err)
+		return err
+	}
+	if err := f.tables[freezerReceiptTable].Append(f.frozen, receipts); err != nil {
+		log.Error("Failed to append ancient receipts", "number", f.frozen, "hash", hash, "err", err)
+		return err
+	}
+	if err := f.tables[freezerDifficultyTable].Append(f.frozen, td); err != nil {
+		log.Error("Failed to append ancient difficulty", "number", f.frozen, "hash", hash, "err", err)
+		return err
+	}
+	atomic.AddUint64(&f.frozen, 1) // Only modify atomically
+	return nil
+}
+
+// Truncate discards any recent data above the provided threshold number.
+func (f *freezer) TruncateAncients(items uint64) error {
+	if atomic.LoadUint64(&f.frozen) <= items {
+		return nil
+	}
+	for _, table := range f.tables {
+		if err := table.truncate(items); err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+	}
+	atomic.StoreUint64(&f.frozen, items)
+	return nil
+}
+
+// sync flushes all data tables to disk.
+func (f *freezer) Sync() error {
+	var errs []error
+	for _, table := range f.tables {
+		if err := table.Sync(); err != nil {
+			errs = append(errs, err)
+		}
+	}
+	if errs != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("%v", errs)
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+// freeze is a background thread that periodically checks the blockchain for any
+// import progress and moves ancient data from the fast database into the freezer.
+//
+// This functionality is deliberately broken off from block importing to avoid
+// incurring additional data shuffling delays on block propagation.
+func (f *freezer) freeze(db ethdb.KeyValueStore) {
+	nfdb := &nofreezedb{KeyValueStore: db}
+
+	for {
+		// Retrieve the freezing threshold.
+		hash := ReadHeadBlockHash(nfdb)
+		if hash == (common.Hash{}) {
+			log.Debug("Current full block hash unavailable") // new chain, empty database
+			time.Sleep(freezerRecheckInterval)
+			continue
+		}
+		number := ReadHeaderNumber(nfdb, hash)
+		switch {
+		case number == nil:
+			log.Error("Current full block number unavailable", "hash", hash)
+			time.Sleep(freezerRecheckInterval)
+			continue
+
+		case *number < params.ImmutabilityThreshold:
+			log.Debug("Current full block not old enough", "number", *number, "hash", hash, "delay", params.ImmutabilityThreshold)
+			time.Sleep(freezerRecheckInterval)
+			continue
+
+		case *number-params.ImmutabilityThreshold <= f.frozen:
+			log.Debug("Ancient blocks frozen already", "number", *number, "hash", hash, "frozen", f.frozen)
+			time.Sleep(freezerRecheckInterval)
+			continue
+		}
+		head := ReadHeader(nfdb, hash, *number)
+		if head == nil {
+			log.Error("Current full block unavailable", "number", *number, "hash", hash)
+			time.Sleep(freezerRecheckInterval)
+			continue
+		}
+		// Seems we have data ready to be frozen, process in usable batches
+		limit := *number - params.ImmutabilityThreshold
+		if limit-f.frozen > freezerBatchLimit {
+			limit = f.frozen + freezerBatchLimit
+		}
+		var (
+			start    = time.Now()
+			first    = f.frozen
+			ancients = make([]common.Hash, 0, limit)
+		)
+		for f.frozen < limit {
+			// Retrieves all the components of the canonical block
+			hash := ReadCanonicalHash(nfdb, f.frozen)
+			if hash == (common.Hash{}) {
+				log.Error("Canonical hash missing, can't freeze", "number", f.frozen)
+				break
+			}
+			header := ReadHeaderRLP(nfdb, hash, f.frozen)
+			if len(header) == 0 {
+				log.Error("Block header missing, can't freeze", "number", f.frozen, "hash", hash)
+				break
+			}
+			body := ReadBodyRLP(nfdb, hash, f.frozen)
+			if len(body) == 0 {
+				log.Error("Block body missing, can't freeze", "number", f.frozen, "hash", hash)
+				break
+			}
+			receipts := ReadReceiptsRLP(nfdb, hash, f.frozen)
+			if len(receipts) == 0 {
+				log.Error("Block receipts missing, can't freeze", "number", f.frozen, "hash", hash)
+				break
+			}
+			td := ReadTdRLP(nfdb, hash, f.frozen)
+			if len(td) == 0 {
+				log.Error("Total difficulty missing, can't freeze", "number", f.frozen, "hash", hash)
+				break
+			}
+			log.Trace("Deep froze ancient block", "number", f.frozen, "hash", hash)
+			// Inject all the components into the relevant data tables
+			if err := f.AppendAncient(f.frozen, hash[:], header, body, receipts, td); err != nil {
+				break
+			}
+			ancients = append(ancients, hash)
+		}
+		// Batch of blocks have been frozen, flush them before wiping from leveldb
+		if err := f.Sync(); err != nil {
+			log.Crit("Failed to flush frozen tables", "err", err)
+		}
+		// Wipe out all data from the active database
+		batch := db.NewBatch()
+		for i := 0; i < len(ancients); i++ {
+			DeleteBlockWithoutNumber(batch, ancients[i], first+uint64(i))
+			DeleteCanonicalHash(batch, first+uint64(i))
+		}
+		if err := batch.Write(); err != nil {
+			log.Crit("Failed to delete frozen canonical blocks", "err", err)
+		}
+		batch.Reset()
+		// Wipe out side chain also.
+		for number := first; number < f.frozen; number++ {
+			for _, hash := range ReadAllHashes(db, number) {
+				DeleteBlock(batch, hash, number)
+			}
+		}
+		if err := batch.Write(); err != nil {
+			log.Crit("Failed to delete frozen side blocks", "err", err)
+		}
+		// Log something friendly for the user
+		context := []interface{}{
+			"blocks", f.frozen - first, "elapsed", common.PrettyDuration(time.Since(start)), "number", f.frozen - 1,
+		}
+		if n := len(ancients); n > 0 {
+			context = append(context, []interface{}{"hash", ancients[n-1]}...)
+		}
+		log.Info("Deep froze chain segment", context...)
+
+		// Avoid database thrashing with tiny writes
+		if f.frozen-first < freezerBatchLimit {
+			time.Sleep(freezerRecheckInterval)
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+// repair truncates all data tables to the same length.
+func (f *freezer) repair() error {
+	min := uint64(math.MaxUint64)
+	for _, table := range f.tables {
+		items := atomic.LoadUint64(&table.items)
+		if min > items {
+			min = items
+		}
+	}
+	for _, table := range f.tables {
+		if err := table.truncate(min); err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+	}
+	atomic.StoreUint64(&f.frozen, min)
+	return nil
+}
diff --git a/core/rawdb/freezer_table.go b/core/rawdb/freezer_table.go
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..673a181e4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/core/rawdb/freezer_table.go
@@ -0,0 +1,561 @@
+// Copyright 2019 The go-ethereum Authors
+// This file is part of the go-ethereum library.
+//
+// The go-ethereum library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The go-ethereum library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the go-ethereum library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+package rawdb
+
+import (
+	"encoding/binary"
+	"errors"
+	"fmt"
+	"os"
+	"path/filepath"
+	"sync"
+	"sync/atomic"
+
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/common"
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/log"
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/metrics"
+	"github.com/golang/snappy"
+)
+
+var (
+	// errClosed is returned if an operation attempts to read from or write to the
+	// freezer table after it has already been closed.
+	errClosed = errors.New("closed")
+
+	// errOutOfBounds is returned if the item requested is not contained within the
+	// freezer table.
+	errOutOfBounds = errors.New("out of bounds")
+
+	// errNotSupported is returned if the database doesn't support the required operation.
+	errNotSupported = errors.New("this operation is not supported")
+)
+
+// indexEntry contains the number/id of the file that the data resides in, aswell as the
+// offset within the file to the end of the data
+// In serialized form, the filenum is stored as uint16.
+type indexEntry struct {
+	filenum uint32 // stored as uint16 ( 2 bytes)
+	offset  uint32 // stored as uint32 ( 4 bytes)
+}
+
+const indexEntrySize = 6
+
+// unmarshallBinary deserializes binary b into the rawIndex entry.
+func (i *indexEntry) unmarshalBinary(b []byte) error {
+	i.filenum = uint32(binary.BigEndian.Uint16(b[:2]))
+	i.offset = binary.BigEndian.Uint32(b[2:6])
+	return nil
+}
+
+// marshallBinary serializes the rawIndex entry into binary.
+func (i *indexEntry) marshallBinary() []byte {
+	b := make([]byte, indexEntrySize)
+	binary.BigEndian.PutUint16(b[:2], uint16(i.filenum))
+	binary.BigEndian.PutUint32(b[2:6], i.offset)
+	return b
+}
+
+// freezerTable represents a single chained data table within the freezer (e.g. blocks).
+// It consists of a data file (snappy encoded arbitrary data blobs) and an indexEntry
+// file (uncompressed 64 bit indices into the data file).
+type freezerTable struct {
+	noCompression bool   // if true, disables snappy compression. Note: does not work retroactively
+	maxFileSize   uint32 // Max file size for data-files
+	name          string
+	path          string
+
+	head   *os.File            // File descriptor for the data head of the table
+	files  map[uint32]*os.File // open files
+	headId uint32              // number of the currently active head file
+	tailId uint32              // number of the earliest file
+	index  *os.File            // File descriptor for the indexEntry file of the table
+
+	// In the case that old items are deleted (from the tail), we use itemOffset
+	// to count how many historic items have gone missing.
+	items      uint64 // Number of items stored in the table (including items removed from tail)
+	itemOffset uint32 // Offset (number of discarded items)
+
+	headBytes  uint32        // Number of bytes written to the head file
+	readMeter  metrics.Meter // Meter for measuring the effective amount of data read
+	writeMeter metrics.Meter // Meter for measuring the effective amount of data written
+
+	logger log.Logger   // Logger with database path and table name ambedded
+	lock   sync.RWMutex // Mutex protecting the data file descriptors
+}
+
+// newTable opens a freezer table with default settings - 2G files
+func newTable(path string, name string, readMeter metrics.Meter, writeMeter metrics.Meter, disableSnappy bool) (*freezerTable, error) {
+	return newCustomTable(path, name, readMeter, writeMeter, 2*1000*1000*1000, disableSnappy)
+}
+
+// newCustomTable opens a freezer table, creating the data and index files if they are
+// non existent. Both files are truncated to the shortest common length to ensure
+// they don't go out of sync.
+func newCustomTable(path string, name string, readMeter metrics.Meter, writeMeter metrics.Meter, maxFilesize uint32, noCompression bool) (*freezerTable, error) {
+	// Ensure the containing directory exists and open the indexEntry file
+	if err := os.MkdirAll(path, 0755); err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	var idxName string
+	if noCompression {
+		// raw idx
+		idxName = fmt.Sprintf("%s.ridx", name)
+	} else {
+		// compressed idx
+		idxName = fmt.Sprintf("%s.cidx", name)
+	}
+	offsets, err := os.OpenFile(filepath.Join(path, idxName), os.O_RDWR|os.O_CREATE|os.O_APPEND, 0644)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	// Create the table and repair any past inconsistency
+	tab := &freezerTable{
+		index:         offsets,
+		files:         make(map[uint32]*os.File),
+		readMeter:     readMeter,
+		writeMeter:    writeMeter,
+		name:          name,
+		path:          path,
+		logger:        log.New("database", path, "table", name),
+		noCompression: noCompression,
+		maxFileSize:   maxFilesize,
+	}
+	if err := tab.repair(); err != nil {
+		tab.Close()
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	return tab, nil
+}
+
+// repair cross checks the head and the index file and truncates them to
+// be in sync with each other after a potential crash / data loss.
+func (t *freezerTable) repair() error {
+	// Create a temporary offset buffer to init files with and read indexEntry into
+	buffer := make([]byte, indexEntrySize)
+
+	// If we've just created the files, initialize the index with the 0 indexEntry
+	stat, err := t.index.Stat()
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	if stat.Size() == 0 {
+		if _, err := t.index.Write(buffer); err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+	}
+	// Ensure the index is a multiple of indexEntrySize bytes
+	if overflow := stat.Size() % indexEntrySize; overflow != 0 {
+		t.index.Truncate(stat.Size() - overflow) // New file can't trigger this path
+	}
+	// Retrieve the file sizes and prepare for truncation
+	if stat, err = t.index.Stat(); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	offsetsSize := stat.Size()
+
+	// Open the head file
+	var (
+		firstIndex  indexEntry
+		lastIndex   indexEntry
+		contentSize int64
+		contentExp  int64
+	)
+	// Read index zero, determine what file is the earliest
+	// and what item offset to use
+	t.index.ReadAt(buffer, 0)
+	firstIndex.unmarshalBinary(buffer)
+
+	t.tailId = firstIndex.offset
+	t.itemOffset = firstIndex.filenum
+
+	t.index.ReadAt(buffer, offsetsSize-indexEntrySize)
+	lastIndex.unmarshalBinary(buffer)
+	t.head, err = t.openFile(lastIndex.filenum, os.O_RDWR|os.O_CREATE|os.O_APPEND)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	if stat, err = t.head.Stat(); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	contentSize = stat.Size()
+
+	// Keep truncating both files until they come in sync
+	contentExp = int64(lastIndex.offset)
+
+	for contentExp != contentSize {
+		// Truncate the head file to the last offset pointer
+		if contentExp < contentSize {
+			t.logger.Warn("Truncating dangling head", "indexed", common.StorageSize(contentExp), "stored", common.StorageSize(contentSize))
+			if err := t.head.Truncate(contentExp); err != nil {
+				return err
+			}
+			contentSize = contentExp
+		}
+		// Truncate the index to point within the head file
+		if contentExp > contentSize {
+			t.logger.Warn("Truncating dangling indexes", "indexed", common.StorageSize(contentExp), "stored", common.StorageSize(contentSize))
+			if err := t.index.Truncate(offsetsSize - indexEntrySize); err != nil {
+				return err
+			}
+			offsetsSize -= indexEntrySize
+			t.index.ReadAt(buffer, offsetsSize-indexEntrySize)
+			var newLastIndex indexEntry
+			newLastIndex.unmarshalBinary(buffer)
+			// We might have slipped back into an earlier head-file here
+			if newLastIndex.filenum != lastIndex.filenum {
+				// release earlier opened file
+				t.releaseFile(lastIndex.filenum)
+				t.head, err = t.openFile(newLastIndex.filenum, os.O_RDWR|os.O_CREATE|os.O_APPEND)
+				if stat, err = t.head.Stat(); err != nil {
+					// TODO, anything more we can do here?
+					// A data file has gone missing...
+					return err
+				}
+				contentSize = stat.Size()
+			}
+			lastIndex = newLastIndex
+			contentExp = int64(lastIndex.offset)
+		}
+	}
+	// Ensure all reparation changes have been written to disk
+	if err := t.index.Sync(); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	if err := t.head.Sync(); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	// Update the item and byte counters and return
+	t.items = uint64(t.itemOffset) + uint64(offsetsSize/indexEntrySize-1) // last indexEntry points to the end of the data file
+	t.headBytes = uint32(contentSize)
+	t.headId = lastIndex.filenum
+
+	// Close opened files and preopen all files
+	if err := t.preopen(); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	t.logger.Debug("Chain freezer table opened", "items", t.items, "size", common.StorageSize(t.headBytes))
+	return nil
+}
+
+// preopen opens all files that the freezer will need. This method should be called from an init-context,
+// since it assumes that it doesn't have to bother with locking
+// The rationale for doing preopen is to not have to do it from within Retrieve, thus not needing to ever
+// obtain a write-lock within Retrieve.
+func (t *freezerTable) preopen() (err error) {
+	// The repair might have already opened (some) files
+	t.releaseFilesAfter(0, false)
+	// Open all except head in RDONLY
+	for i := t.tailId; i < t.headId; i++ {
+		if _, err = t.openFile(i, os.O_RDONLY); err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+	}
+	// Open head in read/write
+	t.head, err = t.openFile(t.headId, os.O_RDWR|os.O_CREATE|os.O_APPEND)
+	return err
+}
+
+// truncate discards any recent data above the provided threashold number.
+func (t *freezerTable) truncate(items uint64) error {
+	t.lock.Lock()
+	defer t.lock.Unlock()
+
+	// If our item count is correct, don't do anything
+	if atomic.LoadUint64(&t.items) <= items {
+		return nil
+	}
+	// Something's out of sync, truncate the table's offset index
+	t.logger.Warn("Truncating freezer table", "items", t.items, "limit", items)
+	if err := t.index.Truncate(int64(items+1) * indexEntrySize); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	// Calculate the new expected size of the data file and truncate it
+	buffer := make([]byte, indexEntrySize)
+	if _, err := t.index.ReadAt(buffer, int64(items*indexEntrySize)); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	var expected indexEntry
+	expected.unmarshalBinary(buffer)
+
+	// We might need to truncate back to older files
+	if expected.filenum != t.headId {
+		// If already open for reading, force-reopen for writing
+		t.releaseFile(expected.filenum)
+		newHead, err := t.openFile(expected.filenum, os.O_RDWR|os.O_CREATE|os.O_APPEND)
+		if err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+		// release any files _after the current head -- both the previous head
+		// and any files which may have been opened for reading
+		t.releaseFilesAfter(expected.filenum, true)
+		// set back the historic head
+		t.head = newHead
+		atomic.StoreUint32(&t.headId, expected.filenum)
+	}
+	if err := t.head.Truncate(int64(expected.offset)); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	// All data files truncated, set internal counters and return
+	atomic.StoreUint64(&t.items, items)
+	atomic.StoreUint32(&t.headBytes, expected.offset)
+	return nil
+}
+
+// Close closes all opened files.
+func (t *freezerTable) Close() error {
+	t.lock.Lock()
+	defer t.lock.Unlock()
+
+	var errs []error
+	if err := t.index.Close(); err != nil {
+		errs = append(errs, err)
+	}
+	t.index = nil
+
+	for _, f := range t.files {
+		if err := f.Close(); err != nil {
+			errs = append(errs, err)
+		}
+	}
+	t.head = nil
+
+	if errs != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("%v", errs)
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+// openFile assumes that the write-lock is held by the caller
+func (t *freezerTable) openFile(num uint32, flag int) (f *os.File, err error) {
+	var exist bool
+	if f, exist = t.files[num]; !exist {
+		var name string
+		if t.noCompression {
+			name = fmt.Sprintf("%s.%04d.rdat", t.name, num)
+		} else {
+			name = fmt.Sprintf("%s.%04d.cdat", t.name, num)
+		}
+		f, err = os.OpenFile(filepath.Join(t.path, name), flag, 0644)
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, err
+		}
+		t.files[num] = f
+	}
+	return f, err
+}
+
+// releaseFile closes a file, and removes it from the open file cache.
+// Assumes that the caller holds the write lock
+func (t *freezerTable) releaseFile(num uint32) {
+	if f, exist := t.files[num]; exist {
+		delete(t.files, num)
+		f.Close()
+	}
+}
+
+// releaseFilesAfter closes all open files with a higher number, and optionally also deletes the files
+func (t *freezerTable) releaseFilesAfter(num uint32, remove bool) {
+	for fnum, f := range t.files {
+		if fnum > num {
+			delete(t.files, fnum)
+			f.Close()
+			if remove {
+				os.Remove(f.Name())
+			}
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+// Append injects a binary blob at the end of the freezer table. The item number
+// is a precautionary parameter to ensure data correctness, but the table will
+// reject already existing data.
+//
+// Note, this method will *not* flush any data to disk so be sure to explicitly
+// fsync before irreversibly deleting data from the database.
+func (t *freezerTable) Append(item uint64, blob []byte) error {
+	// Read lock prevents competition with truncate
+	t.lock.RLock()
+	// Ensure the table is still accessible
+	if t.index == nil || t.head == nil {
+		t.lock.RUnlock()
+		return errClosed
+	}
+	// Ensure only the next item can be written, nothing else
+	if atomic.LoadUint64(&t.items) != item {
+		t.lock.RUnlock()
+		return fmt.Errorf("appending unexpected item: want %d, have %d", t.items, item)
+	}
+	// Encode the blob and write it into the data file
+	if !t.noCompression {
+		blob = snappy.Encode(nil, blob)
+	}
+	bLen := uint32(len(blob))
+	if t.headBytes+bLen < bLen ||
+		t.headBytes+bLen > t.maxFileSize {
+		// we need a new file, writing would overflow
+		t.lock.RUnlock()
+		t.lock.Lock()
+		nextId := atomic.LoadUint32(&t.headId) + 1
+		// We open the next file in truncated mode -- if this file already
+		// exists, we need to start over from scratch on it
+		newHead, err := t.openFile(nextId, os.O_RDWR|os.O_CREATE|os.O_TRUNC)
+		if err != nil {
+			t.lock.Unlock()
+			return err
+		}
+		// Close old file, and reopen in RDONLY mode
+		t.releaseFile(t.headId)
+		t.openFile(t.headId, os.O_RDONLY)
+
+		// Swap out the current head
+		t.head = newHead
+		atomic.StoreUint32(&t.headBytes, 0)
+		atomic.StoreUint32(&t.headId, nextId)
+		t.lock.Unlock()
+		t.lock.RLock()
+	}
+
+	defer t.lock.RUnlock()
+
+	if _, err := t.head.Write(blob); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	newOffset := atomic.AddUint32(&t.headBytes, bLen)
+	idx := indexEntry{
+		filenum: atomic.LoadUint32(&t.headId),
+		offset:  newOffset,
+	}
+	// Write indexEntry
+	t.index.Write(idx.marshallBinary())
+	t.writeMeter.Mark(int64(bLen + indexEntrySize))
+	atomic.AddUint64(&t.items, 1)
+	return nil
+}
+
+// getBounds returns the indexes for the item
+// returns start, end, filenumber and error
+func (t *freezerTable) getBounds(item uint64) (uint32, uint32, uint32, error) {
+	var startIdx, endIdx indexEntry
+	buffer := make([]byte, indexEntrySize)
+	if _, err := t.index.ReadAt(buffer, int64(item*indexEntrySize)); err != nil {
+		return 0, 0, 0, err
+	}
+	startIdx.unmarshalBinary(buffer)
+	if _, err := t.index.ReadAt(buffer, int64((item+1)*indexEntrySize)); err != nil {
+		return 0, 0, 0, err
+	}
+	endIdx.unmarshalBinary(buffer)
+	if startIdx.filenum != endIdx.filenum {
+		// If a piece of data 'crosses' a data-file,
+		// it's actually in one piece on the second data-file.
+		// We return a zero-indexEntry for the second file as start
+		return 0, endIdx.offset, endIdx.filenum, nil
+	}
+	return startIdx.offset, endIdx.offset, endIdx.filenum, nil
+}
+
+// Retrieve looks up the data offset of an item with the given number and retrieves
+// the raw binary blob from the data file.
+func (t *freezerTable) Retrieve(item uint64) ([]byte, error) {
+	// Ensure the table and the item is accessible
+	if t.index == nil || t.head == nil {
+		return nil, errClosed
+	}
+	if atomic.LoadUint64(&t.items) <= item {
+		return nil, errOutOfBounds
+	}
+	// Ensure the item was not deleted from the tail either
+	offset := atomic.LoadUint32(&t.itemOffset)
+	if uint64(offset) > item {
+		return nil, errOutOfBounds
+	}
+	t.lock.RLock()
+	startOffset, endOffset, filenum, err := t.getBounds(item - uint64(offset))
+	if err != nil {
+		t.lock.RUnlock()
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	dataFile, exist := t.files[filenum]
+	if !exist {
+		t.lock.RUnlock()
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("missing data file %d", filenum)
+	}
+	// Retrieve the data itself, decompress and return
+	blob := make([]byte, endOffset-startOffset)
+	if _, err := dataFile.ReadAt(blob, int64(startOffset)); err != nil {
+		t.lock.RUnlock()
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	t.lock.RUnlock()
+	t.readMeter.Mark(int64(len(blob) + 2*indexEntrySize))
+
+	if t.noCompression {
+		return blob, nil
+	}
+	return snappy.Decode(nil, blob)
+}
+
+// has returns an indicator whether the specified number data
+// exists in the freezer table.
+func (t *freezerTable) has(number uint64) bool {
+	return atomic.LoadUint64(&t.items) > number
+}
+
+// size returns the total data size in the freezer table.
+func (t *freezerTable) size() (uint64, error) {
+	t.lock.RLock()
+	defer t.lock.RUnlock()
+
+	stat, err := t.index.Stat()
+	if err != nil {
+		return 0, err
+	}
+	total := uint64(t.maxFileSize)*uint64(t.headId-t.tailId) + uint64(t.headBytes) + uint64(stat.Size())
+	return total, nil
+}
+
+// Sync pushes any pending data from memory out to disk. This is an expensive
+// operation, so use it with care.
+func (t *freezerTable) Sync() error {
+	if err := t.index.Sync(); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	return t.head.Sync()
+}
+
+// printIndex is a debug print utility function for testing
+func (t *freezerTable) printIndex() {
+	buf := make([]byte, indexEntrySize)
+
+	fmt.Printf("|-----------------|\n")
+	fmt.Printf("| fileno | offset |\n")
+	fmt.Printf("|--------+--------|\n")
+
+	for i := uint64(0); ; i++ {
+		if _, err := t.index.ReadAt(buf, int64(i*indexEntrySize)); err != nil {
+			break
+		}
+		var entry indexEntry
+		entry.unmarshalBinary(buf)
+		fmt.Printf("|  %03d   |  %03d   | \n", entry.filenum, entry.offset)
+		if i > 100 {
+			fmt.Printf(" ... \n")
+			break
+		}
+	}
+	fmt.Printf("|-----------------|\n")
+}
diff --git a/core/rawdb/freezer_table_test.go b/core/rawdb/freezer_table_test.go
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e63fb63a3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/core/rawdb/freezer_table_test.go
@@ -0,0 +1,609 @@
+// Copyright 2018 The go-ethereum Authors
+// This file is part of the go-ethereum library.
+//
+// The go-ethereum library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The go-ethereum library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the go-ethereum library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+package rawdb
+
+import (
+	"bytes"
+	"fmt"
+	"math/rand"
+	"os"
+	"path/filepath"
+	"testing"
+	"time"
+
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/metrics"
+)
+
+func init() {
+	rand.Seed(time.Now().Unix())
+}
+
+// Gets a chunk of data, filled with 'b'
+func getChunk(size int, b int) []byte {
+	data := make([]byte, size)
+	for i := range data {
+		data[i] = byte(b)
+	}
+	return data
+}
+
+func print(t *testing.T, f *freezerTable, item uint64) {
+	a, err := f.Retrieve(item)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+	fmt.Printf("db[%d] =  %x\n", item, a)
+}
+
+// TestFreezerBasics test initializing a freezertable from scratch, writing to the table,
+// and reading it back.
+func TestFreezerBasics(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+	// set cutoff at 50 bytes
+	f, err := newCustomTable(os.TempDir(),
+		fmt.Sprintf("unittest-%d", rand.Uint64()),
+		metrics.NewMeter(), metrics.NewMeter(), 50, true)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+	defer f.Close()
+	// Write 15 bytes 255 times, results in 85 files
+	for x := 0; x < 255; x++ {
+		data := getChunk(15, x)
+		f.Append(uint64(x), data)
+	}
+
+	//print(t, f, 0)
+	//print(t, f, 1)
+	//print(t, f, 2)
+	//
+	//db[0] =  000000000000000000000000000000
+	//db[1] =  010101010101010101010101010101
+	//db[2] =  020202020202020202020202020202
+
+	for y := 0; y < 255; y++ {
+		exp := getChunk(15, y)
+		got, err := f.Retrieve(uint64(y))
+		if err != nil {
+			t.Fatal(err)
+		}
+		if !bytes.Equal(got, exp) {
+			t.Fatalf("test %d, got \n%x != \n%x", y, got, exp)
+		}
+	}
+	// Check that we cannot read too far
+	_, err = f.Retrieve(uint64(255))
+	if err != errOutOfBounds {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+}
+
+// TestFreezerBasicsClosing tests same as TestFreezerBasics, but also closes and reopens the freezer between
+// every operation
+func TestFreezerBasicsClosing(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+	// set cutoff at 50 bytes
+	var (
+		fname  = fmt.Sprintf("basics-close-%d", rand.Uint64())
+		m1, m2 = metrics.NewMeter(), metrics.NewMeter()
+		f      *freezerTable
+		err    error
+	)
+	f, err = newCustomTable(os.TempDir(), fname, m1, m2, 50, true)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+	// Write 15 bytes 255 times, results in 85 files
+	for x := 0; x < 255; x++ {
+		data := getChunk(15, x)
+		f.Append(uint64(x), data)
+		f.Close()
+		f, err = newCustomTable(os.TempDir(), fname, m1, m2, 50, true)
+	}
+	defer f.Close()
+
+	for y := 0; y < 255; y++ {
+		exp := getChunk(15, y)
+		got, err := f.Retrieve(uint64(y))
+		if err != nil {
+			t.Fatal(err)
+		}
+		if !bytes.Equal(got, exp) {
+			t.Fatalf("test %d, got \n%x != \n%x", y, got, exp)
+		}
+		f.Close()
+		f, err = newCustomTable(os.TempDir(), fname, m1, m2, 50, true)
+		if err != nil {
+			t.Fatal(err)
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+// TestFreezerRepairDanglingHead tests that we can recover if index entries are removed
+func TestFreezerRepairDanglingHead(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+	wm, rm := metrics.NewMeter(), metrics.NewMeter()
+	fname := fmt.Sprintf("dangling_headtest-%d", rand.Uint64())
+
+	{ // Fill table
+		f, err := newCustomTable(os.TempDir(), fname, rm, wm, 50, true)
+		if err != nil {
+			t.Fatal(err)
+		}
+		// Write 15 bytes 255 times
+		for x := 0; x < 255; x++ {
+			data := getChunk(15, x)
+			f.Append(uint64(x), data)
+		}
+		// The last item should be there
+		if _, err = f.Retrieve(0xfe); err != nil {
+			t.Fatal(err)
+		}
+		f.Close()
+	}
+	// open the index
+	idxFile, err := os.OpenFile(filepath.Join(os.TempDir(), fmt.Sprintf("%s.ridx", fname)), os.O_RDWR, 0644)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("Failed to open index file: %v", err)
+	}
+	// Remove 4 bytes
+	stat, err := idxFile.Stat()
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("Failed to stat index file: %v", err)
+	}
+	idxFile.Truncate(stat.Size() - 4)
+	idxFile.Close()
+	// Now open it again
+	{
+		f, err := newCustomTable(os.TempDir(), fname, rm, wm, 50, true)
+		// The last item should be missing
+		if _, err = f.Retrieve(0xff); err == nil {
+			t.Errorf("Expected error for missing index entry")
+		}
+		// The one before should still be there
+		if _, err = f.Retrieve(0xfd); err != nil {
+			t.Fatalf("Expected no error, got %v", err)
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+// TestFreezerRepairDanglingHeadLarge tests that we can recover if very many index entries are removed
+func TestFreezerRepairDanglingHeadLarge(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+	wm, rm := metrics.NewMeter(), metrics.NewMeter()
+	fname := fmt.Sprintf("dangling_headtest-%d", rand.Uint64())
+
+	{ // Fill a table and close it
+		f, err := newCustomTable(os.TempDir(), fname, wm, rm, 50, true)
+		if err != nil {
+			t.Fatal(err)
+		}
+		// Write 15 bytes 255 times
+		for x := 0; x < 0xff; x++ {
+			data := getChunk(15, x)
+			f.Append(uint64(x), data)
+		}
+		// The last item should be there
+		if _, err = f.Retrieve(f.items - 1); err == nil {
+			if err != nil {
+				t.Fatal(err)
+			}
+		}
+		f.Close()
+	}
+	// open the index
+	idxFile, err := os.OpenFile(filepath.Join(os.TempDir(), fmt.Sprintf("%s.ridx", fname)), os.O_RDWR, 0644)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("Failed to open index file: %v", err)
+	}
+	// Remove everything but the first item, and leave data unaligned
+	// 0-indexEntry, 1-indexEntry, corrupt-indexEntry
+	idxFile.Truncate(indexEntrySize + indexEntrySize + indexEntrySize/2)
+	idxFile.Close()
+	// Now open it again
+	{
+		f, err := newCustomTable(os.TempDir(), fname, rm, wm, 50, true)
+		// The first item should be there
+		if _, err = f.Retrieve(0); err != nil {
+			t.Fatal(err)
+		}
+		// The second item should be missing
+		if _, err = f.Retrieve(1); err == nil {
+			t.Errorf("Expected error for missing index entry")
+		}
+		// We should now be able to store items again, from item = 1
+		for x := 1; x < 0xff; x++ {
+			data := getChunk(15, ^x)
+			f.Append(uint64(x), data)
+		}
+		f.Close()
+	}
+	// And if we open it, we should now be able to read all of them (new values)
+	{
+		f, _ := newCustomTable(os.TempDir(), fname, rm, wm, 50, true)
+		for y := 1; y < 255; y++ {
+			exp := getChunk(15, ^y)
+			got, err := f.Retrieve(uint64(y))
+			if err != nil {
+				t.Fatal(err)
+			}
+			if !bytes.Equal(got, exp) {
+				t.Fatalf("test %d, got \n%x != \n%x", y, got, exp)
+			}
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+// TestSnappyDetection tests that we fail to open a snappy database and vice versa
+func TestSnappyDetection(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+	wm, rm := metrics.NewMeter(), metrics.NewMeter()
+	fname := fmt.Sprintf("snappytest-%d", rand.Uint64())
+	// Open with snappy
+	{
+		f, err := newCustomTable(os.TempDir(), fname, wm, rm, 50, true)
+		if err != nil {
+			t.Fatal(err)
+		}
+		// Write 15 bytes 255 times
+		for x := 0; x < 0xff; x++ {
+			data := getChunk(15, x)
+			f.Append(uint64(x), data)
+		}
+		f.Close()
+	}
+	// Open without snappy
+	{
+		f, err := newCustomTable(os.TempDir(), fname, wm, rm, 50, false)
+		if _, err = f.Retrieve(0); err == nil {
+			f.Close()
+			t.Fatalf("expected empty table")
+		}
+	}
+
+	// Open with snappy
+	{
+		f, err := newCustomTable(os.TempDir(), fname, wm, rm, 50, true)
+		// There should be 255 items
+		if _, err = f.Retrieve(0xfe); err != nil {
+			f.Close()
+			t.Fatalf("expected no error, got %v", err)
+		}
+	}
+
+}
+func assertFileSize(f string, size int64) error {
+	stat, err := os.Stat(f)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	if stat.Size() != size {
+		return fmt.Errorf("error, expected size %d, got %d", size, stat.Size())
+	}
+	return nil
+
+}
+
+// TestFreezerRepairDanglingIndex checks that if the index has more entries than there are data,
+// the index is repaired
+func TestFreezerRepairDanglingIndex(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+	wm, rm := metrics.NewMeter(), metrics.NewMeter()
+	fname := fmt.Sprintf("dangling_indextest-%d", rand.Uint64())
+
+	{ // Fill a table and close it
+		f, err := newCustomTable(os.TempDir(), fname, wm, rm, 50, true)
+		if err != nil {
+			t.Fatal(err)
+		}
+		// Write 15 bytes 9 times : 150 bytes
+		for x := 0; x < 9; x++ {
+			data := getChunk(15, x)
+			f.Append(uint64(x), data)
+		}
+		// The last item should be there
+		if _, err = f.Retrieve(f.items - 1); err != nil {
+			f.Close()
+			t.Fatal(err)
+		}
+		f.Close()
+		// File sizes should be 45, 45, 45 : items[3, 3, 3)
+	}
+	// Crop third file
+	fileToCrop := filepath.Join(os.TempDir(), fmt.Sprintf("%s.0002.rdat", fname))
+	// Truncate third file: 45 ,45, 20
+	{
+		if err := assertFileSize(fileToCrop, 45); err != nil {
+			t.Fatal(err)
+		}
+		file, err := os.OpenFile(fileToCrop, os.O_RDWR, 0644)
+		if err != nil {
+			t.Fatal(err)
+		}
+		file.Truncate(20)
+		file.Close()
+	}
+	// Open db it again
+	// It should restore the file(s) to
+	// 45, 45, 15
+	// with 3+3+1 items
+	{
+		f, err := newCustomTable(os.TempDir(), fname, wm, rm, 50, true)
+		if err != nil {
+			t.Fatal(err)
+		}
+		if f.items != 7 {
+			f.Close()
+			t.Fatalf("expected %d items, got %d", 7, f.items)
+		}
+		if err := assertFileSize(fileToCrop, 15); err != nil {
+			t.Fatal(err)
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+func TestFreezerTruncate(t *testing.T) {
+
+	t.Parallel()
+	wm, rm := metrics.NewMeter(), metrics.NewMeter()
+	fname := fmt.Sprintf("truncation-%d", rand.Uint64())
+
+	{ // Fill table
+		f, err := newCustomTable(os.TempDir(), fname, rm, wm, 50, true)
+		if err != nil {
+			t.Fatal(err)
+		}
+		// Write 15 bytes 30 times
+		for x := 0; x < 30; x++ {
+			data := getChunk(15, x)
+			f.Append(uint64(x), data)
+		}
+		// The last item should be there
+		if _, err = f.Retrieve(f.items - 1); err != nil {
+			t.Fatal(err)
+		}
+		f.Close()
+	}
+	// Reopen, truncate
+	{
+		f, err := newCustomTable(os.TempDir(), fname, rm, wm, 50, true)
+		if err != nil {
+			t.Fatal(err)
+		}
+		defer f.Close()
+		f.truncate(10) // 150 bytes
+		if f.items != 10 {
+			t.Fatalf("expected %d items, got %d", 10, f.items)
+		}
+		// 45, 45, 45, 15 -- bytes should be 15
+		if f.headBytes != 15 {
+			t.Fatalf("expected %d bytes, got %d", 15, f.headBytes)
+		}
+
+	}
+
+}
+
+// TestFreezerRepairFirstFile tests a head file with the very first item only half-written.
+// That will rewind the index, and _should_ truncate the head file
+func TestFreezerRepairFirstFile(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+	wm, rm := metrics.NewMeter(), metrics.NewMeter()
+	fname := fmt.Sprintf("truncationfirst-%d", rand.Uint64())
+	{ // Fill table
+		f, err := newCustomTable(os.TempDir(), fname, rm, wm, 50, true)
+		if err != nil {
+			t.Fatal(err)
+		}
+		// Write 80 bytes, splitting out into two files
+		f.Append(0, getChunk(40, 0xFF))
+		f.Append(1, getChunk(40, 0xEE))
+		// The last item should be there
+		if _, err = f.Retrieve(f.items - 1); err != nil {
+			t.Fatal(err)
+		}
+		f.Close()
+	}
+	// Truncate the file in half
+	fileToCrop := filepath.Join(os.TempDir(), fmt.Sprintf("%s.0001.rdat", fname))
+	{
+		if err := assertFileSize(fileToCrop, 40); err != nil {
+			t.Fatal(err)
+		}
+		file, err := os.OpenFile(fileToCrop, os.O_RDWR, 0644)
+		if err != nil {
+			t.Fatal(err)
+		}
+		file.Truncate(20)
+		file.Close()
+	}
+	// Reopen
+	{
+		f, err := newCustomTable(os.TempDir(), fname, wm, rm, 50, true)
+		if err != nil {
+			t.Fatal(err)
+		}
+		if f.items != 1 {
+			f.Close()
+			t.Fatalf("expected %d items, got %d", 0, f.items)
+		}
+		// Write 40 bytes
+		f.Append(1, getChunk(40, 0xDD))
+		f.Close()
+		// Should have been truncated down to zero and then 40 written
+		if err := assertFileSize(fileToCrop, 40); err != nil {
+			t.Fatal(err)
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+// TestFreezerReadAndTruncate tests:
+// - we have a table open
+// - do some reads, so files are open in readonly
+// - truncate so those files are 'removed'
+// - check that we did not keep the rdonly file descriptors
+func TestFreezerReadAndTruncate(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+	wm, rm := metrics.NewMeter(), metrics.NewMeter()
+	fname := fmt.Sprintf("read_truncate-%d", rand.Uint64())
+	{ // Fill table
+		f, err := newCustomTable(os.TempDir(), fname, rm, wm, 50, true)
+		if err != nil {
+			t.Fatal(err)
+		}
+		// Write 15 bytes 30 times
+		for x := 0; x < 30; x++ {
+			data := getChunk(15, x)
+			f.Append(uint64(x), data)
+		}
+		// The last item should be there
+		if _, err = f.Retrieve(f.items - 1); err != nil {
+			t.Fatal(err)
+		}
+		f.Close()
+	}
+	// Reopen and read all files
+	{
+		f, err := newCustomTable(os.TempDir(), fname, wm, rm, 50, true)
+		if err != nil {
+			t.Fatal(err)
+		}
+		if f.items != 30 {
+			f.Close()
+			t.Fatalf("expected %d items, got %d", 0, f.items)
+		}
+		for y := byte(0); y < 30; y++ {
+			f.Retrieve(uint64(y))
+		}
+		// Now, truncate back to zero
+		f.truncate(0)
+		// Write the data again
+		for x := 0; x < 30; x++ {
+			data := getChunk(15, ^x)
+			if err := f.Append(uint64(x), data); err != nil {
+				t.Fatalf("error %v", err)
+			}
+		}
+		f.Close()
+	}
+}
+
+func TestOffset(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+	wm, rm := metrics.NewMeter(), metrics.NewMeter()
+	fname := fmt.Sprintf("offset-%d", rand.Uint64())
+	{ // Fill table
+		f, err := newCustomTable(os.TempDir(), fname, rm, wm, 40, true)
+		if err != nil {
+			t.Fatal(err)
+		}
+		// Write 6 x 20 bytes, splitting out into three files
+		f.Append(0, getChunk(20, 0xFF))
+		f.Append(1, getChunk(20, 0xEE))
+
+		f.Append(2, getChunk(20, 0xdd))
+		f.Append(3, getChunk(20, 0xcc))
+
+		f.Append(4, getChunk(20, 0xbb))
+		f.Append(5, getChunk(20, 0xaa))
+		f.printIndex()
+		f.Close()
+	}
+	// Now crop it.
+	{
+		// delete files 0 and 1
+		for i := 0; i < 2; i++ {
+			p := filepath.Join(os.TempDir(), fmt.Sprintf("%v.%04d.rdat", fname, i))
+			if err := os.Remove(p); err != nil {
+				t.Fatal(err)
+			}
+		}
+		// Read the index file
+		p := filepath.Join(os.TempDir(), fmt.Sprintf("%v.ridx", fname))
+		indexFile, err := os.OpenFile(p, os.O_RDWR, 0644)
+		if err != nil {
+			t.Fatal(err)
+		}
+		indexBuf := make([]byte, 7*indexEntrySize)
+		indexFile.Read(indexBuf)
+
+		// Update the index file, so that we store
+		// [ file = 2, offset = 4 ] at index zero
+
+		tailId := uint32(2)     // First file is 2
+		itemOffset := uint32(4) // We have removed four items
+		zeroIndex := indexEntry{
+			offset:  tailId,
+			filenum: itemOffset,
+		}
+		buf := zeroIndex.marshallBinary()
+		// Overwrite index zero
+		copy(indexBuf, buf)
+		// Remove the four next indices by overwriting
+		copy(indexBuf[indexEntrySize:], indexBuf[indexEntrySize*5:])
+		indexFile.WriteAt(indexBuf, 0)
+		// Need to truncate the moved index items
+		indexFile.Truncate(indexEntrySize * (1 + 2))
+		indexFile.Close()
+
+	}
+	// Now open again
+	{
+		f, err := newCustomTable(os.TempDir(), fname, rm, wm, 40, true)
+		if err != nil {
+			t.Fatal(err)
+		}
+		f.printIndex()
+		// It should allow writing item 6
+		f.Append(6, getChunk(20, 0x99))
+
+		// It should be fine to fetch 4,5,6
+		if got, err := f.Retrieve(4); err != nil {
+			t.Fatal(err)
+		} else if exp := getChunk(20, 0xbb); !bytes.Equal(got, exp) {
+			t.Fatalf("expected %x got %x", exp, got)
+		}
+		if got, err := f.Retrieve(5); err != nil {
+			t.Fatal(err)
+		} else if exp := getChunk(20, 0xaa); !bytes.Equal(got, exp) {
+			t.Fatalf("expected %x got %x", exp, got)
+		}
+		if got, err := f.Retrieve(6); err != nil {
+			t.Fatal(err)
+		} else if exp := getChunk(20, 0x99); !bytes.Equal(got, exp) {
+			t.Fatalf("expected %x got %x", exp, got)
+		}
+
+		// It should error at 0, 1,2,3
+		for i := 0; i < 4; i++ {
+			if _, err := f.Retrieve(uint64(i)); err == nil {
+				t.Fatal("expected err")
+			}
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+// TODO (?)
+// - test that if we remove several head-files, aswell as data last data-file,
+//   the index is truncated accordingly
+// Right now, the freezer would fail on these conditions:
+// 1. have data files d0, d1, d2, d3
+// 2. remove d2,d3
+//
+// However, all 'normal' failure modes arising due to failing to sync() or save a file should be
+// handled already, and the case described above can only (?) happen if an external process/user
+// deletes files from the filesystem.
diff --git a/core/rawdb/schema.go b/core/rawdb/schema.go
index 62b60e2f3..a44a2c99f 100644
--- a/core/rawdb/schema.go
+++ b/core/rawdb/schema.go
@@ -63,6 +63,33 @@ var (
 	preimageHitCounter = metrics.NewRegisteredCounter("db/preimage/hits", nil)
 )
 
+const (
+	// freezerHeaderTable indicates the name of the freezer header table.
+	freezerHeaderTable = "headers"
+
+	// freezerHashTable indicates the name of the freezer canonical hash table.
+	freezerHashTable = "hashes"
+
+	// freezerBodiesTable indicates the name of the freezer block body table.
+	freezerBodiesTable = "bodies"
+
+	// freezerReceiptTable indicates the name of the freezer receipts table.
+	freezerReceiptTable = "receipts"
+
+	// freezerDifficultyTable indicates the name of the freezer total difficulty table.
+	freezerDifficultyTable = "diffs"
+)
+
+// freezerNoSnappy configures whether compression is disabled for the ancient-tables.
+// Hashes and difficulties don't compress well.
+var freezerNoSnappy = map[string]bool{
+	freezerHeaderTable:     false,
+	freezerHashTable:       true,
+	freezerBodiesTable:     false,
+	freezerReceiptTable:    false,
+	freezerDifficultyTable: true,
+}
+
 // LegacyTxLookupEntry is the legacy TxLookupEntry definition with some unnecessary
 // fields.
 type LegacyTxLookupEntry struct {
diff --git a/core/rawdb/table.go b/core/rawdb/table.go
index 0e50db7c9..6610b7f5a 100644
--- a/core/rawdb/table.go
+++ b/core/rawdb/table.go
@@ -50,6 +50,48 @@ func (t *table) Get(key []byte) ([]byte, error) {
 	return t.db.Get(append([]byte(t.prefix), key...))
 }
 
+// HasAncient is a noop passthrough that just forwards the request to the underlying
+// database.
+func (t *table) HasAncient(kind string, number uint64) (bool, error) {
+	return t.db.HasAncient(kind, number)
+}
+
+// Ancient is a noop passthrough that just forwards the request to the underlying
+// database.
+func (t *table) Ancient(kind string, number uint64) ([]byte, error) {
+	return t.db.Ancient(kind, number)
+}
+
+// Ancients is a noop passthrough that just forwards the request to the underlying
+// database.
+func (t *table) Ancients() (uint64, error) {
+	return t.db.Ancients()
+}
+
+// AncientSize is a noop passthrough that just forwards the request to the underlying
+// database.
+func (t *table) AncientSize(kind string) (uint64, error) {
+	return t.db.AncientSize(kind)
+}
+
+// AppendAncient is a noop passthrough that just forwards the request to the underlying
+// database.
+func (t *table) AppendAncient(number uint64, hash, header, body, receipts, td []byte) error {
+	return t.db.AppendAncient(number, hash, header, body, receipts, td)
+}
+
+// TruncateAncients is a noop passthrough that just forwards the request to the underlying
+// database.
+func (t *table) TruncateAncients(items uint64) error {
+	return t.db.TruncateAncients(items)
+}
+
+// Sync is a noop passthrough that just forwards the request to the underlying
+// database.
+func (t *table) Sync() error {
+	return t.db.Sync()
+}
+
 // Put inserts the given value into the database at a prefixed version of the
 // provided key.
 func (t *table) Put(key []byte, value []byte) error {
@@ -157,6 +199,6 @@ func (b *tableBatch) Reset() {
 }
 
 // Replay replays the batch contents.
-func (b *tableBatch) Replay(w ethdb.Writer) error {
+func (b *tableBatch) Replay(w ethdb.KeyValueWriter) error {
 	return b.batch.Replay(w)
 }
diff --git a/core/state/database.go b/core/state/database.go
index 8798b7380..ecc2c134d 100644
--- a/core/state/database.go
+++ b/core/state/database.go
@@ -93,7 +93,7 @@ type Trie interface {
 	// If the trie does not contain a value for key, the returned proof contains all
 	// nodes of the longest existing prefix of the key (at least the root), ending
 	// with the node that proves the absence of the key.
-	Prove(key []byte, fromLevel uint, proofDb ethdb.Writer) error
+	Prove(key []byte, fromLevel uint, proofDb ethdb.KeyValueWriter) error
 }
 
 // NewDatabase creates a backing store for state. The returned database is safe for
diff --git a/core/state/sync.go b/core/state/sync.go
index e4a08d293..ef7930527 100644
--- a/core/state/sync.go
+++ b/core/state/sync.go
@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@ import (
 )
 
 // NewStateSync create a new state trie download scheduler.
-func NewStateSync(root common.Hash, database ethdb.Reader, bloom *trie.SyncBloom) *trie.Sync {
+func NewStateSync(root common.Hash, database ethdb.KeyValueReader, bloom *trie.SyncBloom) *trie.Sync {
 	var syncer *trie.Sync
 	callback := func(leaf []byte, parent common.Hash) error {
 		var obj Account
diff --git a/eth/backend.go b/eth/backend.go
index f69615776..6b9c98bf2 100644
--- a/eth/backend.go
+++ b/eth/backend.go
@@ -120,7 +120,7 @@ func New(ctx *node.ServiceContext, config *Config) (*Ethereum, error) {
 	log.Info("Allocated trie memory caches", "clean", common.StorageSize(config.TrieCleanCache)*1024*1024, "dirty", common.StorageSize(config.TrieDirtyCache)*1024*1024)
 
 	// Assemble the Ethereum object
-	chainDb, err := ctx.OpenDatabase("chaindata", config.DatabaseCache, config.DatabaseHandles, "eth/db/chaindata/")
+	chainDb, err := ctx.OpenDatabaseWithFreezer("chaindata", config.DatabaseCache, config.DatabaseHandles, config.DatabaseFreezer, "eth/db/chaindata/")
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}
diff --git a/eth/config.go b/eth/config.go
index fbe6597b6..ccd5674a7 100644
--- a/eth/config.go
+++ b/eth/config.go
@@ -114,6 +114,7 @@ type Config struct {
 	SkipBcVersionCheck bool `toml:"-"`
 	DatabaseHandles    int  `toml:"-"`
 	DatabaseCache      int
+	DatabaseFreezer    string
 
 	TrieCleanCache int
 	TrieDirtyCache int
diff --git a/eth/downloader/downloader.go b/eth/downloader/downloader.go
index 0e19fe9e6..495fa0e74 100644
--- a/eth/downloader/downloader.go
+++ b/eth/downloader/downloader.go
@@ -25,7 +25,7 @@ import (
 	"sync/atomic"
 	"time"
 
-	ethereum "github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum"
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/common"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core/rawdb"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core/types"
@@ -46,20 +46,20 @@ var (
 	MaxReceiptFetch = 256 // Amount of transaction receipts to allow fetching per request
 	MaxStateFetch   = 384 // Amount of node state values to allow fetching per request
 
-	MaxForkAncestry  = 3 * params.EpochDuration // Maximum chain reorganisation
-	rttMinEstimate   = 2 * time.Second          // Minimum round-trip time to target for download requests
-	rttMaxEstimate   = 20 * time.Second         // Maximum round-trip time to target for download requests
-	rttMinConfidence = 0.1                      // Worse confidence factor in our estimated RTT value
-	ttlScaling       = 3                        // Constant scaling factor for RTT -> TTL conversion
-	ttlLimit         = time.Minute              // Maximum TTL allowance to prevent reaching crazy timeouts
+	rttMinEstimate   = 2 * time.Second  // Minimum round-trip time to target for download requests
+	rttMaxEstimate   = 20 * time.Second // Maximum round-trip time to target for download requests
+	rttMinConfidence = 0.1              // Worse confidence factor in our estimated RTT value
+	ttlScaling       = 3                // Constant scaling factor for RTT -> TTL conversion
+	ttlLimit         = time.Minute      // Maximum TTL allowance to prevent reaching crazy timeouts
 
 	qosTuningPeers   = 5    // Number of peers to tune based on (best peers)
 	qosConfidenceCap = 10   // Number of peers above which not to modify RTT confidence
 	qosTuningImpact  = 0.25 // Impact that a new tuning target has on the previous value
 
-	maxQueuedHeaders  = 32 * 1024 // [eth/62] Maximum number of headers to queue for import (DOS protection)
-	maxHeadersProcess = 2048      // Number of header download results to import at once into the chain
-	maxResultsProcess = 2048      // Number of content download results to import at once into the chain
+	maxQueuedHeaders         = 32 * 1024                    // [eth/62] Maximum number of headers to queue for import (DOS protection)
+	maxHeadersProcess        = 2048                         // Number of header download results to import at once into the chain
+	maxResultsProcess        = 2048                         // Number of content download results to import at once into the chain
+	maxForkAncestry   uint64 = params.ImmutabilityThreshold // Maximum chain reorganisation (locally redeclared so tests can reduce it)
 
 	reorgProtThreshold   = 48 // Threshold number of recent blocks to disable mini reorg protection
 	reorgProtHeaderDelay = 2  // Number of headers to delay delivering to cover mini reorgs
@@ -129,6 +129,7 @@ type Downloader struct {
 	synchronising   int32
 	notified        int32
 	committed       int32
+	ancientLimit    uint64 // The maximum block number which can be regarded as ancient data.
 
 	// Channels
 	headerCh      chan dataPack        // [eth/62] Channel receiving inbound block headers
@@ -206,7 +207,7 @@ type BlockChain interface {
 	InsertChain(types.Blocks) (int, error)
 
 	// InsertReceiptChain inserts a batch of receipts into the local chain.
-	InsertReceiptChain(types.Blocks, []types.Receipts) (int, error)
+	InsertReceiptChain(types.Blocks, []types.Receipts, uint64) (int, error)
 }
 
 // New creates a new downloader to fetch hashes and blocks from remote peers.
@@ -438,7 +439,7 @@ func (d *Downloader) syncWithPeer(p *peerConnection, hash common.Hash, td *big.I
 
 	log.Debug("Synchronising with the network", "peer", p.id, "eth", p.version, "head", hash, "td", td, "mode", d.mode)
 	defer func(start time.Time) {
-		log.Debug("Synchronisation terminated", "elapsed", time.Since(start))
+		log.Debug("Synchronisation terminated", "elapsed", common.PrettyDuration(time.Since(start)))
 	}(time.Now())
 
 	// Look up the sync boundaries: the common ancestor and the target block
@@ -475,12 +476,49 @@ func (d *Downloader) syncWithPeer(p *peerConnection, hash common.Hash, td *big.I
 	if d.mode == FastSync && pivot != 0 {
 		d.committed = 0
 	}
+	if d.mode == FastSync {
+		// Set the ancient data limitation.
+		// If we are running fast sync, all block data older than ancientLimit will be
+		// written to the ancient store. More recent data will be written to the active
+		// database and will wait for the freezer to migrate.
+		//
+		// If there is a checkpoint available, then calculate the ancientLimit through
+		// that. Otherwise calculate the ancient limit through the advertised height
+		// of the remote peer.
+		//
+		// The reason for picking checkpoint first is that a malicious peer can give us
+		// a fake (very high) height, forcing the ancient limit to also be very high.
+		// The peer would start to feed us valid blocks until head, resulting in all of
+		// the blocks might be written into the ancient store. A following mini-reorg
+		// could cause issues.
+		if d.checkpoint != 0 && d.checkpoint > maxForkAncestry+1 {
+			d.ancientLimit = d.checkpoint
+		} else if height > maxForkAncestry+1 {
+			d.ancientLimit = height - maxForkAncestry - 1
+		}
+		frozen, _ := d.stateDB.Ancients() // Ignore the error here since light client can also hit here.
+		// If a part of blockchain data has already been written into active store,
+		// disable the ancient style insertion explicitly.
+		if origin >= frozen && frozen != 0 {
+			d.ancientLimit = 0
+			log.Info("Disabling direct-ancient mode", "origin", origin, "ancient", frozen-1)
+		} else if d.ancientLimit > 0 {
+			log.Debug("Enabling direct-ancient mode", "ancient", d.ancientLimit)
+		}
+		// Rewind the ancient store and blockchain if reorg happens.
+		if origin+1 < frozen {
+			var hashes []common.Hash
+			for i := origin + 1; i < d.lightchain.CurrentHeader().Number.Uint64(); i++ {
+				hashes = append(hashes, rawdb.ReadCanonicalHash(d.stateDB, i))
+			}
+			d.lightchain.Rollback(hashes)
+		}
+	}
 	// Initiate the sync using a concurrent header and content retrieval algorithm
 	d.queue.Prepare(origin+1, d.mode)
 	if d.syncInitHook != nil {
 		d.syncInitHook(origin, height)
 	}
-
 	fetchers := []func() error{
 		func() error { return d.fetchHeaders(p, origin+1, pivot) }, // Headers are always retrieved
 		func() error { return d.fetchBodies(origin + 1) },          // Bodies are retrieved during normal and fast sync
@@ -544,6 +582,9 @@ func (d *Downloader) cancel() {
 func (d *Downloader) Cancel() {
 	d.cancel()
 	d.cancelWg.Wait()
+
+	d.ancientLimit = 0
+	log.Debug("Reset ancient limit to zero")
 }
 
 // Terminate interrupts the downloader, canceling all pending operations.
@@ -684,9 +725,9 @@ func (d *Downloader) findAncestor(p *peerConnection, remoteHeader *types.Header)
 	p.log.Debug("Looking for common ancestor", "local", localHeight, "remote", remoteHeight)
 
 	// Recap floor value for binary search
-	if localHeight >= MaxForkAncestry {
+	if localHeight >= maxForkAncestry {
 		// We're above the max reorg threshold, find the earliest fork point
-		floor = int64(localHeight - MaxForkAncestry)
+		floor = int64(localHeight - maxForkAncestry)
 	}
 	// If we're doing a light sync, ensure the floor doesn't go below the CHT, as
 	// all headers before that point will be missing.
@@ -1315,7 +1356,7 @@ func (d *Downloader) fetchParts(errCancel error, deliveryCh chan dataPack, deliv
 // queue until the stream ends or a failure occurs.
 func (d *Downloader) processHeaders(origin uint64, pivot uint64, td *big.Int) error {
 	// Keep a count of uncertain headers to roll back
-	rollback := []*types.Header{}
+	var rollback []*types.Header
 	defer func() {
 		if len(rollback) > 0 {
 			// Flatten the headers and roll them back
@@ -1409,11 +1450,10 @@ func (d *Downloader) processHeaders(origin uint64, pivot uint64, td *big.Int) er
 					limit = len(headers)
 				}
 				chunk := headers[:limit]
-
 				// In case of header only syncing, validate the chunk immediately
 				if d.mode == FastSync || d.mode == LightSync {
 					// Collect the yet unknown headers to mark them as uncertain
-					unknown := make([]*types.Header, 0, len(headers))
+					unknown := make([]*types.Header, 0, len(chunk))
 					for _, header := range chunk {
 						if !d.lightchain.HasHeader(header.Hash(), header.Number.Uint64()) {
 							unknown = append(unknown, header)
@@ -1663,7 +1703,7 @@ func (d *Downloader) commitFastSyncData(results []*fetchResult, stateSync *state
 		blocks[i] = types.NewBlockWithHeader(result.Header).WithBody(result.Transactions, result.Uncles)
 		receipts[i] = result.Receipts
 	}
-	if index, err := d.blockchain.InsertReceiptChain(blocks, receipts); err != nil {
+	if index, err := d.blockchain.InsertReceiptChain(blocks, receipts, d.ancientLimit); err != nil {
 		log.Debug("Downloaded item processing failed", "number", results[index].Header.Number, "hash", results[index].Header.Hash(), "err", err)
 		return errInvalidChain
 	}
@@ -1675,7 +1715,7 @@ func (d *Downloader) commitPivotBlock(result *fetchResult) error {
 	log.Debug("Committing fast sync pivot as new head", "number", block.Number(), "hash", block.Hash())
 
 	// Commit the pivot block as the new head, will require full sync from here on
-	if _, err := d.blockchain.InsertReceiptChain([]*types.Block{block}, []types.Receipts{result.Receipts}); err != nil {
+	if _, err := d.blockchain.InsertReceiptChain([]*types.Block{block}, []types.Receipts{result.Receipts}, d.ancientLimit); err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
 	if err := d.blockchain.FastSyncCommitHead(block.Hash()); err != nil {
diff --git a/eth/downloader/downloader_test.go b/eth/downloader/downloader_test.go
index ac7f48abd..5b56ff161 100644
--- a/eth/downloader/downloader_test.go
+++ b/eth/downloader/downloader_test.go
@@ -37,7 +37,7 @@ import (
 
 // Reduce some of the parameters to make the tester faster.
 func init() {
-	MaxForkAncestry = uint64(10000)
+	maxForkAncestry = 10000
 	blockCacheItems = 1024
 	fsHeaderContCheck = 500 * time.Millisecond
 }
@@ -57,6 +57,11 @@ type downloadTester struct {
 	ownReceipts map[common.Hash]types.Receipts // Receipts belonging to the tester
 	ownChainTd  map[common.Hash]*big.Int       // Total difficulties of the blocks in the local chain
 
+	ancientHeaders  map[common.Hash]*types.Header  // Ancient headers belonging to the tester
+	ancientBlocks   map[common.Hash]*types.Block   // Ancient blocks belonging to the tester
+	ancientReceipts map[common.Hash]types.Receipts // Ancient receipts belonging to the tester
+	ancientChainTd  map[common.Hash]*big.Int       // Ancient total difficulties of the blocks in the local chain
+
 	lock sync.RWMutex
 }
 
@@ -71,6 +76,12 @@ func newTester() *downloadTester {
 		ownBlocks:   map[common.Hash]*types.Block{testGenesis.Hash(): testGenesis},
 		ownReceipts: map[common.Hash]types.Receipts{testGenesis.Hash(): nil},
 		ownChainTd:  map[common.Hash]*big.Int{testGenesis.Hash(): testGenesis.Difficulty()},
+
+		// Initialize ancient store with test genesis block
+		ancientHeaders:  map[common.Hash]*types.Header{testGenesis.Hash(): testGenesis.Header()},
+		ancientBlocks:   map[common.Hash]*types.Block{testGenesis.Hash(): testGenesis},
+		ancientReceipts: map[common.Hash]types.Receipts{testGenesis.Hash(): nil},
+		ancientChainTd:  map[common.Hash]*big.Int{testGenesis.Hash(): testGenesis.Difficulty()},
 	}
 	tester.stateDb = rawdb.NewMemoryDatabase()
 	tester.stateDb.Put(testGenesis.Root().Bytes(), []byte{0x00})
@@ -122,6 +133,9 @@ func (dl *downloadTester) HasFastBlock(hash common.Hash, number uint64) bool {
 	dl.lock.RLock()
 	defer dl.lock.RUnlock()
 
+	if _, ok := dl.ancientReceipts[hash]; ok {
+		return true
+	}
 	_, ok := dl.ownReceipts[hash]
 	return ok
 }
@@ -131,6 +145,10 @@ func (dl *downloadTester) GetHeaderByHash(hash common.Hash) *types.Header {
 	dl.lock.RLock()
 	defer dl.lock.RUnlock()
 
+	header := dl.ancientHeaders[hash]
+	if header != nil {
+		return header
+	}
 	return dl.ownHeaders[hash]
 }
 
@@ -139,6 +157,10 @@ func (dl *downloadTester) GetBlockByHash(hash common.Hash) *types.Block {
 	dl.lock.RLock()
 	defer dl.lock.RUnlock()
 
+	block := dl.ancientBlocks[hash]
+	if block != nil {
+		return block
+	}
 	return dl.ownBlocks[hash]
 }
 
@@ -148,6 +170,9 @@ func (dl *downloadTester) CurrentHeader() *types.Header {
 	defer dl.lock.RUnlock()
 
 	for i := len(dl.ownHashes) - 1; i >= 0; i-- {
+		if header := dl.ancientHeaders[dl.ownHashes[i]]; header != nil {
+			return header
+		}
 		if header := dl.ownHeaders[dl.ownHashes[i]]; header != nil {
 			return header
 		}
@@ -161,6 +186,12 @@ func (dl *downloadTester) CurrentBlock() *types.Block {
 	defer dl.lock.RUnlock()
 
 	for i := len(dl.ownHashes) - 1; i >= 0; i-- {
+		if block := dl.ancientBlocks[dl.ownHashes[i]]; block != nil {
+			if _, err := dl.stateDb.Get(block.Root().Bytes()); err == nil {
+				return block
+			}
+			return block
+		}
 		if block := dl.ownBlocks[dl.ownHashes[i]]; block != nil {
 			if _, err := dl.stateDb.Get(block.Root().Bytes()); err == nil {
 				return block
@@ -176,6 +207,9 @@ func (dl *downloadTester) CurrentFastBlock() *types.Block {
 	defer dl.lock.RUnlock()
 
 	for i := len(dl.ownHashes) - 1; i >= 0; i-- {
+		if block := dl.ancientBlocks[dl.ownHashes[i]]; block != nil {
+			return block
+		}
 		if block := dl.ownBlocks[dl.ownHashes[i]]; block != nil {
 			return block
 		}
@@ -198,6 +232,9 @@ func (dl *downloadTester) GetTd(hash common.Hash, number uint64) *big.Int {
 	dl.lock.RLock()
 	defer dl.lock.RUnlock()
 
+	if td := dl.ancientChainTd[hash]; td != nil {
+		return td
+	}
 	return dl.ownChainTd[hash]
 }
 
@@ -254,7 +291,7 @@ func (dl *downloadTester) InsertChain(blocks types.Blocks) (i int, err error) {
 }
 
 // InsertReceiptChain injects a new batch of receipts into the simulated chain.
-func (dl *downloadTester) InsertReceiptChain(blocks types.Blocks, receipts []types.Receipts) (i int, err error) {
+func (dl *downloadTester) InsertReceiptChain(blocks types.Blocks, receipts []types.Receipts, ancientLimit uint64) (i int, err error) {
 	dl.lock.Lock()
 	defer dl.lock.Unlock()
 
@@ -262,11 +299,25 @@ func (dl *downloadTester) InsertReceiptChain(blocks types.Blocks, receipts []typ
 		if _, ok := dl.ownHeaders[blocks[i].Hash()]; !ok {
 			return i, errors.New("unknown owner")
 		}
-		if _, ok := dl.ownBlocks[blocks[i].ParentHash()]; !ok {
-			return i, errors.New("unknown parent")
+		if _, ok := dl.ancientBlocks[blocks[i].ParentHash()]; !ok {
+			if _, ok := dl.ownBlocks[blocks[i].ParentHash()]; !ok {
+				return i, errors.New("unknown parent")
+			}
+		}
+		if blocks[i].NumberU64() <= ancientLimit {
+			dl.ancientBlocks[blocks[i].Hash()] = blocks[i]
+			dl.ancientReceipts[blocks[i].Hash()] = receipts[i]
+
+			// Migrate from active db to ancient db
+			dl.ancientHeaders[blocks[i].Hash()] = blocks[i].Header()
+			dl.ancientChainTd[blocks[i].Hash()] = new(big.Int).Add(dl.ancientChainTd[blocks[i].ParentHash()], blocks[i].Difficulty())
+
+			delete(dl.ownHeaders, blocks[i].Hash())
+			delete(dl.ownChainTd, blocks[i].Hash())
+		} else {
+			dl.ownBlocks[blocks[i].Hash()] = blocks[i]
+			dl.ownReceipts[blocks[i].Hash()] = receipts[i]
 		}
-		dl.ownBlocks[blocks[i].Hash()] = blocks[i]
-		dl.ownReceipts[blocks[i].Hash()] = receipts[i]
 	}
 	return len(blocks), nil
 }
@@ -284,6 +335,11 @@ func (dl *downloadTester) Rollback(hashes []common.Hash) {
 		delete(dl.ownHeaders, hashes[i])
 		delete(dl.ownReceipts, hashes[i])
 		delete(dl.ownBlocks, hashes[i])
+
+		delete(dl.ancientChainTd, hashes[i])
+		delete(dl.ancientHeaders, hashes[i])
+		delete(dl.ancientReceipts, hashes[i])
+		delete(dl.ancientBlocks, hashes[i])
 	}
 }
 
@@ -411,13 +467,13 @@ func assertOwnForkedChain(t *testing.T, tester *downloadTester, common int, leng
 	if tester.downloader.mode == LightSync {
 		blocks, receipts = 1, 1
 	}
-	if hs := len(tester.ownHeaders); hs != headers {
+	if hs := len(tester.ownHeaders) + len(tester.ancientHeaders) - 1; hs != headers {
 		t.Fatalf("synchronised headers mismatch: have %v, want %v", hs, headers)
 	}
-	if bs := len(tester.ownBlocks); bs != blocks {
+	if bs := len(tester.ownBlocks) + len(tester.ancientBlocks) - 1; bs != blocks {
 		t.Fatalf("synchronised blocks mismatch: have %v, want %v", bs, blocks)
 	}
-	if rs := len(tester.ownReceipts); rs != receipts {
+	if rs := len(tester.ownReceipts) + len(tester.ancientReceipts) - 1; rs != receipts {
 		t.Fatalf("synchronised receipts mismatch: have %v, want %v", rs, receipts)
 	}
 }
diff --git a/eth/downloader/testchain_test.go b/eth/downloader/testchain_test.go
index 4ae342dc6..f410152f5 100644
--- a/eth/downloader/testchain_test.go
+++ b/eth/downloader/testchain_test.go
@@ -45,7 +45,7 @@ var testChainBase = newTestChain(blockCacheItems+200, testGenesis)
 var testChainForkLightA, testChainForkLightB, testChainForkHeavy *testChain
 
 func init() {
-	var forkLen = int(MaxForkAncestry + 50)
+	var forkLen = int(maxForkAncestry + 50)
 	var wg sync.WaitGroup
 	wg.Add(3)
 	go func() { testChainForkLightA = testChainBase.makeFork(forkLen, false, 1); wg.Done() }()
diff --git a/ethdb/batch.go b/ethdb/batch.go
index a9c406354..e261415bf 100644
--- a/ethdb/batch.go
+++ b/ethdb/batch.go
@@ -23,7 +23,7 @@ const IdealBatchSize = 100 * 1024
 // Batch is a write-only database that commits changes to its host database
 // when Write is called. A batch cannot be used concurrently.
 type Batch interface {
-	Writer
+	KeyValueWriter
 
 	// ValueSize retrieves the amount of data queued up for writing.
 	ValueSize() int
@@ -35,7 +35,7 @@ type Batch interface {
 	Reset()
 
 	// Replay replays the batch contents.
-	Replay(w Writer) error
+	Replay(w KeyValueWriter) error
 }
 
 // Batcher wraps the NewBatch method of a backing data store.
diff --git a/ethdb/database.go b/ethdb/database.go
index bab99aed1..1ba169bcf 100644
--- a/ethdb/database.go
+++ b/ethdb/database.go
@@ -19,8 +19,8 @@ package ethdb
 
 import "io"
 
-// Reader wraps the Has and Get method of a backing data store.
-type Reader interface {
+// KeyValueReader wraps the Has and Get method of a backing data store.
+type KeyValueReader interface {
 	// Has retrieves if a key is present in the key-value data store.
 	Has(key []byte) (bool, error)
 
@@ -28,8 +28,8 @@ type Reader interface {
 	Get(key []byte) ([]byte, error)
 }
 
-// Writer wraps the Put method of a backing data store.
-type Writer interface {
+// KeyValueWriter wraps the Put method of a backing data store.
+type KeyValueWriter interface {
 	// Put inserts the given value into the key-value data store.
 	Put(key []byte, value []byte) error
 
@@ -58,8 +58,8 @@ type Compacter interface {
 // KeyValueStore contains all the methods required to allow handling different
 // key-value data stores backing the high level database.
 type KeyValueStore interface {
-	Reader
-	Writer
+	KeyValueReader
+	KeyValueWriter
 	Batcher
 	Iteratee
 	Stater
@@ -67,6 +67,57 @@ type KeyValueStore interface {
 	io.Closer
 }
 
+// AncientReader contains the methods required to read from immutable ancient data.
+type AncientReader interface {
+	// HasAncient returns an indicator whether the specified data exists in the
+	// ancient store.
+	HasAncient(kind string, number uint64) (bool, error)
+
+	// Ancient retrieves an ancient binary blob from the append-only immutable files.
+	Ancient(kind string, number uint64) ([]byte, error)
+
+	// Ancients returns the ancient item numbers in the ancient store.
+	Ancients() (uint64, error)
+
+	// AncientSize returns the ancient size of the specified category.
+	AncientSize(kind string) (uint64, error)
+}
+
+// AncientWriter contains the methods required to write to immutable ancient data.
+type AncientWriter interface {
+	// AppendAncient injects all binary blobs belong to block at the end of the
+	// append-only immutable table files.
+	AppendAncient(number uint64, hash, header, body, receipt, td []byte) error
+
+	// TruncateAncients discards all but the first n ancient data from the ancient store.
+	TruncateAncients(n uint64) error
+
+	// Sync flushes all in-memory ancient store data to disk.
+	Sync() error
+}
+
+// Reader contains the methods required to read data from both key-value as well as
+// immutable ancient data.
+type Reader interface {
+	KeyValueReader
+	AncientReader
+}
+
+// Writer contains the methods required to write data to both key-value as well as
+// immutable ancient data.
+type Writer interface {
+	KeyValueWriter
+	AncientWriter
+}
+
+// AncientStore contains all the methods required to allow handling different
+// ancient data stores backing immutable chain data store.
+type AncientStore interface {
+	AncientReader
+	AncientWriter
+	io.Closer
+}
+
 // Database contains all the methods required by the high level database to not
 // only access the key-value data store but also the chain freezer.
 type Database interface {
diff --git a/ethdb/leveldb/leveldb.go b/ethdb/leveldb/leveldb.go
index 8eabee50e..f74e94d92 100644
--- a/ethdb/leveldb/leveldb.go
+++ b/ethdb/leveldb/leveldb.go
@@ -425,13 +425,13 @@ func (b *batch) Reset() {
 }
 
 // Replay replays the batch contents.
-func (b *batch) Replay(w ethdb.Writer) error {
+func (b *batch) Replay(w ethdb.KeyValueWriter) error {
 	return b.b.Replay(&replayer{writer: w})
 }
 
 // replayer is a small wrapper to implement the correct replay methods.
 type replayer struct {
-	writer  ethdb.Writer
+	writer  ethdb.KeyValueWriter
 	failure error
 }
 
diff --git a/ethdb/memorydb/memorydb.go b/ethdb/memorydb/memorydb.go
index cb8b27f3b..caa9b02a1 100644
--- a/ethdb/memorydb/memorydb.go
+++ b/ethdb/memorydb/memorydb.go
@@ -270,7 +270,7 @@ func (b *batch) Reset() {
 }
 
 // Replay replays the batch contents.
-func (b *batch) Replay(w ethdb.Writer) error {
+func (b *batch) Replay(w ethdb.KeyValueWriter) error {
 	for _, keyvalue := range b.writes {
 		if keyvalue.delete {
 			if err := w.Delete(keyvalue.key); err != nil {
diff --git a/les/odr_requests.go b/les/odr_requests.go
index 328750d7a..89c609177 100644
--- a/les/odr_requests.go
+++ b/les/odr_requests.go
@@ -514,7 +514,7 @@ func (r *TxStatusRequest) Validate(db ethdb.Database, msg *Msg) error {
 // readTraceDB stores the keys of database reads. We use this to check that received node
 // sets contain only the trie nodes necessary to make proofs pass.
 type readTraceDB struct {
-	db    ethdb.Reader
+	db    ethdb.KeyValueReader
 	reads map[string]struct{}
 }
 
diff --git a/light/lightchain.go b/light/lightchain.go
index 86836dfb5..f0beec47b 100644
--- a/light/lightchain.go
+++ b/light/lightchain.go
@@ -165,12 +165,12 @@ func (lc *LightChain) loadLastState() error {
 
 // SetHead rewinds the local chain to a new head. Everything above the new
 // head will be deleted and the new one set.
-func (lc *LightChain) SetHead(head uint64) {
+func (lc *LightChain) SetHead(head uint64) error {
 	lc.chainmu.Lock()
 	defer lc.chainmu.Unlock()
 
-	lc.hc.SetHead(head, nil)
-	lc.loadLastState()
+	lc.hc.SetHead(head, nil, nil)
+	return lc.loadLastState()
 }
 
 // GasLimit returns the gas limit of the current HEAD block.
diff --git a/light/nodeset.go b/light/nodeset.go
index a8bf4f6c6..366259678 100644
--- a/light/nodeset.go
+++ b/light/nodeset.go
@@ -115,7 +115,7 @@ func (db *NodeSet) NodeList() NodeList {
 }
 
 // Store writes the contents of the set to the given database
-func (db *NodeSet) Store(target ethdb.Writer) {
+func (db *NodeSet) Store(target ethdb.KeyValueWriter) {
 	db.lock.RLock()
 	defer db.lock.RUnlock()
 
@@ -124,11 +124,11 @@ func (db *NodeSet) Store(target ethdb.Writer) {
 	}
 }
 
-// NodeList stores an ordered list of trie nodes. It implements ethdb.Writer.
+// NodeList stores an ordered list of trie nodes. It implements ethdb.KeyValueWriter.
 type NodeList []rlp.RawValue
 
 // Store writes the contents of the list to the given database
-func (n NodeList) Store(db ethdb.Writer) {
+func (n NodeList) Store(db ethdb.KeyValueWriter) {
 	for _, node := range n {
 		db.Put(crypto.Keccak256(node), node)
 	}
diff --git a/light/trie.go b/light/trie.go
index 27abb1dc2..e512bf6f9 100644
--- a/light/trie.go
+++ b/light/trie.go
@@ -141,7 +141,7 @@ func (t *odrTrie) GetKey(sha []byte) []byte {
 	return nil
 }
 
-func (t *odrTrie) Prove(key []byte, fromLevel uint, proofDb ethdb.Writer) error {
+func (t *odrTrie) Prove(key []byte, fromLevel uint, proofDb ethdb.KeyValueWriter) error {
 	return errors.New("not implemented, needs client/server interface split")
 }
 
diff --git a/node/node.go b/node/node.go
index 78bb492f0..08daeeee0 100644
--- a/node/node.go
+++ b/node/node.go
@@ -614,6 +614,26 @@ func (n *Node) OpenDatabase(name string, cache, handles int, namespace string) (
 	return rawdb.NewLevelDBDatabase(n.config.ResolvePath(name), cache, handles, namespace)
 }
 
+// OpenDatabaseWithFreezer opens an existing database with the given name (or
+// creates one if no previous can be found) from within the node's data directory,
+// also attaching a chain freezer to it that moves ancient chain data from the
+// database to immutable append-only files. If the node is an ephemeral one, a
+// memory database is returned.
+func (n *Node) OpenDatabaseWithFreezer(name string, cache, handles int, freezer, namespace string) (ethdb.Database, error) {
+	if n.config.DataDir == "" {
+		return rawdb.NewMemoryDatabase(), nil
+	}
+	root := n.config.ResolvePath(name)
+
+	switch {
+	case freezer == "":
+		freezer = filepath.Join(root, "ancient")
+	case !filepath.IsAbs(freezer):
+		freezer = n.config.ResolvePath(freezer)
+	}
+	return rawdb.NewLevelDBDatabaseWithFreezer(root, cache, handles, freezer, namespace)
+}
+
 // ResolvePath returns the absolute path of a resource in the instance directory.
 func (n *Node) ResolvePath(x string) string {
 	return n.config.ResolvePath(x)
diff --git a/node/service.go b/node/service.go
index 24f809743..4dea00995 100644
--- a/node/service.go
+++ b/node/service.go
@@ -17,6 +17,7 @@
 package node
 
 import (
+	"path/filepath"
 	"reflect"
 
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/accounts"
@@ -44,11 +45,27 @@ func (ctx *ServiceContext) OpenDatabase(name string, cache int, handles int, nam
 	if ctx.config.DataDir == "" {
 		return rawdb.NewMemoryDatabase(), nil
 	}
-	db, err := rawdb.NewLevelDBDatabase(ctx.config.ResolvePath(name), cache, handles, namespace)
-	if err != nil {
-		return nil, err
+	return rawdb.NewLevelDBDatabase(ctx.config.ResolvePath(name), cache, handles, namespace)
+}
+
+// OpenDatabaseWithFreezer opens an existing database with the given name (or
+// creates one if no previous can be found) from within the node's data directory,
+// also attaching a chain freezer to it that moves ancient chain data from the
+// database to immutable append-only files. If the node is an ephemeral one, a
+// memory database is returned.
+func (ctx *ServiceContext) OpenDatabaseWithFreezer(name string, cache int, handles int, freezer string, namespace string) (ethdb.Database, error) {
+	if ctx.config.DataDir == "" {
+		return rawdb.NewMemoryDatabase(), nil
+	}
+	root := ctx.config.ResolvePath(name)
+
+	switch {
+	case freezer == "":
+		freezer = filepath.Join(root, "ancient")
+	case !filepath.IsAbs(freezer):
+		freezer = ctx.config.ResolvePath(freezer)
 	}
-	return db, nil
+	return rawdb.NewLevelDBDatabaseWithFreezer(root, cache, handles, freezer, namespace)
 }
 
 // ResolvePath resolves a user path into the data directory if that was relative
diff --git a/params/network_params.go b/params/network_params.go
index 024c4af45..a949b8457 100644
--- a/params/network_params.go
+++ b/params/network_params.go
@@ -46,4 +46,10 @@ const (
 	// HelperTrieProcessConfirmations is the number of confirmations before a HelperTrie
 	// is generated
 	HelperTrieProcessConfirmations = 256
+
+	// ImmutabilityThreshold is the number of blocks after which a chain segment is
+	// considered immutable (i.e. soft finality). It is used by the downloader as a
+	// hard limit against deep ancestors, by the blockchain against deep reorgs, by
+	// the freezer as the cutoff treshold and by clique as the snapshot trust limit.
+	ImmutabilityThreshold = 90000
 )
diff --git a/trie/database.go b/trie/database.go
index 49a696bef..d8a0fa9c5 100644
--- a/trie/database.go
+++ b/trie/database.go
@@ -321,7 +321,7 @@ func NewDatabaseWithCache(diskdb ethdb.KeyValueStore, cache int) *Database {
 }
 
 // DiskDB retrieves the persistent storage backing the trie database.
-func (db *Database) DiskDB() ethdb.Reader {
+func (db *Database) DiskDB() ethdb.KeyValueReader {
 	return db.diskdb
 }
 
diff --git a/trie/proof.go b/trie/proof.go
index 3c4b8d653..9985e730d 100644
--- a/trie/proof.go
+++ b/trie/proof.go
@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@ import (
 // If the trie does not contain a value for key, the returned proof contains all
 // nodes of the longest existing prefix of the key (at least the root node), ending
 // with the node that proves the absence of the key.
-func (t *Trie) Prove(key []byte, fromLevel uint, proofDb ethdb.Writer) error {
+func (t *Trie) Prove(key []byte, fromLevel uint, proofDb ethdb.KeyValueWriter) error {
 	// Collect all nodes on the path to key.
 	key = keybytesToHex(key)
 	var nodes []node
@@ -96,16 +96,14 @@ func (t *Trie) Prove(key []byte, fromLevel uint, proofDb ethdb.Writer) error {
 // If the trie does not contain a value for key, the returned proof contains all
 // nodes of the longest existing prefix of the key (at least the root node), ending
 // with the node that proves the absence of the key.
-func (t *SecureTrie) Prove(key []byte, fromLevel uint, proofDb ethdb.Writer) error {
+func (t *SecureTrie) Prove(key []byte, fromLevel uint, proofDb ethdb.KeyValueWriter) error {
 	return t.trie.Prove(key, fromLevel, proofDb)
 }
 
 // VerifyProof checks merkle proofs. The given proof must contain the value for
 // key in a trie with the given root hash. VerifyProof returns an error if the
 // proof contains invalid trie nodes or the wrong value.
-//
-// Note, the method assumes that all key-values in proofDb satisfy key = hash(value).
-func VerifyProof(rootHash common.Hash, key []byte, proofDb ethdb.Reader) (value []byte, nodes int, err error) {
+func VerifyProof(rootHash common.Hash, key []byte, proofDb ethdb.KeyValueReader) (value []byte, nodes int, err error) {
 	key = keybytesToHex(key)
 	wantHash := rootHash
 	for i := 0; ; i++ {
diff --git a/trie/sync.go b/trie/sync.go
index d9564d783..6f40b45a1 100644
--- a/trie/sync.go
+++ b/trie/sync.go
@@ -72,7 +72,7 @@ func newSyncMemBatch() *syncMemBatch {
 // unknown trie hashes to retrieve, accepts node data associated with said hashes
 // and reconstructs the trie step by step until all is done.
 type Sync struct {
-	database ethdb.Reader             // Persistent database to check for existing entries
+	database ethdb.KeyValueReader     // Persistent database to check for existing entries
 	membatch *syncMemBatch            // Memory buffer to avoid frequent database writes
 	requests map[common.Hash]*request // Pending requests pertaining to a key hash
 	queue    *prque.Prque             // Priority queue with the pending requests
@@ -80,7 +80,7 @@ type Sync struct {
 }
 
 // NewSync creates a new trie data download scheduler.
-func NewSync(root common.Hash, database ethdb.Reader, callback LeafCallback, bloom *SyncBloom) *Sync {
+func NewSync(root common.Hash, database ethdb.KeyValueReader, callback LeafCallback, bloom *SyncBloom) *Sync {
 	ts := &Sync{
 		database: database,
 		membatch: newSyncMemBatch(),
@@ -224,7 +224,7 @@ func (s *Sync) Process(results []SyncResult) (bool, int, error) {
 
 // Commit flushes the data stored in the internal membatch out to persistent
 // storage, returning the number of items written and any occurred error.
-func (s *Sync) Commit(dbw ethdb.Writer) (int, error) {
+func (s *Sync) Commit(dbw ethdb.KeyValueWriter) (int, error) {
 	// Dump the membatch into a database dbw
 	for i, key := range s.membatch.order {
 		if err := dbw.Put(key[:], s.membatch.batch[key]); err != nil {
diff --git a/trie/sync_bloom.go b/trie/sync_bloom.go
index 899a63add..7b5b7488a 100644
--- a/trie/sync_bloom.go
+++ b/trie/sync_bloom.go
@@ -118,14 +118,14 @@ func (b *SyncBloom) init(database ethdb.Iteratee) {
 			it.Release()
 			it = database.NewIteratorWithStart(key)
 
-			log.Info("Initializing fast sync bloom", "items", b.bloom.N(), "errorrate", b.errorRate(), "elapsed", time.Since(start))
+			log.Info("Initializing fast sync bloom", "items", b.bloom.N(), "errorrate", b.errorRate(), "elapsed", common.PrettyDuration(time.Since(start)))
 			swap = time.Now()
 		}
 	}
 	it.Release()
 
 	// Mark the bloom filter inited and return
-	log.Info("Initialized fast sync bloom", "items", b.bloom.N(), "errorrate", b.errorRate(), "elapsed", time.Since(start))
+	log.Info("Initialized fast sync bloom", "items", b.bloom.N(), "errorrate", b.errorRate(), "elapsed", common.PrettyDuration(time.Since(start)))
 	atomic.StoreUint32(&b.inited, 1)
 }
 
diff --git a/vendor/github.com/olekukonko/tablewriter/LICENCE.md b/vendor/github.com/olekukonko/tablewriter/LICENSE.md
index 1fd848425..a0769b5c1 100644
--- a/vendor/github.com/olekukonko/tablewriter/LICENCE.md
+++ b/vendor/github.com/olekukonko/tablewriter/LICENSE.md
@@ -16,4 +16,4 @@ FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
 AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
 LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
 OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN
-THE SOFTWARE.
\ No newline at end of file
+THE SOFTWARE.
diff --git a/vendor/github.com/olekukonko/tablewriter/README.md b/vendor/github.com/olekukonko/tablewriter/README.md
index 805330adc..92d71ed48 100644
--- a/vendor/github.com/olekukonko/tablewriter/README.md
+++ b/vendor/github.com/olekukonko/tablewriter/README.md
@@ -1,11 +1,13 @@
 ASCII Table Writer
 =========
 
-[![Build Status](https://travis-ci.org/olekukonko/tablewriter.png?branch=master)](https://travis-ci.org/olekukonko/tablewriter) [![Total views](https://sourcegraph.com/api/repos/github.com/olekukonko/tablewriter/counters/views.png)](https://sourcegraph.com/github.com/olekukonko/tablewriter)
+[![Build Status](https://travis-ci.org/olekukonko/tablewriter.png?branch=master)](https://travis-ci.org/olekukonko/tablewriter)
+[![Total views](https://img.shields.io/sourcegraph/rrc/github.com/olekukonko/tablewriter.svg)](https://sourcegraph.com/github.com/olekukonko/tablewriter)
+[![Godoc](https://godoc.org/github.com/olekukonko/tablewriter?status.svg)](https://godoc.org/github.com/olekukonko/tablewriter)
 
 Generate ASCII table on the fly ...  Installation is simple as
 
-    go get  github.com/olekukonko/tablewriter
+    go get github.com/olekukonko/tablewriter
 
 
 #### Features
@@ -22,7 +24,8 @@ Generate ASCII table on the fly ...  Installation is simple as
 - Enable or disable table border
 - Set custom footer support
 - Optional identical cells merging
-
+- Set custom caption
+- Optional reflowing of paragrpahs in multi-line cells.
 
 #### Example   1 - Basic
 ```go
@@ -75,21 +78,21 @@ table.Render()
 ```
 
     DATE   |       DESCRIPTION        |  CV2  | AMOUNT
-+----------+--------------------------+-------+---------+
+-----------+--------------------------+-------+----------
   1/1/2014 | Domain name              |  2233 | $10.98
   1/1/2014 | January Hosting          |  2233 | $54.95
   1/4/2014 | February Hosting         |  2233 | $51.00
   1/4/2014 | February Extra Bandwidth |  2233 | $30.00
-+----------+--------------------------+-------+---------+
+-----------+--------------------------+-------+----------
                                         TOTAL | $146 93
-                                      +-------+---------+
+                                      --------+----------
 
 ```
 
 
 #### Example 3 - CSV
 ```go
-table, _ := tablewriter.NewCSV(os.Stdout, "test_info.csv", true)
+table, _ := tablewriter.NewCSV(os.Stdout, "testdata/test_info.csv", true)
 table.SetAlignment(tablewriter.ALIGN_LEFT)   // Set Alignment
 table.Render()
 ```
@@ -107,12 +110,12 @@ table.Render()
 
 #### Example 4  - Custom Separator
 ```go
-table, _ := tablewriter.NewCSV(os.Stdout, "test.csv", true)
+table, _ := tablewriter.NewCSV(os.Stdout, "testdata/test.csv", true)
 table.SetRowLine(true)         // Enable row line
 
 // Change table lines
 table.SetCenterSeparator("*")
-table.SetColumnSeparator("‡")
+table.SetColumnSeparator("╪")
 table.SetRowSeparator("-")
 
 table.SetAlignment(tablewriter.ALIGN_LEFT)
@@ -132,7 +135,7 @@ table.Render()
 *------------*-----------*---------*
 ```
 
-##### Example 5 - Markdown Format
+#### Example 5 - Markdown Format
 ```go
 data := [][]string{
 	[]string{"1/1/2014", "Domain name", "2233", "$10.98"},
@@ -194,11 +197,109 @@ table.Render()
 +----------+--------------------------+-------+---------+
 ```
 
+
+#### Table with color
+```go
+data := [][]string{
+	[]string{"1/1/2014", "Domain name", "2233", "$10.98"},
+	[]string{"1/1/2014", "January Hosting", "2233", "$54.95"},
+	[]string{"1/4/2014", "February Hosting", "2233", "$51.00"},
+	[]string{"1/4/2014", "February Extra Bandwidth", "2233", "$30.00"},
+}
+
+table := tablewriter.NewWriter(os.Stdout)
+table.SetHeader([]string{"Date", "Description", "CV2", "Amount"})
+table.SetFooter([]string{"", "", "Total", "$146.93"}) // Add Footer
+table.SetBorder(false)                                // Set Border to false
+
+table.SetHeaderColor(tablewriter.Colors{tablewriter.Bold, tablewriter.BgGreenColor},
+	tablewriter.Colors{tablewriter.FgHiRedColor, tablewriter.Bold, tablewriter.BgBlackColor},
+	tablewriter.Colors{tablewriter.BgRedColor, tablewriter.FgWhiteColor},
+	tablewriter.Colors{tablewriter.BgCyanColor, tablewriter.FgWhiteColor})
+
+table.SetColumnColor(tablewriter.Colors{tablewriter.Bold, tablewriter.FgHiBlackColor},
+	tablewriter.Colors{tablewriter.Bold, tablewriter.FgHiRedColor},
+	tablewriter.Colors{tablewriter.Bold, tablewriter.FgHiBlackColor},
+	tablewriter.Colors{tablewriter.Bold, tablewriter.FgBlackColor})
+
+table.SetFooterColor(tablewriter.Colors{}, tablewriter.Colors{},
+	tablewriter.Colors{tablewriter.Bold},
+	tablewriter.Colors{tablewriter.FgHiRedColor})
+
+table.AppendBulk(data)
+table.Render()
+```
+
+#### Table with color Output
+![Table with Color](https://cloud.githubusercontent.com/assets/6460392/21101956/bbc7b356-c0a1-11e6-9f36-dba694746efc.png)
+
+#### Example 6 - Set table caption
+```go
+data := [][]string{
+    []string{"A", "The Good", "500"},
+    []string{"B", "The Very very Bad Man", "288"},
+    []string{"C", "The Ugly", "120"},
+    []string{"D", "The Gopher", "800"},
+}
+
+table := tablewriter.NewWriter(os.Stdout)
+table.SetHeader([]string{"Name", "Sign", "Rating"})
+table.SetCaption(true, "Movie ratings.")
+
+for _, v := range data {
+    table.Append(v)
+}
+table.Render() // Send output
+```
+
+Note: Caption text will wrap with total width of rendered table.
+
+##### Output 6
+```
++------+-----------------------+--------+
+| NAME |         SIGN          | RATING |
++------+-----------------------+--------+
+|  A   |       The Good        |    500 |
+|  B   | The Very very Bad Man |    288 |
+|  C   |       The Ugly        |    120 |
+|  D   |      The Gopher       |    800 |
++------+-----------------------+--------+
+Movie ratings.
+```
+
+#### Render table into a string
+
+Instead of rendering the table to `io.Stdout` you can also render it into a string. Go 1.10 introduced the `strings.Builder` type which implements the `io.Writer` interface and can therefore be used for this task. Example:
+
+```go
+package main
+
+import (
+    "strings"
+    "fmt"
+
+    "github.com/olekukonko/tablewriter"
+)
+
+func main() {
+    tableString := &strings.Builder{}
+	table := tablewriter.NewWriter(tableString)
+
+    /*
+     * Code to fill the table
+     */
+
+    table.Render()
+
+    fmt.Println(tableString.String())
+}
+```
+
 #### TODO
 - ~~Import Directly from CSV~~  - `done`
 - ~~Support for `SetFooter`~~  - `done`
 - ~~Support for `SetBorder`~~  - `done`
 - ~~Support table with uneven rows~~ - `done`
-- Support custom alignment
+- ~~Support custom alignment~~
 - General Improvement & Optimisation
 - `NewHTML` Parse table from HTML
diff --git a/vendor/github.com/olekukonko/tablewriter/table.go b/vendor/github.com/olekukonko/tablewriter/table.go
index 3314bfba5..3cf09969e 100644
--- a/vendor/github.com/olekukonko/tablewriter/table.go
+++ b/vendor/github.com/olekukonko/tablewriter/table.go
@@ -36,8 +36,8 @@ const (
 )
 
 var (
-	decimal = regexp.MustCompile(`^-*\d*\.?\d*$`)
-	percent = regexp.MustCompile(`^-*\d*\.?\d*$%$`)
+	decimal = regexp.MustCompile(`^-?(?:\d{1,3}(?:,\d{3})*|\d+)(?:\.\d+)?$`)
+	percent = regexp.MustCompile(`^-?\d+\.?\d*$%$`)
 )
 
 type Border struct {
@@ -53,10 +53,13 @@ type Table struct {
 	lines          [][][]string
 	cs             map[int]int
 	rs             map[int]int
-	headers        []string
-	footers        []string
+	headers        [][]string
+	footers        [][]string
+	caption        bool
+	captionText    string
 	autoFmt        bool
 	autoWrap       bool
+	reflowText     bool
 	mW             int
 	pCenter        string
 	pRow           string
@@ -72,40 +75,51 @@ type Table struct {
 	hdrLine        bool
 	borders        Border
 	colSize        int
+	headerParams   []string
+	columnsParams  []string
+	footerParams   []string
+	columnsAlign   []int
 }
 
 // Start New Table
 // Take io.Writer Directly
 func NewWriter(writer io.Writer) *Table {
 	t := &Table{
-		out:      writer,
-		rows:     [][]string{},
-		lines:    [][][]string{},
-		cs:       make(map[int]int),
-		rs:       make(map[int]int),
-		headers:  []string{},
-		footers:  []string{},
-		autoFmt:  true,
-		autoWrap: true,
-		mW:       MAX_ROW_WIDTH,
-		pCenter:  CENTER,
-		pRow:     ROW,
-		pColumn:  COLUMN,
-		tColumn:  -1,
-		tRow:     -1,
-		hAlign:   ALIGN_DEFAULT,
-		fAlign:   ALIGN_DEFAULT,
-		align:    ALIGN_DEFAULT,
-		newLine:  NEWLINE,
-		rowLine:  false,
-		hdrLine:  true,
-		borders:  Border{Left: true, Right: true, Bottom: true, Top: true},
-		colSize:  -1}
+		out:           writer,
+		rows:          [][]string{},
+		lines:         [][][]string{},
+		cs:            make(map[int]int),
+		rs:            make(map[int]int),
+		headers:       [][]string{},
+		footers:       [][]string{},
+		caption:       false,
+		captionText:   "Table caption.",
+		autoFmt:       true,
+		autoWrap:      true,
+		reflowText:    true,
+		mW:            MAX_ROW_WIDTH,
+		pCenter:       CENTER,
+		pRow:          ROW,
+		pColumn:       COLUMN,
+		tColumn:       -1,
+		tRow:          -1,
+		hAlign:        ALIGN_DEFAULT,
+		fAlign:        ALIGN_DEFAULT,
+		align:         ALIGN_DEFAULT,
+		newLine:       NEWLINE,
+		rowLine:       false,
+		hdrLine:       true,
+		borders:       Border{Left: true, Right: true, Bottom: true, Top: true},
+		colSize:       -1,
+		headerParams:  []string{},
+		columnsParams: []string{},
+		footerParams:  []string{},
+		columnsAlign:  []int{}}
 	return t
 }
 
 // Render table output
-func (t Table) Render() {
+func (t *Table) Render() {
 	if t.borders.Top {
 		t.printLine(true)
 	}
@@ -115,20 +129,27 @@ func (t Table) Render() {
 	} else {
 		t.printRows()
 	}
-
 	if !t.rowLine && t.borders.Bottom {
 		t.printLine(true)
 	}
 	t.printFooter()
 
+	if t.caption {
+		t.printCaption()
+	}
 }
 
+const (
+	headerRowIdx = -1
+	footerRowIdx = -2
+)
+
 // Set table header
 func (t *Table) SetHeader(keys []string) {
 	t.colSize = len(keys)
 	for i, v := range keys {
-		t.parseDimension(v, i, -1)
-		t.headers = append(t.headers, v)
+		lines := t.parseDimension(v, i, headerRowIdx)
+		t.headers = append(t.headers, lines)
 	}
 }
 
@@ -136,8 +157,16 @@ func (t *Table) SetHeader(keys []string) {
 func (t *Table) SetFooter(keys []string) {
 	//t.colSize = len(keys)
 	for i, v := range keys {
-		t.parseDimension(v, i, -1)
-		t.footers = append(t.footers, v)
+		lines := t.parseDimension(v, i, footerRowIdx)
+		t.footers = append(t.footers, lines)
+	}
+}
+
+// Set table Caption
+func (t *Table) SetCaption(caption bool, captionText ...string) {
+	t.caption = caption
+	if len(captionText) == 1 {
+		t.captionText = captionText[0]
 	}
 }
 
@@ -151,11 +180,21 @@ func (t *Table) SetAutoWrapText(auto bool) {
 	t.autoWrap = auto
 }
 
+// Turn automatic reflowing of multiline text when rewrapping. Default is on (true).
+func (t *Table) SetReflowDuringAutoWrap(auto bool) {
+	t.reflowText = auto
+}
+
 // Set the Default column width
 func (t *Table) SetColWidth(width int) {
 	t.mW = width
 }
 
+// Set the minimal width for a column
+func (t *Table) SetColMinWidth(column int, width int) {
+	t.cs[column] = width
+}
+
 // Set the Column Separator
 func (t *Table) SetColumnSeparator(sep string) {
 	t.pColumn = sep
@@ -186,6 +225,22 @@ func (t *Table) SetAlignment(align int) {
 	t.align = align
 }
 
+func (t *Table) SetColumnAlignment(keys []int) {
+	for _, v := range keys {
+		switch v {
+		case ALIGN_CENTER:
+			break
+		case ALIGN_LEFT:
+			break
+		case ALIGN_RIGHT:
+			break
+		default:
+			v = ALIGN_DEFAULT
+		}
+		t.columnsAlign = append(t.columnsAlign, v)
+	}
+}
+
 // Set New Line
 func (t *Table) SetNewLine(nl string) {
 	t.newLine = nl
@@ -249,16 +304,44 @@ func (t *Table) AppendBulk(rows [][]string) {
 	}
 }
 
+// NumLines to get the number of lines
+func (t *Table) NumLines() int {
+	return len(t.lines)
+}
+
+// Clear rows
+func (t *Table) ClearRows() {
+	t.lines = [][][]string{}
+}
+
+// Clear footer
+func (t *Table) ClearFooter() {
+	t.footers = [][]string{}
+}
+
+// Center based on position and border.
+func (t *Table) center(i int) string {
+	if i == -1 && !t.borders.Left {
+		return t.pRow
+	}
+
+	if i == len(t.cs)-1 && !t.borders.Right {
+		return t.pRow
+	}
+
+	return t.pCenter
+}
+
 // Print line based on row width
-func (t Table) printLine(nl bool) {
-	fmt.Fprint(t.out, t.pCenter)
+func (t *Table) printLine(nl bool) {
+	fmt.Fprint(t.out, t.center(-1))
 	for i := 0; i < len(t.cs); i++ {
 		v := t.cs[i]
 		fmt.Fprintf(t.out, "%s%s%s%s",
 			t.pRow,
 			strings.Repeat(string(t.pRow), v),
 			t.pRow,
-			t.pCenter)
+			t.center(i))
 	}
 	if nl {
 		fmt.Fprint(t.out, t.newLine)
@@ -266,7 +349,7 @@ func (t Table) printLine(nl bool) {
 }
 
 // Print line based on row width with our without cell separator
-func (t Table) printLineOptionalCellSeparators(nl bool, displayCellSeparator []bool) {
+func (t *Table) printLineOptionalCellSeparators(nl bool, displayCellSeparator []bool) {
 	fmt.Fprint(t.out, t.pCenter)
 	for i := 0; i < len(t.cs); i++ {
 		v := t.cs[i]
@@ -303,43 +386,64 @@ func pad(align int) func(string, string, int) string {
 }
 
 // Print heading information
-func (t Table) printHeading() {
+func (t *Table) printHeading() {
 	// Check if headers is available
 	if len(t.headers) < 1 {
 		return
 	}
 
-	// Check if border is set
-	// Replace with space if not set
-	fmt.Fprint(t.out, ConditionString(t.borders.Left, t.pColumn, SPACE))
-
 	// Identify last column
 	end := len(t.cs) - 1
 
 	// Get pad function
 	padFunc := pad(t.hAlign)
 
-	// Print Heading column
-	for i := 0; i <= end; i++ {
-		v := t.cs[i]
-		h := t.headers[i]
-		if t.autoFmt {
-			h = Title(h)
+	// Checking for ANSI escape sequences for header
+	is_esc_seq := false
+	if len(t.headerParams) > 0 {
+		is_esc_seq = true
+	}
+
+	// Maximum height.
+	max := t.rs[headerRowIdx]
+
+	// Print Heading
+	for x := 0; x < max; x++ {
+		// Check if border is set
+		// Replace with space if not set
+		fmt.Fprint(t.out, ConditionString(t.borders.Left, t.pColumn, SPACE))
+
+		for y := 0; y <= end; y++ {
+			v := t.cs[y]
+			h := ""
+			if y < len(t.headers) && x < len(t.headers[y]) {
+				h = t.headers[y][x]
+			}
+			if t.autoFmt {
+				h = Title(h)
+			}
+			pad := ConditionString((y == end && !t.borders.Left), SPACE, t.pColumn)
+
+			if is_esc_seq {
+				fmt.Fprintf(t.out, " %s %s",
+					format(padFunc(h, SPACE, v),
+						t.headerParams[y]), pad)
+			} else {
+				fmt.Fprintf(t.out, " %s %s",
+					padFunc(h, SPACE, v),
+					pad)
+			}
 		}
-		pad := ConditionString((i == end && !t.borders.Left), SPACE, t.pColumn)
-		fmt.Fprintf(t.out, " %s %s",
-			padFunc(h, SPACE, v),
-			pad)
+		// Next line
+		fmt.Fprint(t.out, t.newLine)
 	}
-	// Next line
-	fmt.Fprint(t.out, t.newLine)
 	if t.hdrLine {
 		t.printLine(true)
 	}
 }
 
 // Print heading information
-func (t Table) printFooter() {
+func (t *Table) printFooter() {
 	// Check if headers is available
 	if len(t.footers) < 1 {
 		return
@@ -349,9 +453,6 @@ func (t Table) printFooter() {
 	if !t.borders.Bottom {
 		t.printLine(true)
 	}
-	// Check if border is set
-	// Replace with space if not set
-	fmt.Fprint(t.out, ConditionString(t.borders.Bottom, t.pColumn, SPACE))
 
 	// Identify last column
 	end := len(t.cs) - 1
@@ -359,25 +460,56 @@ func (t Table) printFooter() {
 	// Get pad function
 	padFunc := pad(t.fAlign)
 
-	// Print Heading column
-	for i := 0; i <= end; i++ {
-		v := t.cs[i]
-		f := t.footers[i]
-		if t.autoFmt {
-			f = Title(f)
-		}
-		pad := ConditionString((i == end && !t.borders.Top), SPACE, t.pColumn)
+	// Checking for ANSI escape sequences for header
+	is_esc_seq := false
+	if len(t.footerParams) > 0 {
+		is_esc_seq = true
+	}
 
-		if len(t.footers[i]) == 0 {
-			pad = SPACE
+	// Maximum height.
+	max := t.rs[footerRowIdx]
+
+	// Print Footer
+	erasePad := make([]bool, len(t.footers))
+	for x := 0; x < max; x++ {
+		// Check if border is set
+		// Replace with space if not set
+		fmt.Fprint(t.out, ConditionString(t.borders.Bottom, t.pColumn, SPACE))
+
+		for y := 0; y <= end; y++ {
+			v := t.cs[y]
+			f := ""
+			if y < len(t.footers) && x < len(t.footers[y]) {
+				f = t.footers[y][x]
+			}
+			if t.autoFmt {
+				f = Title(f)
+			}
+			pad := ConditionString((y == end && !t.borders.Top), SPACE, t.pColumn)
+
+			if erasePad[y] || (x == 0 && len(f) == 0) {
+				pad = SPACE
+				erasePad[y] = true
+			}
+
+			if is_esc_seq {
+				fmt.Fprintf(t.out, " %s %s",
+					format(padFunc(f, SPACE, v),
+						t.footerParams[y]), pad)
+			} else {
+				fmt.Fprintf(t.out, " %s %s",
+					padFunc(f, SPACE, v),
+					pad)
+			}
+
+			//fmt.Fprintf(t.out, " %s %s",
+			//	padFunc(f, SPACE, v),
+			//	pad)
 		}
-		fmt.Fprintf(t.out, " %s %s",
-			padFunc(f, SPACE, v),
-			pad)
+		// Next line
+		fmt.Fprint(t.out, t.newLine)
+		//t.printLine(true)
 	}
-	// Next line
-	fmt.Fprint(t.out, t.newLine)
-	//t.printLine(true)
 
 	hasPrinted := false
 
@@ -385,7 +517,7 @@ func (t Table) printFooter() {
 		v := t.cs[i]
 		pad := t.pRow
 		center := t.pCenter
-		length := len(t.footers[i])
+		length := len(t.footers[i][0])
 
 		if length > 0 {
 			hasPrinted = true
@@ -398,6 +530,9 @@ func (t Table) printFooter() {
 
 		// Print first junction
 		if i == 0 {
+			if length > 0 && !t.borders.Left {
+				center = t.pRow
+			}
 			fmt.Fprint(t.out, center)
 		}
 
@@ -405,16 +540,27 @@ func (t Table) printFooter() {
 		if length == 0 {
 			pad = SPACE
 		}
-		// Ignore left space of it has printed before
+		// Ignore left space as it has printed before
 		if hasPrinted || t.borders.Left {
 			pad = t.pRow
 			center = t.pCenter
 		}
 
+		// Change Center end position
+		if center != SPACE {
+			if i == end && !t.borders.Right {
+				center = t.pRow
+			}
+		}
+
 		// Change Center start position
 		if center == SPACE {
-			if i < end && len(t.footers[i+1]) != 0 {
-				center = t.pCenter
+			if i < end && len(t.footers[i+1][0]) != 0 {
+				if !t.borders.Left {
+					center = t.pRow
+				} else {
+					center = t.pCenter
+				}
 			}
 		}
 
@@ -428,22 +574,53 @@ func (t Table) printFooter() {
 	}
 
 	fmt.Fprint(t.out, t.newLine)
+}
+
+// Print caption text
+func (t Table) printCaption() {
+	width := t.getTableWidth()
+	paragraph, _ := WrapString(t.captionText, width)
+	for linecount := 0; linecount < len(paragraph); linecount++ {
+		fmt.Fprintln(t.out, paragraph[linecount])
+	}
+}
+
+// Calculate the total number of characters in a row
+func (t Table) getTableWidth() int {
+	var chars int
+	for _, v := range t.cs {
+		chars += v
+	}
+
+	// Add chars, spaces, seperators to calculate the total width of the table.
+	// ncols := t.colSize
+	// spaces := ncols * 2
+	// seps := ncols + 1
 
+	return (chars + (3 * t.colSize) + 2)
 }
 
 func (t Table) printRows() {
 	for i, lines := range t.lines {
 		t.printRow(lines, i)
 	}
+}
 
+func (t *Table) fillAlignment(num int) {
+	if len(t.columnsAlign) < num {
+		t.columnsAlign = make([]int, num)
+		for i := range t.columnsAlign {
+			t.columnsAlign[i] = t.align
+		}
+	}
 }
 
 // Print Row Information
 // Adjust column alignment based on type
 
-func (t Table) printRow(columns [][]string, colKey int) {
+func (t *Table) printRow(columns [][]string, rowIdx int) {
 	// Get Maximum Height
-	max := t.rs[colKey]
+	max := t.rs[rowIdx]
 	total := len(columns)
 
 	// TODO Fix uneven col size
@@ -455,9 +632,15 @@ func (t Table) printRow(columns [][]string, colKey int) {
 	//}
 
 	// Pad Each Height
-	// pads := []int{}
 	pads := []int{}
 
+	// Checking for ANSI escape sequences for columns
+	is_esc_seq := false
+	if len(t.columnsParams) > 0 {
+		is_esc_seq = true
+	}
+	t.fillAlignment(total)
+
 	for i, line := range columns {
 		length := len(line)
 		pad := max - length
@@ -476,9 +659,14 @@ func (t Table) printRow(columns [][]string, colKey int) {
 			fmt.Fprintf(t.out, SPACE)
 			str := columns[y][x]
 
+			// Embedding escape sequence with column value
+			if is_esc_seq {
+				str = format(str, t.columnsParams[y])
+			}
+
 			// This would print alignment
 			// Default alignment  would use multiple configuration
-			switch t.align {
+			switch t.columnsAlign[y] {
 			case ALIGN_CENTER: //
 				fmt.Fprintf(t.out, "%s", Pad(str, SPACE, t.cs[y]))
 			case ALIGN_RIGHT:
@@ -514,7 +702,7 @@ func (t Table) printRow(columns [][]string, colKey int) {
 }
 
 // Print the rows of the table and merge the cells that are identical
-func (t Table) printRowsMergeCells() {
+func (t *Table) printRowsMergeCells() {
 	var previousLine []string
 	var displayCellBorder []bool
 	var tmpWriter bytes.Buffer
@@ -537,14 +725,19 @@ func (t Table) printRowsMergeCells() {
 // Print Row Information to a writer and merge identical cells.
 // Adjust column alignment based on type
 
-func (t Table) printRowMergeCells(writer io.Writer, columns [][]string, colKey int, previousLine []string) ([]string, []bool) {
+func (t *Table) printRowMergeCells(writer io.Writer, columns [][]string, rowIdx int, previousLine []string) ([]string, []bool) {
 	// Get Maximum Height
-	max := t.rs[colKey]
+	max := t.rs[rowIdx]
 	total := len(columns)
 
 	// Pad Each Height
 	pads := []int{}
 
+	// Checking for ANSI escape sequences for columns
+	is_esc_seq := false
+	if len(t.columnsParams) > 0 {
+		is_esc_seq = true
+	}
 	for i, line := range columns {
 		length := len(line)
 		pad := max - length
@@ -555,6 +748,7 @@ func (t Table) printRowMergeCells(writer io.Writer, columns [][]string, colKey i
 	}
 
 	var displayCellBorder []bool
+	t.fillAlignment(total)
 	for x := 0; x < max; x++ {
 		for y := 0; y < total; y++ {
 
@@ -565,6 +759,11 @@ func (t Table) printRowMergeCells(writer io.Writer, columns [][]string, colKey i
 
 			str := columns[y][x]
 
+			// Embedding escape sequence with column value
+			if is_esc_seq {
+				str = format(str, t.columnsParams[y])
+			}
+
 			if t.autoMergeCells {
 				//Store the full line to merge mutli-lines cells
 				fullLine := strings.Join(columns[y], " ")
@@ -580,7 +779,7 @@ func (t Table) printRowMergeCells(writer io.Writer, columns [][]string, colKey i
 
 			// This would print alignment
 			// Default alignment  would use multiple configuration
-			switch t.align {
+			switch t.columnsAlign[y] {
 			case ALIGN_CENTER: //
 				fmt.Fprintf(writer, "%s", Pad(str, SPACE, t.cs[y]))
 			case ALIGN_RIGHT:
@@ -613,44 +812,59 @@ func (t Table) printRowMergeCells(writer io.Writer, columns [][]string, colKey i
 
 func (t *Table) parseDimension(str string, colKey, rowKey int) []string {
 	var (
-		raw []string
-		max int
+		raw      []string
+		maxWidth int
 	)
-	w := DisplayWidth(str)
-	// Calculate Width
-	// Check if with is grater than maximum width
-	if w > t.mW {
-		w = t.mW
-	}
 
-	// Check if width exists
-	v, ok := t.cs[colKey]
-	if !ok || v < w || v == 0 {
-		t.cs[colKey] = w
+	raw = getLines(str)
+	maxWidth = 0
+	for _, line := range raw {
+		if w := DisplayWidth(line); w > maxWidth {
+			maxWidth = w
+		}
 	}
 
-	if rowKey == -1 {
-		return raw
-	}
-	// Calculate Height
+	// If wrapping, ensure that all paragraphs in the cell fit in the
+	// specified width.
 	if t.autoWrap {
-		raw, _ = WrapString(str, t.cs[colKey])
-	} else {
-		raw = getLines(str)
-	}
+		// If there's a maximum allowed width for wrapping, use that.
+		if maxWidth > t.mW {
+			maxWidth = t.mW
+		}
 
-	for _, line := range raw {
-		if w := DisplayWidth(line); w > max {
-			max = w
+		// In the process of doing so, we need to recompute maxWidth. This
+		// is because perhaps a word in the cell is longer than the
+		// allowed maximum width in t.mW.
+		newMaxWidth := maxWidth
+		newRaw := make([]string, 0, len(raw))
+
+		if t.reflowText {
+			// Make a single paragraph of everything.
+			raw = []string{strings.Join(raw, " ")}
+		}
+		for i, para := range raw {
+			paraLines, _ := WrapString(para, maxWidth)
+			for _, line := range paraLines {
+				if w := DisplayWidth(line); w > newMaxWidth {
+					newMaxWidth = w
+				}
+			}
+			if i > 0 {
+				newRaw = append(newRaw, " ")
+			}
+			newRaw = append(newRaw, paraLines...)
 		}
+		raw = newRaw
+		maxWidth = newMaxWidth
 	}
 
-	// Make sure the with is the same length as maximum word
-	// Important for cases where the width is smaller than maxu word
-	if max > t.cs[colKey] {
-		t.cs[colKey] = max
+	// Store the new known maximum width.
+	v, ok := t.cs[colKey]
+	if !ok || v < maxWidth || v == 0 {
+		t.cs[colKey] = maxWidth
 	}
 
+	// Remember the number of lines for the row printer.
 	h := len(raw)
 	v, ok = t.rs[rowKey]
 
diff --git a/vendor/github.com/olekukonko/tablewriter/table_with_color.go b/vendor/github.com/olekukonko/tablewriter/table_with_color.go
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..5a4a53ec2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/vendor/github.com/olekukonko/tablewriter/table_with_color.go
@@ -0,0 +1,134 @@
+package tablewriter
+
+import (
+	"fmt"
+	"strconv"
+	"strings"
+)
+
+const ESC = "\033"
+const SEP = ";"
+
+const (
+	BgBlackColor int = iota + 40
+	BgRedColor
+	BgGreenColor
+	BgYellowColor
+	BgBlueColor
+	BgMagentaColor
+	BgCyanColor
+	BgWhiteColor
+)
+
+const (
+	FgBlackColor int = iota + 30
+	FgRedColor
+	FgGreenColor
+	FgYellowColor
+	FgBlueColor
+	FgMagentaColor
+	FgCyanColor
+	FgWhiteColor
+)
+
+const (
+	BgHiBlackColor int = iota + 100
+	BgHiRedColor
+	BgHiGreenColor
+	BgHiYellowColor
+	BgHiBlueColor
+	BgHiMagentaColor
+	BgHiCyanColor
+	BgHiWhiteColor
+)
+
+const (
+	FgHiBlackColor int = iota + 90
+	FgHiRedColor
+	FgHiGreenColor
+	FgHiYellowColor
+	FgHiBlueColor
+	FgHiMagentaColor
+	FgHiCyanColor
+	FgHiWhiteColor
+)
+
+const (
+	Normal          = 0
+	Bold            = 1
+	UnderlineSingle = 4
+	Italic
+)
+
+type Colors []int
+
+func startFormat(seq string) string {
+	return fmt.Sprintf("%s[%sm", ESC, seq)
+}
+
+func stopFormat() string {
+	return fmt.Sprintf("%s[%dm", ESC, Normal)
+}
+
+// Making the SGR (Select Graphic Rendition) sequence.
+func makeSequence(codes []int) string {
+	codesInString := []string{}
+	for _, code := range codes {
+		codesInString = append(codesInString, strconv.Itoa(code))
+	}
+	return strings.Join(codesInString, SEP)
+}
+
+// Adding ANSI escape  sequences before and after string
+func format(s string, codes interface{}) string {
+	var seq string
+
+	switch v := codes.(type) {
+
+	case string:
+		seq = v
+	case []int:
+		seq = makeSequence(v)
+	default:
+		return s
+	}
+
+	if len(seq) == 0 {
+		return s
+	}
+	return startFormat(seq) + s + stopFormat()
+}
+
+// Adding header colors (ANSI codes)
+func (t *Table) SetHeaderColor(colors ...Colors) {
+	if t.colSize != len(colors) {
+		panic("Number of header colors must be equal to number of headers.")
+	}
+	for i := 0; i < len(colors); i++ {
+		t.headerParams = append(t.headerParams, makeSequence(colors[i]))
+	}
+}
+
+// Adding column colors (ANSI codes)
+func (t *Table) SetColumnColor(colors ...Colors) {
+	if t.colSize != len(colors) {
+		panic("Number of column colors must be equal to number of headers.")
+	}
+	for i := 0; i < len(colors); i++ {
+		t.columnsParams = append(t.columnsParams, makeSequence(colors[i]))
+	}
+}
+
+// Adding column colors (ANSI codes)
+func (t *Table) SetFooterColor(colors ...Colors) {
+	if len(t.footers) != len(colors) {
+		panic("Number of footer colors must be equal to number of footer.")
+	}
+	for i := 0; i < len(colors); i++ {
+		t.footerParams = append(t.footerParams, makeSequence(colors[i]))
+	}
+}
+
+func Color(colors ...int) []int {
+	return colors
+}
diff --git a/vendor/github.com/olekukonko/tablewriter/test.csv b/vendor/github.com/olekukonko/tablewriter/test.csv
deleted file mode 100644
index 1609327e9..000000000
--- a/vendor/github.com/olekukonko/tablewriter/test.csv
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,4 +0,0 @@
-first_name,last_name,ssn
-John,Barry,123456
-Kathy,Smith,687987
-Bob,McCornick,3979870
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/vendor/github.com/olekukonko/tablewriter/test_info.csv b/vendor/github.com/olekukonko/tablewriter/test_info.csv
deleted file mode 100644
index e4c40e983..000000000
--- a/vendor/github.com/olekukonko/tablewriter/test_info.csv
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,4 +0,0 @@
-Field,Type,Null,Key,Default,Extra
-user_id,smallint(5),NO,PRI,NULL,auto_increment
-username,varchar(10),NO,,NULL, 
-password,varchar(100),NO,,NULL, 
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/vendor/github.com/olekukonko/tablewriter/util.go b/vendor/github.com/olekukonko/tablewriter/util.go
index 2deefbc52..380e7ab35 100644
--- a/vendor/github.com/olekukonko/tablewriter/util.go
+++ b/vendor/github.com/olekukonko/tablewriter/util.go
@@ -30,17 +30,38 @@ func ConditionString(cond bool, valid, inValid string) string {
 	return inValid
 }
 
+func isNumOrSpace(r rune) bool {
+	return ('0' <= r && r <= '9') || r == ' '
+}
+
 // Format Table Header
 // Replace _ , . and spaces
 func Title(name string) string {
-	name = strings.Replace(name, "_", " ", -1)
-	name = strings.Replace(name, ".", " ", -1)
+	origLen := len(name)
+	rs := []rune(name)
+	for i, r := range rs {
+		switch r {
+		case '_':
+			rs[i] = ' '
+		case '.':
+			// ignore floating number 0.0
+			if (i != 0 && !isNumOrSpace(rs[i-1])) || (i != len(rs)-1 && !isNumOrSpace(rs[i+1])) {
+				rs[i] = ' '
+			}
+		}
+	}
+	name = string(rs)
 	name = strings.TrimSpace(name)
+	if len(name) == 0 && origLen > 0 {
+		// Keep at least one character. This is important to preserve
+		// empty lines in multi-line headers/footers.
+		name = " "
+	}
 	return strings.ToUpper(name)
 }
 
 // Pad String
-// Attempts to play string in the center
+// Attempts to place string in the center
 func Pad(s, pad string, width int) string {
 	gap := width - DisplayWidth(s)
 	if gap > 0 {
@@ -52,7 +73,7 @@ func Pad(s, pad string, width int) string {
 }
 
 // Pad String Right position
-// This would pace string at the left side fo the screen
+// This would place string at the left side of the screen
 func PadRight(s, pad string, width int) string {
 	gap := width - DisplayWidth(s)
 	if gap > 0 {
@@ -62,7 +83,7 @@ func PadRight(s, pad string, width int) string {
 }
 
 // Pad String Left position
-// This would pace string at the right side fo the screen
+// This would place string at the right side of the screen
 func PadLeft(s, pad string, width int) string {
 	gap := width - DisplayWidth(s)
 	if gap > 0 {
diff --git a/vendor/github.com/olekukonko/tablewriter/wrap.go b/vendor/github.com/olekukonko/tablewriter/wrap.go
index 5290fb65a..a092ee1f7 100644
--- a/vendor/github.com/olekukonko/tablewriter/wrap.go
+++ b/vendor/github.com/olekukonko/tablewriter/wrap.go
@@ -10,7 +10,8 @@ package tablewriter
 import (
 	"math"
 	"strings"
-	"unicode/utf8"
+
+	"github.com/mattn/go-runewidth"
 )
 
 var (
@@ -27,7 +28,7 @@ func WrapString(s string, lim int) ([]string, int) {
 	var lines []string
 	max := 0
 	for _, v := range words {
-		max = len(v)
+		max = runewidth.StringWidth(v)
 		if max > lim {
 			lim = max
 		}
@@ -55,9 +56,9 @@ func WrapWords(words []string, spc, lim, pen int) [][]string {
 	length := make([][]int, n)
 	for i := 0; i < n; i++ {
 		length[i] = make([]int, n)
-		length[i][i] = utf8.RuneCountInString(words[i])
+		length[i][i] = runewidth.StringWidth(words[i])
 		for j := i + 1; j < n; j++ {
-			length[i][j] = length[i][j-1] + spc + utf8.RuneCountInString(words[j])
+			length[i][j] = length[i][j-1] + spc + runewidth.StringWidth(words[j])
 		}
 	}
 	nbrk := make([]int, n)
@@ -94,10 +95,5 @@ func WrapWords(words []string, spc, lim, pen int) [][]string {
 
 // getLines decomposes a multiline string into a slice of strings.
 func getLines(s string) []string {
-	var lines []string
-
-	for _, line := range strings.Split(s, nl) {
-		lines = append(lines, line)
-	}
-	return lines
+	return strings.Split(s, nl)
 }
diff --git a/vendor/vendor.json b/vendor/vendor.json
index c760d2cb7..406c1c4c7 100644
--- a/vendor/vendor.json
+++ b/vendor/vendor.json
@@ -311,10 +311,10 @@
 			"revisionTime": "2017-04-03T15:03:10Z"
 		},
 		{
-			"checksumSHA1": "h+oCMj21PiQfIdBog0eyUtF1djs=",
+			"checksumSHA1": "HZJ2dhzXoMi8n+iY80A9vsnyQUk=",
 			"path": "github.com/olekukonko/tablewriter",
-			"revision": "febf2d34b54a69ce7530036c7503b1c9fbfdf0bb",
-			"revisionTime": "2017-01-28T05:05:32Z"
+			"revision": "7e037d187b0c13d81ccf0dd1c6b990c2759e6597",
+			"revisionTime": "2019-04-09T13:48:02Z"
 		},
 		{
 			"checksumSHA1": "a/DHmc9bdsYlZZcwp6i3xhvV7Pk=",