accounts, cmd, eth, internal, mobile, node: split account backends

47 files changed, 1068 insertions, 688 deletions

diff --git a/accounts/abi/bind/auth.go b/accounts/abi/bind/auth.go
index dbb235c14..e6bb0c3b5 100644
--- a/accounts/abi/bind/auth.go
+++ b/accounts/abi/bind/auth.go
@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ import (
 	"io"
 	"io/ioutil"
 
-	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/accounts"
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/accounts/keystore"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/common"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core/types"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/crypto"
@@ -35,7 +35,7 @@ func NewTransactor(keyin io.Reader, passphrase string) (*TransactOpts, error) {
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}
-	key, err := accounts.DecryptKey(json, passphrase)
+	key, err := keystore.DecryptKey(json, passphrase)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}
diff --git a/accounts/account_manager.go b/accounts/account_manager.go
deleted file mode 100644
index 01dd62e25..000000000
--- a/accounts/account_manager.go
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,350 +0,0 @@
-// Copyright 2015 The go-ethereum Authors
-// This file is part of the go-ethereum library.
-//
-// The go-ethereum library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
-// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
-// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
-// (at your option) any later version.
-//
-// The go-ethereum library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
-// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
-// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
-// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
-//
-// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
-// along with the go-ethereum library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
-
-// Package accounts implements encrypted storage of secp256k1 private keys.
-//
-// Keys are stored as encrypted JSON files according to the Web3 Secret Storage specification.
-// See https://github.com/ethereum/wiki/wiki/Web3-Secret-Storage-Definition for more information.
-package accounts
-
-import (
-	"crypto/ecdsa"
-	crand "crypto/rand"
-	"encoding/json"
-	"errors"
-	"fmt"
-	"os"
-	"path/filepath"
-	"runtime"
-	"sync"
-	"time"
-
-	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/common"
-	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/crypto"
-)
-
-var (
-	ErrLocked  = errors.New("account is locked")
-	ErrNoMatch = errors.New("no key for given address or file")
-	ErrDecrypt = errors.New("could not decrypt key with given passphrase")
-)
-
-// Account represents a stored key.
-// When used as an argument, it selects a unique key file to act on.
-type Account struct {
-	Address common.Address // Ethereum account address derived from the key
-
-	// File contains the key file name.
-	// When Acccount is used as an argument to select a key, File can be left blank to
-	// select just by address or set to the basename or absolute path of a file in the key
-	// directory. Accounts returned by Manager will always contain an absolute path.
-	File string
-}
-
-func (acc *Account) MarshalJSON() ([]byte, error) {
-	return []byte(`"` + acc.Address.Hex() + `"`), nil
-}
-
-func (acc *Account) UnmarshalJSON(raw []byte) error {
-	return json.Unmarshal(raw, &acc.Address)
-}
-
-// Manager manages a key storage directory on disk.
-type Manager struct {
-	cache    *addrCache
-	keyStore keyStore
-	mu       sync.RWMutex
-	unlocked map[common.Address]*unlocked
-}
-
-type unlocked struct {
-	*Key
-	abort chan struct{}
-}
-
-// NewManager creates a manager for the given directory.
-func NewManager(keydir string, scryptN, scryptP int) *Manager {
-	keydir, _ = filepath.Abs(keydir)
-	am := &Manager{keyStore: &keyStorePassphrase{keydir, scryptN, scryptP}}
-	am.init(keydir)
-	return am
-}
-
-// NewPlaintextManager creates a manager for the given directory.
-// Deprecated: Use NewManager.
-func NewPlaintextManager(keydir string) *Manager {
-	keydir, _ = filepath.Abs(keydir)
-	am := &Manager{keyStore: &keyStorePlain{keydir}}
-	am.init(keydir)
-	return am
-}
-
-func (am *Manager) init(keydir string) {
-	am.unlocked = make(map[common.Address]*unlocked)
-	am.cache = newAddrCache(keydir)
-	// TODO: In order for this finalizer to work, there must be no references
-	// to am. addrCache doesn't keep a reference but unlocked keys do,
-	// so the finalizer will not trigger until all timed unlocks have expired.
-	runtime.SetFinalizer(am, func(m *Manager) {
-		m.cache.close()
-	})
-}
-
-// HasAddress reports whether a key with the given address is present.
-func (am *Manager) HasAddress(addr common.Address) bool {
-	return am.cache.hasAddress(addr)
-}
-
-// Accounts returns all key files present in the directory.
-func (am *Manager) Accounts() []Account {
-	return am.cache.accounts()
-}
-
-// Delete deletes the key matched by account if the passphrase is correct.
-// If the account contains no filename, the address must match a unique key.
-func (am *Manager) Delete(a Account, passphrase string) error {
-	// Decrypting the key isn't really necessary, but we do
-	// it anyway to check the password and zero out the key
-	// immediately afterwards.
-	a, key, err := am.getDecryptedKey(a, passphrase)
-	if key != nil {
-		zeroKey(key.PrivateKey)
-	}
-	if err != nil {
-		return err
-	}
-	// The order is crucial here. The key is dropped from the
-	// cache after the file is gone so that a reload happening in
-	// between won't insert it into the cache again.
-	err = os.Remove(a.File)
-	if err == nil {
-		am.cache.delete(a)
-	}
-	return err
-}
-
-// Sign calculates a ECDSA signature for the given hash. The produced signature
-// is in the [R || S || V] format where V is 0 or 1.
-func (am *Manager) Sign(addr common.Address, hash []byte) ([]byte, error) {
-	am.mu.RLock()
-	defer am.mu.RUnlock()
-
-	unlockedKey, found := am.unlocked[addr]
-	if !found {
-		return nil, ErrLocked
-	}
-	return crypto.Sign(hash, unlockedKey.PrivateKey)
-}
-
-// SignWithPassphrase signs hash if the private key matching the given address
-// can be decrypted with the given passphrase. The produced signature is in the
-// [R || S || V] format where V is 0 or 1.
-func (am *Manager) SignWithPassphrase(a Account, passphrase string, hash []byte) (signature []byte, err error) {
-	_, key, err := am.getDecryptedKey(a, passphrase)
-	if err != nil {
-		return nil, err
-	}
-	defer zeroKey(key.PrivateKey)
-	return crypto.Sign(hash, key.PrivateKey)
-}
-
-// Unlock unlocks the given account indefinitely.
-func (am *Manager) Unlock(a Account, passphrase string) error {
-	return am.TimedUnlock(a, passphrase, 0)
-}
-
-// Lock removes the private key with the given address from memory.
-func (am *Manager) Lock(addr common.Address) error {
-	am.mu.Lock()
-	if unl, found := am.unlocked[addr]; found {
-		am.mu.Unlock()
-		am.expire(addr, unl, time.Duration(0)*time.Nanosecond)
-	} else {
-		am.mu.Unlock()
-	}
-	return nil
-}
-
-// TimedUnlock unlocks the given account with the passphrase. The account
-// stays unlocked for the duration of timeout. A timeout of 0 unlocks the account
-// until the program exits. The account must match a unique key file.
-//
-// If the account address is already unlocked for a duration, TimedUnlock extends or
-// shortens the active unlock timeout. If the address was previously unlocked
-// indefinitely the timeout is not altered.
-func (am *Manager) TimedUnlock(a Account, passphrase string, timeout time.Duration) error {
-	a, key, err := am.getDecryptedKey(a, passphrase)
-	if err != nil {
-		return err
-	}
-
-	am.mu.Lock()
-	defer am.mu.Unlock()
-	u, found := am.unlocked[a.Address]
-	if found {
-		if u.abort == nil {
-			// The address was unlocked indefinitely, so unlocking
-			// it with a timeout would be confusing.
-			zeroKey(key.PrivateKey)
-			return nil
-		} else {
-			// Terminate the expire goroutine and replace it below.
-			close(u.abort)
-		}
-	}
-	if timeout > 0 {
-		u = &unlocked{Key: key, abort: make(chan struct{})}
-		go am.expire(a.Address, u, timeout)
-	} else {
-		u = &unlocked{Key: key}
-	}
-	am.unlocked[a.Address] = u
-	return nil
-}
-
-// Find resolves the given account into a unique entry in the keystore.
-func (am *Manager) Find(a Account) (Account, error) {
-	am.cache.maybeReload()
-	am.cache.mu.Lock()
-	a, err := am.cache.find(a)
-	am.cache.mu.Unlock()
-	return a, err
-}
-
-func (am *Manager) getDecryptedKey(a Account, auth string) (Account, *Key, error) {
-	a, err := am.Find(a)
-	if err != nil {
-		return a, nil, err
-	}
-	key, err := am.keyStore.GetKey(a.Address, a.File, auth)
-	return a, key, err
-}
-
-func (am *Manager) expire(addr common.Address, u *unlocked, timeout time.Duration) {
-	t := time.NewTimer(timeout)
-	defer t.Stop()
-	select {
-	case <-u.abort:
-		// just quit
-	case <-t.C:
-		am.mu.Lock()
-		// only drop if it's still the same key instance that dropLater
-		// was launched with. we can check that using pointer equality
-		// because the map stores a new pointer every time the key is
-		// unlocked.
-		if am.unlocked[addr] == u {
-			zeroKey(u.PrivateKey)
-			delete(am.unlocked, addr)
-		}
-		am.mu.Unlock()
-	}
-}
-
-// NewAccount generates a new key and stores it into the key directory,
-// encrypting it with the passphrase.
-func (am *Manager) NewAccount(passphrase string) (Account, error) {
-	_, account, err := storeNewKey(am.keyStore, crand.Reader, passphrase)
-	if err != nil {
-		return Account{}, err
-	}
-	// Add the account to the cache immediately rather
-	// than waiting for file system notifications to pick it up.
-	am.cache.add(account)
-	return account, nil
-}
-
-// AccountByIndex returns the ith account.
-func (am *Manager) AccountByIndex(i int) (Account, error) {
-	accounts := am.Accounts()
-	if i < 0 || i >= len(accounts) {
-		return Account{}, fmt.Errorf("account index %d out of range [0, %d]", i, len(accounts)-1)
-	}
-	return accounts[i], nil
-}
-
-// Export exports as a JSON key, encrypted with newPassphrase.
-func (am *Manager) Export(a Account, passphrase, newPassphrase string) (keyJSON []byte, err error) {
-	_, key, err := am.getDecryptedKey(a, passphrase)
-	if err != nil {
-		return nil, err
-	}
-	var N, P int
-	if store, ok := am.keyStore.(*keyStorePassphrase); ok {
-		N, P = store.scryptN, store.scryptP
-	} else {
-		N, P = StandardScryptN, StandardScryptP
-	}
-	return EncryptKey(key, newPassphrase, N, P)
-}
-
-// Import stores the given encrypted JSON key into the key directory.
-func (am *Manager) Import(keyJSON []byte, passphrase, newPassphrase string) (Account, error) {
-	key, err := DecryptKey(keyJSON, passphrase)
-	if key != nil && key.PrivateKey != nil {
-		defer zeroKey(key.PrivateKey)
-	}
-	if err != nil {
-		return Account{}, err
-	}
-	return am.importKey(key, newPassphrase)
-}
-
-// ImportECDSA stores the given key into the key directory, encrypting it with the passphrase.
-func (am *Manager) ImportECDSA(priv *ecdsa.PrivateKey, passphrase string) (Account, error) {
-	key := newKeyFromECDSA(priv)
-	if am.cache.hasAddress(key.Address) {
-		return Account{}, fmt.Errorf("account already exists")
-	}
-
-	return am.importKey(key, passphrase)
-}
-
-func (am *Manager) importKey(key *Key, passphrase string) (Account, error) {
-	a := Account{Address: key.Address, File: am.keyStore.JoinPath(keyFileName(key.Address))}
-	if err := am.keyStore.StoreKey(a.File, key, passphrase); err != nil {
-		return Account{}, err
-	}
-	am.cache.add(a)
-	return a, nil
-}
-
-// Update changes the passphrase of an existing account.
-func (am *Manager) Update(a Account, passphrase, newPassphrase string) error {
-	a, key, err := am.getDecryptedKey(a, passphrase)
-	if err != nil {
-		return err
-	}
-	return am.keyStore.StoreKey(a.File, key, newPassphrase)
-}
-
-// ImportPreSaleKey decrypts the given Ethereum presale wallet and stores
-// a key file in the key directory. The key file is encrypted with the same passphrase.
-func (am *Manager) ImportPreSaleKey(keyJSON []byte, passphrase string) (Account, error) {
-	a, _, err := importPreSaleKey(am.keyStore, keyJSON, passphrase)
-	if err != nil {
-		return a, err
-	}
-	am.cache.add(a)
-	return a, nil
-}
-
-// zeroKey zeroes a private key in memory.
-func zeroKey(k *ecdsa.PrivateKey) {
-	b := k.D.Bits()
-	for i := range b {
-		b[i] = 0
-	}
-}
diff --git a/accounts/accounts.go b/accounts/accounts.go
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..234b6e456
--- /dev/null
+++ b/accounts/accounts.go
@@ -0,0 +1,179 @@
+// Copyright 2017 The go-ethereum Authors
+// This file is part of the go-ethereum library.
+//
+// The go-ethereum library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The go-ethereum library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the go-ethereum library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+// Package accounts implements high level Ethereum account management.
+package accounts
+
+import (
+	"encoding/json"
+	"errors"
+	"math/big"
+	"reflect"
+	"sync"
+
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/common"
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core/types"
+)
+
+// ErrUnknownAccount is returned for any requested operation for which no backend
+// provides the specified account.
+var ErrUnknownAccount = errors.New("unknown account")
+
+// ErrNotSupported is returned when an operation is requested from an account
+// backend that it does not support.
+var ErrNotSupported = errors.New("not supported")
+
+// Account represents a stored key.
+// When used as an argument, it selects a unique key to act on.
+type Account struct {
+	Address common.Address // Ethereum account address derived from the key
+	URL     string         // Optional resource locator within a backend
+	backend Backend        // Backend where this account originates from
+}
+
+func (acc *Account) MarshalJSON() ([]byte, error) {
+	return []byte(`"` + acc.Address.Hex() + `"`), nil
+}
+
+func (acc *Account) UnmarshalJSON(raw []byte) error {
+	return json.Unmarshal(raw, &acc.Address)
+}
+
+// Manager is an overarching account manager that can communicate with various
+// backends for signing transactions.
+type Manager struct {
+	backends []Backend                // List of currently registered backends (ordered by registration)
+	index    map[reflect.Type]Backend // Set of currently registered backends
+	lock     sync.RWMutex
+}
+
+// NewManager creates a generic account manager to sign transaction via various
+// supported backends.
+func NewManager(backends ...Backend) *Manager {
+	am := &Manager{
+		backends: backends,
+		index:    make(map[reflect.Type]Backend),
+	}
+	for _, backend := range backends {
+		am.index[reflect.TypeOf(backend)] = backend
+	}
+	return am
+}
+
+// Backend retrieves the backend with the given type from the account manager.
+func (am *Manager) Backend(backend reflect.Type) Backend {
+	return am.index[backend]
+}
+
+// Accounts returns all signer accounts registered under this account manager.
+func (am *Manager) Accounts() []Account {
+	am.lock.RLock()
+	defer am.lock.RUnlock()
+
+	var all []Account
+	for _, backend := range am.backends { // TODO(karalabe): cache these after subscriptions are in
+		accounts := backend.Accounts()
+		for i := 0; i < len(accounts); i++ {
+			accounts[i].backend = backend
+		}
+		all = append(all, accounts...)
+	}
+	return all
+}
+
+// HasAddress reports whether a key with the given address is present.
+func (am *Manager) HasAddress(addr common.Address) bool {
+	am.lock.RLock()
+	defer am.lock.RUnlock()
+
+	for _, backend := range am.backends {
+		if backend.HasAddress(addr) {
+			return true
+		}
+	}
+	return false
+}
+
+// SignHash requests the account manager to get the hash signed with an arbitrary
+// signing backend holding the authorization for the specified account.
+func (am *Manager) SignHash(acc Account, hash []byte) ([]byte, error) {
+	am.lock.RLock()
+	defer am.lock.RUnlock()
+
+	if err := am.ensureBackend(&acc); err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	return acc.backend.SignHash(acc, hash)
+}
+
+// SignTx requests the account manager to get the transaction signed with an
+// arbitrary signing backend holding the authorization for the specified account.
+func (am *Manager) SignTx(acc Account, tx *types.Transaction, chainID *big.Int) (*types.Transaction, error) {
+	am.lock.RLock()
+	defer am.lock.RUnlock()
+
+	if err := am.ensureBackend(&acc); err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	return acc.backend.SignTx(acc, tx, chainID)
+}
+
+// SignHashWithPassphrase requests the account manager to get the hash signed with
+// an arbitrary signing backend holding the authorization for the specified account.
+func (am *Manager) SignHashWithPassphrase(acc Account, passphrase string, hash []byte) ([]byte, error) {
+	am.lock.RLock()
+	defer am.lock.RUnlock()
+
+	if err := am.ensureBackend(&acc); err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	return acc.backend.SignHashWithPassphrase(acc, passphrase, hash)
+}
+
+// SignTxWithPassphrase requests the account manager to get the transaction signed
+// with an arbitrary signing backend holding the authorization for the specified
+// account.
+func (am *Manager) SignTxWithPassphrase(acc Account, passphrase string, tx *types.Transaction, chainID *big.Int) (*types.Transaction, error) {
+	am.lock.RLock()
+	defer am.lock.RUnlock()
+
+	if err := am.ensureBackend(&acc); err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	return acc.backend.SignTxWithPassphrase(acc, passphrase, tx, chainID)
+}
+
+// ensureBackend ensures that the account has a correctly set backend and that
+// it is still alive.
+//
+// Please note, this method assumes the manager lock is held!
+func (am *Manager) ensureBackend(acc *Account) error {
+	// If we have a backend, make sure it's still live
+	if acc.backend != nil {
+		if _, exists := am.index[reflect.TypeOf(acc.backend)]; !exists {
+			return ErrUnknownAccount
+		}
+		return nil
+	}
+	// If we don't have a known backend, look up one that can service it
+	for _, backend := range am.backends {
+		if backend.HasAddress(acc.Address) { // TODO(karalabe): this assumes unique addresses per backend
+			acc.backend = backend
+			return nil
+		}
+	}
+	return ErrUnknownAccount
+}
diff --git a/accounts/backend.go b/accounts/backend.go
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..5f7ac0717
--- /dev/null
+++ b/accounts/backend.go
@@ -0,0 +1,88 @@
+// Copyright 2017 The go-ethereum Authors
+// This file is part of the go-ethereum library.
+//
+// The go-ethereum library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The go-ethereum library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the go-ethereum library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+package accounts
+
+import (
+	"math/big"
+
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/common"
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core/types"
+)
+
+// Backend is an "account provider" that can specify a batch of accounts it can
+// sign transactions with and upon request, do so.
+type Backend interface {
+	// Accounts retrieves the list of signing accounts the backend is currently aware of.
+	Accounts() []Account
+
+	// HasAddress reports whether an account with the given address is present.
+	HasAddress(addr common.Address) bool
+
+	// SignHash requests the backend to sign the given hash.
+	//
+	// It looks up the account specified either solely via its address contained within,
+	// or optionally with the aid of any location metadata from the embedded URL field.
+	//
+	// If the backend requires additional authentication to sign the request (e.g.
+	// a password to decrypt the account, or a PIN code o verify the transaction),
+	// an AuthNeededError instance will be returned, containing infos for the user
+	// about which fields or actions are needed. The user may retry by providing
+	// the needed details via SignHashWithPassphrase, or by other means (e.g. unlock
+	// the account in a keystore).
+	SignHash(acc Account, hash []byte) ([]byte, error)
+
+	// SignTx requests the backend to sign the given transaction.
+	//
+	// It looks up the account specified either solely via its address contained within,
+	// or optionally with the aid of any location metadata from the embedded URL field.
+	//
+	// If the backend requires additional authentication to sign the request (e.g.
+	// a password to decrypt the account, or a PIN code o verify the transaction),
+	// an AuthNeededError instance will be returned, containing infos for the user
+	// about which fields or actions are needed. The user may retry by providing
+	// the needed details via SignTxWithPassphrase, or by other means (e.g. unlock
+	// the account in a keystore).
+	SignTx(acc Account, tx *types.Transaction, chainID *big.Int) (*types.Transaction, error)
+
+	// SignHashWithPassphrase requests the backend to sign the given transaction with
+	// the given passphrase as extra authentication information.
+	//
+	// It looks up the account specified either solely via its address contained within,
+	// or optionally with the aid of any location metadata from the embedded URL field.
+	SignHashWithPassphrase(acc Account, passphrase string, hash []byte) ([]byte, error)
+
+	// SignTxWithPassphrase requests the backend to sign the given transaction, with the
+	// given passphrase as extra authentication information.
+	//
+	// It looks up the account specified either solely via its address contained within,
+	// or optionally with the aid of any location metadata from the embedded URL field.
+	SignTxWithPassphrase(acc Account, passphrase string, tx *types.Transaction, chainID *big.Int) (*types.Transaction, error)
+
+	// TODO(karalabe,fjl): watching and caching needs the Go subscription system
+	// Watch requests the backend to send a notification to the specified channel whenever
+	// an new account appears or an existing one disappears.
+	//Watch(chan AccountEvent) error
+
+	// Unwatch requests the backend stop sending notifications to the given channel.
+	//Unwatch(chan AccountEvent) error
+}
+
+// TODO(karalabe,fjl): watching and caching needs the Go subscription system
+// type AccountEvent struct {
+// 	Account Account
+// 	Added   bool
+// }
diff --git a/accounts/errors.go b/accounts/errors.go
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..d6f578b52
--- /dev/null
+++ b/accounts/errors.go
@@ -0,0 +1,41 @@
+// Copyright 2017 The go-ethereum Authors
+// This file is part of the go-ethereum library.
+//
+// The go-ethereum library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The go-ethereum library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the go-ethereum library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+package accounts
+
+import "fmt"
+
+// AuthNeededError is returned by backends for signing requests where the user
+// is required to provide further authentication before signing can succeed.
+//
+// This usually means either that a password needs to be supplied, or perhaps a
+// one time PIN code displayed by some hardware device.
+type AuthNeededError struct {
+	Needed string // Extra authentication the user needs to provide
+}
+
+// NewAuthNeededError creates a new authentication error with the extra details
+// about the needed fields set.
+func NewAuthNeededError(needed string) error {
+	return &AuthNeededError{
+		Needed: needed,
+	}
+}
+
+// Error implements the standard error interfacel.
+func (err *AuthNeededError) Error() string {
+	return fmt.Sprintf("authentication needed: %s", err.Needed)
+}
diff --git a/accounts/addrcache.go b/accounts/keystore/address_cache.go
index a99f23606..eb3e3263b 100644
--- a/accounts/addrcache.go
+++ b/accounts/keystore/address_cache.go
@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@
 // You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
 // along with the go-ethereum library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
 
-package accounts
+package keystore
 
 import (
 	"bufio"
@@ -28,6 +28,7 @@ import (
 	"sync"
 	"time"
 
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/accounts"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/common"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/logger"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/logger/glog"
@@ -38,23 +39,23 @@ import (
 // exist yet, the code will attempt to create a watcher at most this often.
 const minReloadInterval = 2 * time.Second
 
-type accountsByFile []Account
+type accountsByFile []accounts.Account
 
 func (s accountsByFile) Len() int           { return len(s) }
-func (s accountsByFile) Less(i, j int) bool { return s[i].File < s[j].File }
+func (s accountsByFile) Less(i, j int) bool { return s[i].URL < s[j].URL }
 func (s accountsByFile) Swap(i, j int)      { s[i], s[j] = s[j], s[i] }
 
 // AmbiguousAddrError is returned when attempting to unlock
 // an address for which more than one file exists.
 type AmbiguousAddrError struct {
 	Addr    common.Address
-	Matches []Account
+	Matches []accounts.Account
 }
 
 func (err *AmbiguousAddrError) Error() string {
 	files := ""
 	for i, a := range err.Matches {
-		files += a.File
+		files += a.URL
 		if i < len(err.Matches)-1 {
 			files += ", "
 		}
@@ -62,58 +63,58 @@ func (err *AmbiguousAddrError) Error() string {
 	return fmt.Sprintf("multiple keys match address (%s)", files)
 }
 
-// addrCache is a live index of all accounts in the keystore.
-type addrCache struct {
+// addressCache is a live index of all accounts in the keystore.
+type addressCache struct {
 	keydir   string
 	watcher  *watcher
 	mu       sync.Mutex
 	all      accountsByFile
-	byAddr   map[common.Address][]Account
+	byAddr   map[common.Address][]accounts.Account
 	throttle *time.Timer
 }
 
-func newAddrCache(keydir string) *addrCache {
-	ac := &addrCache{
+func newAddrCache(keydir string) *addressCache {
+	ac := &addressCache{
 		keydir: keydir,
-		byAddr: make(map[common.Address][]Account),
+		byAddr: make(map[common.Address][]accounts.Account),
 	}
 	ac.watcher = newWatcher(ac)
 	return ac
 }
 
-func (ac *addrCache) accounts() []Account {
+func (ac *addressCache) accounts() []accounts.Account {
 	ac.maybeReload()
 	ac.mu.Lock()
 	defer ac.mu.Unlock()
-	cpy := make([]Account, len(ac.all))
+	cpy := make([]accounts.Account, len(ac.all))
 	copy(cpy, ac.all)
 	return cpy
 }
 
-func (ac *addrCache) hasAddress(addr common.Address) bool {
+func (ac *addressCache) hasAddress(addr common.Address) bool {
 	ac.maybeReload()
 	ac.mu.Lock()
 	defer ac.mu.Unlock()
 	return len(ac.byAddr[addr]) > 0
 }
 
-func (ac *addrCache) add(newAccount Account) {
+func (ac *addressCache) add(newAccount accounts.Account) {
 	ac.mu.Lock()
 	defer ac.mu.Unlock()
 
-	i := sort.Search(len(ac.all), func(i int) bool { return ac.all[i].File >= newAccount.File })
+	i := sort.Search(len(ac.all), func(i int) bool { return ac.all[i].URL >= newAccount.URL })
 	if i < len(ac.all) && ac.all[i] == newAccount {
 		return
 	}
 	// newAccount is not in the cache.
-	ac.all = append(ac.all, Account{})
+	ac.all = append(ac.all, accounts.Account{})
 	copy(ac.all[i+1:], ac.all[i:])
 	ac.all[i] = newAccount
 	ac.byAddr[newAccount.Address] = append(ac.byAddr[newAccount.Address], newAccount)
 }
 
 // note: removed needs to be unique here (i.e. both File and Address must be set).
-func (ac *addrCache) delete(removed Account) {
+func (ac *addressCache) delete(removed accounts.Account) {
 	ac.mu.Lock()
 	defer ac.mu.Unlock()
 	ac.all = removeAccount(ac.all, removed)
@@ -124,7 +125,7 @@ func (ac *addrCache) delete(removed Account) {
 	}
 }
 
-func removeAccount(slice []Account, elem Account) []Account {
+func removeAccount(slice []accounts.Account, elem accounts.Account) []accounts.Account {
 	for i := range slice {
 		if slice[i] == elem {
 			return append(slice[:i], slice[i+1:]...)
@@ -134,41 +135,41 @@ func removeAccount(slice []Account, elem Account) []Account {
 }
 
 // find returns the cached account for address if there is a unique match.
-// The exact matching rules are explained by the documentation of Account.
+// The exact matching rules are explained by the documentation of accounts.Account.
 // Callers must hold ac.mu.
-func (ac *addrCache) find(a Account) (Account, error) {
+func (ac *addressCache) find(a accounts.Account) (accounts.Account, error) {
 	// Limit search to address candidates if possible.
 	matches := ac.all
 	if (a.Address != common.Address{}) {
 		matches = ac.byAddr[a.Address]
 	}
-	if a.File != "" {
+	if a.URL != "" {
 		// If only the basename is specified, complete the path.
-		if !strings.ContainsRune(a.File, filepath.Separator) {
-			a.File = filepath.Join(ac.keydir, a.File)
+		if !strings.ContainsRune(a.URL, filepath.Separator) {
+			a.URL = filepath.Join(ac.keydir, a.URL)
 		}
 		for i := range matches {
-			if matches[i].File == a.File {
+			if matches[i].URL == a.URL {
 				return matches[i], nil
 			}
 		}
 		if (a.Address == common.Address{}) {
-			return Account{}, ErrNoMatch
+			return accounts.Account{}, ErrNoMatch
 		}
 	}
 	switch len(matches) {
 	case 1:
 		return matches[0], nil
 	case 0:
-		return Account{}, ErrNoMatch
+		return accounts.Account{}, ErrNoMatch
 	default:
-		err := &AmbiguousAddrError{Addr: a.Address, Matches: make([]Account, len(matches))}
+		err := &AmbiguousAddrError{Addr: a.Address, Matches: make([]accounts.Account, len(matches))}
 		copy(err.Matches, matches)
-		return Account{}, err
+		return accounts.Account{}, err
 	}
 }
 
-func (ac *addrCache) maybeReload() {
+func (ac *addressCache) maybeReload() {
 	ac.mu.Lock()
 	defer ac.mu.Unlock()
 	if ac.watcher.running {
@@ -188,7 +189,7 @@ func (ac *addrCache) maybeReload() {
 	ac.throttle.Reset(minReloadInterval)
 }
 
-func (ac *addrCache) close() {
+func (ac *addressCache) close() {
 	ac.mu.Lock()
 	ac.watcher.close()
 	if ac.throttle != nil {
@@ -199,7 +200,7 @@ func (ac *addrCache) close() {
 
 // reload caches addresses of existing accounts.
 // Callers must hold ac.mu.
-func (ac *addrCache) reload() {
+func (ac *addressCache) reload() {
 	accounts, err := ac.scan()
 	if err != nil && glog.V(logger.Debug) {
 		glog.Errorf("can't load keys: %v", err)
@@ -215,7 +216,7 @@ func (ac *addrCache) reload() {
 	glog.V(logger.Debug).Infof("reloaded keys, cache has %d accounts", len(ac.all))
 }
 
-func (ac *addrCache) scan() ([]Account, error) {
+func (ac *addressCache) scan() ([]accounts.Account, error) {
 	files, err := ioutil.ReadDir(ac.keydir)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, err
@@ -223,7 +224,7 @@ func (ac *addrCache) scan() ([]Account, error) {
 
 	var (
 		buf     = new(bufio.Reader)
-		addrs   []Account
+		addrs   []accounts.Account
 		keyJSON struct {
 			Address string `json:"address"`
 		}
@@ -250,7 +251,7 @@ func (ac *addrCache) scan() ([]Account, error) {
 		case (addr == common.Address{}):
 			glog.V(logger.Debug).Infof("can't decode key %s: missing or zero address", path)
 		default:
-			addrs = append(addrs, Account{Address: addr, File: path})
+			addrs = append(addrs, accounts.Account{Address: addr, URL: path})
 		}
 		fd.Close()
 	}
diff --git a/accounts/addrcache_test.go b/accounts/keystore/address_cache_test.go
index e5f08cffc..68af74338 100644
--- a/accounts/addrcache_test.go
+++ b/accounts/keystore/address_cache_test.go
@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@
 // You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
 // along with the go-ethereum library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
 
-package accounts
+package keystore
 
 import (
 	"fmt"
@@ -28,23 +28,24 @@ import (
 
 	"github.com/cespare/cp"
 	"github.com/davecgh/go-spew/spew"
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/accounts"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/common"
 )
 
 var (
 	cachetestDir, _   = filepath.Abs(filepath.Join("testdata", "keystore"))
-	cachetestAccounts = []Account{
+	cachetestAccounts = []accounts.Account{
 		{
 			Address: common.HexToAddress("7ef5a6135f1fd6a02593eedc869c6d41d934aef8"),
-			File:    filepath.Join(cachetestDir, "UTC--2016-03-22T12-57-55.920751759Z--7ef5a6135f1fd6a02593eedc869c6d41d934aef8"),
+			URL:     filepath.Join(cachetestDir, "UTC--2016-03-22T12-57-55.920751759Z--7ef5a6135f1fd6a02593eedc869c6d41d934aef8"),
 		},
 		{
 			Address: common.HexToAddress("f466859ead1932d743d622cb74fc058882e8648a"),
-			File:    filepath.Join(cachetestDir, "aaa"),
+			URL:     filepath.Join(cachetestDir, "aaa"),
 		},
 		{
 			Address: common.HexToAddress("289d485d9771714cce91d3393d764e1311907acc"),
-			File:    filepath.Join(cachetestDir, "zzz"),
+			URL:     filepath.Join(cachetestDir, "zzz"),
 		},
 	}
 )
@@ -52,7 +53,7 @@ var (
 func TestWatchNewFile(t *testing.T) {
 	t.Parallel()
 
-	dir, am := tmpManager(t, false)
+	dir, am := tmpKeyStore(t, false)
 	defer os.RemoveAll(dir)
 
 	// Ensure the watcher is started before adding any files.
@@ -60,18 +61,18 @@ func TestWatchNewFile(t *testing.T) {
 	time.Sleep(200 * time.Millisecond)
 
 	// Move in the files.
-	wantAccounts := make([]Account, len(cachetestAccounts))
+	wantAccounts := make([]accounts.Account, len(cachetestAccounts))
 	for i := range cachetestAccounts {
 		a := cachetestAccounts[i]
-		a.File = filepath.Join(dir, filepath.Base(a.File))
+		a.URL = filepath.Join(dir, filepath.Base(a.URL))
 		wantAccounts[i] = a
-		if err := cp.CopyFile(a.File, cachetestAccounts[i].File); err != nil {
+		if err := cp.CopyFile(a.URL, cachetestAccounts[i].URL); err != nil {
 			t.Fatal(err)
 		}
 	}
 
 	// am should see the accounts.
-	var list []Account
+	var list []accounts.Account
 	for d := 200 * time.Millisecond; d < 5*time.Second; d *= 2 {
 		list = am.Accounts()
 		if reflect.DeepEqual(list, wantAccounts) {
@@ -88,7 +89,7 @@ func TestWatchNoDir(t *testing.T) {
 	// Create am but not the directory that it watches.
 	rand.Seed(time.Now().UnixNano())
 	dir := filepath.Join(os.TempDir(), fmt.Sprintf("eth-keystore-watch-test-%d-%d", os.Getpid(), rand.Int()))
-	am := NewManager(dir, LightScryptN, LightScryptP)
+	am := NewKeyStore(dir, LightScryptN, LightScryptP)
 
 	list := am.Accounts()
 	if len(list) > 0 {
@@ -100,13 +101,13 @@ func TestWatchNoDir(t *testing.T) {
 	os.MkdirAll(dir, 0700)
 	defer os.RemoveAll(dir)
 	file := filepath.Join(dir, "aaa")
-	if err := cp.CopyFile(file, cachetestAccounts[0].File); err != nil {
+	if err := cp.CopyFile(file, cachetestAccounts[0].URL); err != nil {
 		t.Fatal(err)
 	}
 
 	// am should see the account.
-	wantAccounts := []Account{cachetestAccounts[0]}
-	wantAccounts[0].File = file
+	wantAccounts := []accounts.Account{cachetestAccounts[0]}
+	wantAccounts[0].URL = file
 	for d := 200 * time.Millisecond; d < 8*time.Second; d *= 2 {
 		list = am.Accounts()
 		if reflect.DeepEqual(list, wantAccounts) {
@@ -129,52 +130,52 @@ func TestCacheAddDeleteOrder(t *testing.T) {
 	cache := newAddrCache("testdata/no-such-dir")
 	cache.watcher.running = true // prevent unexpected reloads
 
-	accounts := []Account{
+	accs := []accounts.Account{
 		{
 			Address: common.HexToAddress("095e7baea6a6c7c4c2dfeb977efac326af552d87"),
-			File:    "-309830980",
+			URL:     "-309830980",
 		},
 		{
 			Address: common.HexToAddress("2cac1adea150210703ba75ed097ddfe24e14f213"),
-			File:    "ggg",
+			URL:     "ggg",
 		},
 		{
 			Address: common.HexToAddress("8bda78331c916a08481428e4b07c96d3e916d165"),
-			File:    "zzzzzz-the-very-last-one.keyXXX",
+			URL:     "zzzzzz-the-very-last-one.keyXXX",
 		},
 		{
 			Address: common.HexToAddress("d49ff4eeb0b2686ed89c0fc0f2b6ea533ddbbd5e"),
-			File:    "SOMETHING.key",
+			URL:     "SOMETHING.key",
 		},
 		{
 			Address: common.HexToAddress("7ef5a6135f1fd6a02593eedc869c6d41d934aef8"),
-			File:    "UTC--2016-03-22T12-57-55.920751759Z--7ef5a6135f1fd6a02593eedc869c6d41d934aef8",
+			URL:     "UTC--2016-03-22T12-57-55.920751759Z--7ef5a6135f1fd6a02593eedc869c6d41d934aef8",
 		},
 		{
 			Address: common.HexToAddress("f466859ead1932d743d622cb74fc058882e8648a"),
-			File:    "aaa",
+			URL:     "aaa",
 		},
 		{
 			Address: common.HexToAddress("289d485d9771714cce91d3393d764e1311907acc"),
-			File:    "zzz",
+			URL:     "zzz",
 		},
 	}
-	for _, a := range accounts {
+	for _, a := range accs {
 		cache.add(a)
 	}
 	// Add some of them twice to check that they don't get reinserted.
-	cache.add(accounts[0])
-	cache.add(accounts[2])
+	cache.add(accs[0])
+	cache.add(accs[2])
 
 	// Check that the account list is sorted by filename.
-	wantAccounts := make([]Account, len(accounts))
-	copy(wantAccounts, accounts)
+	wantAccounts := make([]accounts.Account, len(accs))
+	copy(wantAccounts, accs)
 	sort.Sort(accountsByFile(wantAccounts))
 	list := cache.accounts()
 	if !reflect.DeepEqual(list, wantAccounts) {
-		t.Fatalf("got accounts: %s\nwant %s", spew.Sdump(accounts), spew.Sdump(wantAccounts))
+		t.Fatalf("got accounts: %s\nwant %s", spew.Sdump(accs), spew.Sdump(wantAccounts))
 	}
-	for _, a := range accounts {
+	for _, a := range accs {
 		if !cache.hasAddress(a.Address) {
 			t.Errorf("expected hasAccount(%x) to return true", a.Address)
 		}
@@ -184,13 +185,13 @@ func TestCacheAddDeleteOrder(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 
 	// Delete a few keys from the cache.
-	for i := 0; i < len(accounts); i += 2 {
+	for i := 0; i < len(accs); i += 2 {
 		cache.delete(wantAccounts[i])
 	}
-	cache.delete(Account{Address: common.HexToAddress("fd9bd350f08ee3c0c19b85a8e16114a11a60aa4e"), File: "something"})
+	cache.delete(accounts.Account{Address: common.HexToAddress("fd9bd350f08ee3c0c19b85a8e16114a11a60aa4e"), URL: "something"})
 
 	// Check content again after deletion.
-	wantAccountsAfterDelete := []Account{
+	wantAccountsAfterDelete := []accounts.Account{
 		wantAccounts[1],
 		wantAccounts[3],
 		wantAccounts[5],
@@ -214,60 +215,60 @@ func TestCacheFind(t *testing.T) {
 	cache := newAddrCache(dir)
 	cache.watcher.running = true // prevent unexpected reloads
 
-	accounts := []Account{
+	accs := []accounts.Account{
 		{
 			Address: common.HexToAddress("095e7baea6a6c7c4c2dfeb977efac326af552d87"),
-			File:    filepath.Join(dir, "a.key"),
+			URL:     filepath.Join(dir, "a.key"),
 		},
 		{
 			Address: common.HexToAddress("2cac1adea150210703ba75ed097ddfe24e14f213"),
-			File:    filepath.Join(dir, "b.key"),
+			URL:     filepath.Join(dir, "b.key"),
 		},
 		{
 			Address: common.HexToAddress("d49ff4eeb0b2686ed89c0fc0f2b6ea533ddbbd5e"),
-			File:    filepath.Join(dir, "c.key"),
+			URL:     filepath.Join(dir, "c.key"),
 		},
 		{
 			Address: common.HexToAddress("d49ff4eeb0b2686ed89c0fc0f2b6ea533ddbbd5e"),
-			File:    filepath.Join(dir, "c2.key"),
+			URL:     filepath.Join(dir, "c2.key"),
 		},
 	}
-	for _, a := range accounts {
+	for _, a := range accs {
 		cache.add(a)
 	}
 
-	nomatchAccount := Account{
+	nomatchAccount := accounts.Account{
 		Address: common.HexToAddress("f466859ead1932d743d622cb74fc058882e8648a"),
-		File:    filepath.Join(dir, "something"),
+		URL:     filepath.Join(dir, "something"),
 	}
 	tests := []struct {
-		Query      Account
-		WantResult Account
+		Query      accounts.Account
+		WantResult accounts.Account
 		WantError  error
 	}{
 		// by address
-		{Query: Account{Address: accounts[0].Address}, WantResult: accounts[0]},
+		{Query: accounts.Account{Address: accs[0].Address}, WantResult: accs[0]},
 		// by file
-		{Query: Account{File: accounts[0].File}, WantResult: accounts[0]},
+		{Query: accounts.Account{URL: accs[0].URL}, WantResult: accs[0]},
 		// by basename
-		{Query: Account{File: filepath.Base(accounts[0].File)}, WantResult: accounts[0]},
+		{Query: accounts.Account{URL: filepath.Base(accs[0].URL)}, WantResult: accs[0]},
 		// by file and address
-		{Query: accounts[0], WantResult: accounts[0]},
+		{Query: accs[0], WantResult: accs[0]},
 		// ambiguous address, tie resolved by file
-		{Query: accounts[2], WantResult: accounts[2]},
+		{Query: accs[2], WantResult: accs[2]},
 		// ambiguous address error
 		{
-			Query: Account{Address: accounts[2].Address},
+			Query: accounts.Account{Address: accs[2].Address},
 			WantError: &AmbiguousAddrError{
-				Addr:    accounts[2].Address,
-				Matches: []Account{accounts[2], accounts[3]},
+				Addr:    accs[2].Address,
+				Matches: []accounts.Account{accs[2], accs[3]},
 			},
 		},
 		// no match error
 		{Query: nomatchAccount, WantError: ErrNoMatch},
-		{Query: Account{File: nomatchAccount.File}, WantError: ErrNoMatch},
-		{Query: Account{File: filepath.Base(nomatchAccount.File)}, WantError: ErrNoMatch},
-		{Query: Account{Address: nomatchAccount.Address}, WantError: ErrNoMatch},
+		{Query: accounts.Account{URL: nomatchAccount.URL}, WantError: ErrNoMatch},
+		{Query: accounts.Account{URL: filepath.Base(nomatchAccount.URL)}, WantError: ErrNoMatch},
+		{Query: accounts.Account{Address: nomatchAccount.Address}, WantError: ErrNoMatch},
 	}
 	for i, test := range tests {
 		a, err := cache.find(test.Query)
diff --git a/accounts/key.go b/accounts/keystore/key.go
index dbcb49dcf..1cf5f9366 100644
--- a/accounts/key.go
+++ b/accounts/keystore/key.go
@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@
 // You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
 // along with the go-ethereum library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
 
-package accounts
+package keystore
 
 import (
 	"bytes"
@@ -29,6 +29,7 @@ import (
 	"strings"
 	"time"
 
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/accounts"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/common"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/crypto"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/crypto/secp256k1"
@@ -175,13 +176,13 @@ func newKey(rand io.Reader) (*Key, error) {
 	return newKeyFromECDSA(privateKeyECDSA), nil
 }
 
-func storeNewKey(ks keyStore, rand io.Reader, auth string) (*Key, Account, error) {
+func storeNewKey(ks keyStore, rand io.Reader, auth string) (*Key, accounts.Account, error) {
 	key, err := newKey(rand)
 	if err != nil {
-		return nil, Account{}, err
+		return nil, accounts.Account{}, err
 	}
-	a := Account{Address: key.Address, File: ks.JoinPath(keyFileName(key.Address))}
-	if err := ks.StoreKey(a.File, key, auth); err != nil {
+	a := accounts.Account{Address: key.Address, URL: ks.JoinPath(keyFileName(key.Address))}
+	if err := ks.StoreKey(a.URL, key, auth); err != nil {
 		zeroKey(key.PrivateKey)
 		return nil, a, err
 	}
diff --git a/accounts/keystore/keystore.go b/accounts/keystore/keystore.go
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..d125f7d62
--- /dev/null
+++ b/accounts/keystore/keystore.go
@@ -0,0 +1,362 @@
+// Copyright 2015 The go-ethereum Authors
+// This file is part of the go-ethereum library.
+//
+// The go-ethereum library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The go-ethereum library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the go-ethereum library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+// Package keystore implements encrypted storage of secp256k1 private keys.
+//
+// Keys are stored as encrypted JSON files according to the Web3 Secret Storage specification.
+// See https://github.com/ethereum/wiki/wiki/Web3-Secret-Storage-Definition for more information.
+package keystore
+
+import (
+	"crypto/ecdsa"
+	crand "crypto/rand"
+	"errors"
+	"fmt"
+	"math/big"
+	"os"
+	"path/filepath"
+	"reflect"
+	"runtime"
+	"sync"
+	"time"
+
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/accounts"
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/common"
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core/types"
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/crypto"
+)
+
+var (
+	ErrNeedPasswordOrUnlock = accounts.NewAuthNeededError("password or unlock")
+	ErrNoMatch              = errors.New("no key for given address or file")
+	ErrDecrypt              = errors.New("could not decrypt key with given passphrase")
+)
+
+// BackendType can be used to query the account manager for encrypted keystores.
+var BackendType = reflect.TypeOf(new(KeyStore))
+
+// KeyStore manages a key storage directory on disk.
+type KeyStore struct {
+	cache    *addressCache
+	keyStore keyStore
+	mu       sync.RWMutex
+	unlocked map[common.Address]*unlocked
+}
+
+type unlocked struct {
+	*Key
+	abort chan struct{}
+}
+
+// NewKeyStore creates a keystore for the given directory.
+func NewKeyStore(keydir string, scryptN, scryptP int) *KeyStore {
+	keydir, _ = filepath.Abs(keydir)
+	ks := &KeyStore{keyStore: &keyStorePassphrase{keydir, scryptN, scryptP}}
+	ks.init(keydir)
+	return ks
+}
+
+// NewPlaintextKeyStore creates a keystore for the given directory.
+// Deprecated: Use NewKeyStore.
+func NewPlaintextKeyStore(keydir string) *KeyStore {
+	keydir, _ = filepath.Abs(keydir)
+	ks := &KeyStore{keyStore: &keyStorePlain{keydir}}
+	ks.init(keydir)
+	return ks
+}
+
+func (ks *KeyStore) init(keydir string) {
+	ks.unlocked = make(map[common.Address]*unlocked)
+	ks.cache = newAddrCache(keydir)
+	// TODO: In order for this finalizer to work, there must be no references
+	// to ks. addressCache doesn't keep a reference but unlocked keys do,
+	// so the finalizer will not trigger until all timed unlocks have expired.
+	runtime.SetFinalizer(ks, func(m *KeyStore) {
+		m.cache.close()
+	})
+}
+
+// HasAddress reports whether a key with the given address is present.
+func (ks *KeyStore) HasAddress(addr common.Address) bool {
+	return ks.cache.hasAddress(addr)
+}
+
+// Accounts returns all key files present in the directory.
+func (ks *KeyStore) Accounts() []accounts.Account {
+	return ks.cache.accounts()
+}
+
+// Delete deletes the key matched by account if the passphrase is correct.
+// If the account contains no filename, the address must match a unique key.
+func (ks *KeyStore) Delete(a accounts.Account, passphrase string) error {
+	// Decrypting the key isn't really necessary, but we do
+	// it anyway to check the password and zero out the key
+	// immediately afterwards.
+	a, key, err := ks.getDecryptedKey(a, passphrase)
+	if key != nil {
+		zeroKey(key.PrivateKey)
+	}
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	// The order is crucial here. The key is dropped from the
+	// cache after the file is gone so that a reload happening in
+	// between won't insert it into the cache again.
+	err = os.Remove(a.URL)
+	if err == nil {
+		ks.cache.delete(a)
+	}
+	return err
+}
+
+// SignHash calculates a ECDSA signature for the given hash. The produced
+// signature is in the [R || S || V] format where V is 0 or 1.
+func (ks *KeyStore) SignHash(a accounts.Account, hash []byte) ([]byte, error) {
+	// Look up the key to sign with and abort if it cannot be found
+	ks.mu.RLock()
+	defer ks.mu.RUnlock()
+
+	unlockedKey, found := ks.unlocked[a.Address]
+	if !found {
+		return nil, ErrNeedPasswordOrUnlock
+	}
+	// Sign the hash using plain ECDSA operations
+	return crypto.Sign(hash, unlockedKey.PrivateKey)
+}
+
+// SignTx signs the given transaction with the requested account.
+func (ks *KeyStore) SignTx(a accounts.Account, tx *types.Transaction, chainID *big.Int) (*types.Transaction, error) {
+	// Look up the key to sign with and abort if it cannot be found
+	ks.mu.RLock()
+	defer ks.mu.RUnlock()
+
+	unlockedKey, found := ks.unlocked[a.Address]
+	if !found {
+		return nil, ErrNeedPasswordOrUnlock
+	}
+	// Depending on the presence of the chain ID, sign with EIP155 or homestead
+	if chainID != nil {
+		return types.SignTx(tx, types.NewEIP155Signer(chainID), unlockedKey.PrivateKey)
+	}
+	return types.SignTx(tx, types.HomesteadSigner{}, unlockedKey.PrivateKey)
+}
+
+// SignHashWithPassphrase signs hash if the private key matching the given address
+// can be decrypted with the given passphrase. The produced signature is in the
+// [R || S || V] format where V is 0 or 1.
+func (ks *KeyStore) SignHashWithPassphrase(a accounts.Account, passphrase string, hash []byte) (signature []byte, err error) {
+	_, key, err := ks.getDecryptedKey(a, passphrase)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	defer zeroKey(key.PrivateKey)
+	return crypto.Sign(hash, key.PrivateKey)
+}
+
+// SignTxWithPassphrase signs the transaction if the private key matching the
+// given address can be decrypted with the given passphrase.
+func (ks *KeyStore) SignTxWithPassphrase(a accounts.Account, passphrase string, tx *types.Transaction, chainID *big.Int) (*types.Transaction, error) {
+	_, key, err := ks.getDecryptedKey(a, passphrase)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	defer zeroKey(key.PrivateKey)
+
+	// Depending on the presence of the chain ID, sign with EIP155 or homestead
+	if chainID != nil {
+		return types.SignTx(tx, types.NewEIP155Signer(chainID), key.PrivateKey)
+	}
+	return types.SignTx(tx, types.HomesteadSigner{}, key.PrivateKey)
+}
+
+// Unlock unlocks the given account indefinitely.
+func (ks *KeyStore) Unlock(a accounts.Account, passphrase string) error {
+	return ks.TimedUnlock(a, passphrase, 0)
+}
+
+// Lock removes the private key with the given address from memory.
+func (ks *KeyStore) Lock(addr common.Address) error {
+	ks.mu.Lock()
+	if unl, found := ks.unlocked[addr]; found {
+		ks.mu.Unlock()
+		ks.expire(addr, unl, time.Duration(0)*time.Nanosecond)
+	} else {
+		ks.mu.Unlock()
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+// TimedUnlock unlocks the given account with the passphrase. The account
+// stays unlocked for the duration of timeout. A timeout of 0 unlocks the account
+// until the program exits. The account must match a unique key file.
+//
+// If the account address is already unlocked for a duration, TimedUnlock extends or
+// shortens the active unlock timeout. If the address was previously unlocked
+// indefinitely the timeout is not altered.
+func (ks *KeyStore) TimedUnlock(a accounts.Account, passphrase string, timeout time.Duration) error {
+	a, key, err := ks.getDecryptedKey(a, passphrase)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
+	ks.mu.Lock()
+	defer ks.mu.Unlock()
+	u, found := ks.unlocked[a.Address]
+	if found {
+		if u.abort == nil {
+			// The address was unlocked indefinitely, so unlocking
+			// it with a timeout would be confusing.
+			zeroKey(key.PrivateKey)
+			return nil
+		} else {
+			// Terminate the expire goroutine and replace it below.
+			close(u.abort)
+		}
+	}
+	if timeout > 0 {
+		u = &unlocked{Key: key, abort: make(chan struct{})}
+		go ks.expire(a.Address, u, timeout)
+	} else {
+		u = &unlocked{Key: key}
+	}
+	ks.unlocked[a.Address] = u
+	return nil
+}
+
+// Find resolves the given account into a unique entry in the keystore.
+func (ks *KeyStore) Find(a accounts.Account) (accounts.Account, error) {
+	ks.cache.maybeReload()
+	ks.cache.mu.Lock()
+	a, err := ks.cache.find(a)
+	ks.cache.mu.Unlock()
+	return a, err
+}
+
+func (ks *KeyStore) getDecryptedKey(a accounts.Account, auth string) (accounts.Account, *Key, error) {
+	a, err := ks.Find(a)
+	if err != nil {
+		return a, nil, err
+	}
+	key, err := ks.keyStore.GetKey(a.Address, a.URL, auth)
+	return a, key, err
+}
+
+func (ks *KeyStore) expire(addr common.Address, u *unlocked, timeout time.Duration) {
+	t := time.NewTimer(timeout)
+	defer t.Stop()
+	select {
+	case <-u.abort:
+		// just quit
+	case <-t.C:
+		ks.mu.Lock()
+		// only drop if it's still the same key instance that dropLater
+		// was launched with. we can check that using pointer equality
+		// because the map stores a new pointer every time the key is
+		// unlocked.
+		if ks.unlocked[addr] == u {
+			zeroKey(u.PrivateKey)
+			delete(ks.unlocked, addr)
+		}
+		ks.mu.Unlock()
+	}
+}
+
+// NewAccount generates a new key and stores it into the key directory,
+// encrypting it with the passphrase.
+func (ks *KeyStore) NewAccount(passphrase string) (accounts.Account, error) {
+	_, account, err := storeNewKey(ks.keyStore, crand.Reader, passphrase)
+	if err != nil {
+		return accounts.Account{}, err
+	}
+	// Add the account to the cache immediately rather
+	// than waiting for file system notifications to pick it up.
+	ks.cache.add(account)
+	return account, nil
+}
+
+// Export exports as a JSON key, encrypted with newPassphrase.
+func (ks *KeyStore) Export(a accounts.Account, passphrase, newPassphrase string) (keyJSON []byte, err error) {
+	_, key, err := ks.getDecryptedKey(a, passphrase)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	var N, P int
+	if store, ok := ks.keyStore.(*keyStorePassphrase); ok {
+		N, P = store.scryptN, store.scryptP
+	} else {
+		N, P = StandardScryptN, StandardScryptP
+	}
+	return EncryptKey(key, newPassphrase, N, P)
+}
+
+// Import stores the given encrypted JSON key into the key directory.
+func (ks *KeyStore) Import(keyJSON []byte, passphrase, newPassphrase string) (accounts.Account, error) {
+	key, err := DecryptKey(keyJSON, passphrase)
+	if key != nil && key.PrivateKey != nil {
+		defer zeroKey(key.PrivateKey)
+	}
+	if err != nil {
+		return accounts.Account{}, err
+	}
+	return ks.importKey(key, newPassphrase)
+}
+
+// ImportECDSA stores the given key into the key directory, encrypting it with the passphrase.
+func (ks *KeyStore) ImportECDSA(priv *ecdsa.PrivateKey, passphrase string) (accounts.Account, error) {
+	key := newKeyFromECDSA(priv)
+	if ks.cache.hasAddress(key.Address) {
+		return accounts.Account{}, fmt.Errorf("account already exists")
+	}
+
+	return ks.importKey(key, passphrase)
+}
+
+func (ks *KeyStore) importKey(key *Key, passphrase string) (accounts.Account, error) {
+	a := accounts.Account{Address: key.Address, URL: ks.keyStore.JoinPath(keyFileName(key.Address))}
+	if err := ks.keyStore.StoreKey(a.URL, key, passphrase); err != nil {
+		return accounts.Account{}, err
+	}
+	ks.cache.add(a)
+	return a, nil
+}
+
+// Update changes the passphrase of an existing account.
+func (ks *KeyStore) Update(a accounts.Account, passphrase, newPassphrase string) error {
+	a, key, err := ks.getDecryptedKey(a, passphrase)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	return ks.keyStore.StoreKey(a.URL, key, newPassphrase)
+}
+
+// ImportPreSaleKey decrypts the given Ethereum presale wallet and stores
+// a key file in the key directory. The key file is encrypted with the same passphrase.
+func (ks *KeyStore) ImportPreSaleKey(keyJSON []byte, passphrase string) (accounts.Account, error) {
+	a, _, err := importPreSaleKey(ks.keyStore, keyJSON, passphrase)
+	if err != nil {
+		return a, err
+	}
+	ks.cache.add(a)
+	return a, nil
+}
+
+// zeroKey zeroes a private key in memory.
+func zeroKey(k *ecdsa.PrivateKey) {
+	b := k.D.Bits()
+	for i := range b {
+		b[i] = 0
+	}
+}
diff --git a/accounts/key_store_passphrase.go b/accounts/keystore/keystore_passphrase.go
index 4a777956d..8ef510fcf 100644
--- a/accounts/key_store_passphrase.go
+++ b/accounts/keystore/keystore_passphrase.go
@@ -23,7 +23,7 @@ The crypto is documented at https://github.com/ethereum/wiki/wiki/Web3-Secret-St
 
 */
 
-package accounts
+package keystore
 
 import (
 	"bytes"
diff --git a/accounts/key_store_passphrase_test.go b/accounts/keystore/keystore_passphrase_test.go
index 217393fa5..086addbc1 100644
--- a/accounts/key_store_passphrase_test.go
+++ b/accounts/keystore/keystore_passphrase_test.go
@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@
 // You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
 // along with the go-ethereum library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
 
-package accounts
+package keystore
 
 import (
 	"io/ioutil"
diff --git a/accounts/key_store_plain.go b/accounts/keystore/keystore_plain.go
index 2cbaa94df..b490ca72b 100644
--- a/accounts/key_store_plain.go
+++ b/accounts/keystore/keystore_plain.go
@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@
 // You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
 // along with the go-ethereum library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
 
-package accounts
+package keystore
 
 import (
 	"encoding/json"
diff --git a/accounts/key_store_test.go b/accounts/keystore/keystore_plain_test.go
index d0713caa0..dcb2ab901 100644
--- a/accounts/key_store_test.go
+++ b/accounts/keystore/keystore_plain_test.go
@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@
 // You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
 // along with the go-ethereum library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
 
-package accounts
+package keystore
 
 import (
 	"crypto/rand"
@@ -30,7 +30,7 @@ import (
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/crypto"
 )
 
-func tmpKeyStore(t *testing.T, encrypted bool) (dir string, ks keyStore) {
+func tmpKeyStoreIface(t *testing.T, encrypted bool) (dir string, ks keyStore) {
 	d, err := ioutil.TempDir("", "geth-keystore-test")
 	if err != nil {
 		t.Fatal(err)
@@ -44,7 +44,7 @@ func tmpKeyStore(t *testing.T, encrypted bool) (dir string, ks keyStore) {
 }
 
 func TestKeyStorePlain(t *testing.T) {
-	dir, ks := tmpKeyStore(t, false)
+	dir, ks := tmpKeyStoreIface(t, false)
 	defer os.RemoveAll(dir)
 
 	pass := "" // not used but required by API
@@ -52,7 +52,7 @@ func TestKeyStorePlain(t *testing.T) {
 	if err != nil {
 		t.Fatal(err)
 	}
-	k2, err := ks.GetKey(k1.Address, account.File, pass)
+	k2, err := ks.GetKey(k1.Address, account.URL, pass)
 	if err != nil {
 		t.Fatal(err)
 	}
@@ -65,7 +65,7 @@ func TestKeyStorePlain(t *testing.T) {
 }
 
 func TestKeyStorePassphrase(t *testing.T) {
-	dir, ks := tmpKeyStore(t, true)
+	dir, ks := tmpKeyStoreIface(t, true)
 	defer os.RemoveAll(dir)
 
 	pass := "foo"
@@ -73,7 +73,7 @@ func TestKeyStorePassphrase(t *testing.T) {
 	if err != nil {
 		t.Fatal(err)
 	}
-	k2, err := ks.GetKey(k1.Address, account.File, pass)
+	k2, err := ks.GetKey(k1.Address, account.URL, pass)
 	if err != nil {
 		t.Fatal(err)
 	}
@@ -86,7 +86,7 @@ func TestKeyStorePassphrase(t *testing.T) {
 }
 
 func TestKeyStorePassphraseDecryptionFail(t *testing.T) {
-	dir, ks := tmpKeyStore(t, true)
+	dir, ks := tmpKeyStoreIface(t, true)
 	defer os.RemoveAll(dir)
 
 	pass := "foo"
@@ -94,13 +94,13 @@ func TestKeyStorePassphraseDecryptionFail(t *testing.T) {
 	if err != nil {
 		t.Fatal(err)
 	}
-	if _, err = ks.GetKey(k1.Address, account.File, "bar"); err != ErrDecrypt {
+	if _, err = ks.GetKey(k1.Address, account.URL, "bar"); err != ErrDecrypt {
 		t.Fatalf("wrong error for invalid passphrase\ngot %q\nwant %q", err, ErrDecrypt)
 	}
 }
 
 func TestImportPreSaleKey(t *testing.T) {
-	dir, ks := tmpKeyStore(t, true)
+	dir, ks := tmpKeyStoreIface(t, true)
 	defer os.RemoveAll(dir)
 
 	// file content of a presale key file generated with:
@@ -115,8 +115,8 @@ func TestImportPreSaleKey(t *testing.T) {
 	if account.Address != common.HexToAddress("d4584b5f6229b7be90727b0fc8c6b91bb427821f") {
 		t.Errorf("imported account has wrong address %x", account.Address)
 	}
-	if !strings.HasPrefix(account.File, dir) {
-		t.Errorf("imported account file not in keystore directory: %q", account.File)
+	if !strings.HasPrefix(account.URL, dir) {
+		t.Errorf("imported account file not in keystore directory: %q", account.URL)
 	}
 }
 
@@ -142,19 +142,19 @@ func TestV3_PBKDF2_1(t *testing.T) {
 
 func TestV3_PBKDF2_2(t *testing.T) {
 	t.Parallel()
-	tests := loadKeyStoreTestV3("../tests/files/KeyStoreTests/basic_tests.json", t)
+	tests := loadKeyStoreTestV3("../../tests/files/KeyStoreTests/basic_tests.json", t)
 	testDecryptV3(tests["test1"], t)
 }
 
 func TestV3_PBKDF2_3(t *testing.T) {
 	t.Parallel()
-	tests := loadKeyStoreTestV3("../tests/files/KeyStoreTests/basic_tests.json", t)
+	tests := loadKeyStoreTestV3("../../tests/files/KeyStoreTests/basic_tests.json", t)
 	testDecryptV3(tests["python_generated_test_with_odd_iv"], t)
 }
 
 func TestV3_PBKDF2_4(t *testing.T) {
 	t.Parallel()
-	tests := loadKeyStoreTestV3("../tests/files/KeyStoreTests/basic_tests.json", t)
+	tests := loadKeyStoreTestV3("../../tests/files/KeyStoreTests/basic_tests.json", t)
 	testDecryptV3(tests["evilnonce"], t)
 }
 
@@ -166,7 +166,7 @@ func TestV3_Scrypt_1(t *testing.T) {
 
 func TestV3_Scrypt_2(t *testing.T) {
 	t.Parallel()
-	tests := loadKeyStoreTestV3("../tests/files/KeyStoreTests/basic_tests.json", t)
+	tests := loadKeyStoreTestV3("../../tests/files/KeyStoreTests/basic_tests.json", t)
 	testDecryptV3(tests["test2"], t)
 }
 
diff --git a/accounts/accounts_test.go b/accounts/keystore/keystore_test.go
index b3ab87d50..af2140c31 100644
--- a/accounts/accounts_test.go
+++ b/accounts/keystore/keystore_test.go
@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@
 // You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
 // along with the go-ethereum library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
 
-package accounts
+package keystore
 
 import (
 	"io/ioutil"
@@ -24,183 +24,184 @@ import (
 	"testing"
 	"time"
 
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/accounts"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/common"
 )
 
 var testSigData = make([]byte, 32)
 
-func TestManager(t *testing.T) {
-	dir, am := tmpManager(t, true)
+func TestKeyStore(t *testing.T) {
+	dir, ks := tmpKeyStore(t, true)
 	defer os.RemoveAll(dir)
 
-	a, err := am.NewAccount("foo")
+	a, err := ks.NewAccount("foo")
 	if err != nil {
 		t.Fatal(err)
 	}
-	if !strings.HasPrefix(a.File, dir) {
-		t.Errorf("account file %s doesn't have dir prefix", a.File)
+	if !strings.HasPrefix(a.URL, dir) {
+		t.Errorf("account file %s doesn't have dir prefix", a.URL)
 	}
-	stat, err := os.Stat(a.File)
+	stat, err := os.Stat(a.URL)
 	if err != nil {
-		t.Fatalf("account file %s doesn't exist (%v)", a.File, err)
+		t.Fatalf("account file %s doesn't exist (%v)", a.URL, err)
 	}
 	if runtime.GOOS != "windows" && stat.Mode() != 0600 {
 		t.Fatalf("account file has wrong mode: got %o, want %o", stat.Mode(), 0600)
 	}
-	if !am.HasAddress(a.Address) {
+	if !ks.HasAddress(a.Address) {
 		t.Errorf("HasAccount(%x) should've returned true", a.Address)
 	}
-	if err := am.Update(a, "foo", "bar"); err != nil {
+	if err := ks.Update(a, "foo", "bar"); err != nil {
 		t.Errorf("Update error: %v", err)
 	}
-	if err := am.Delete(a, "bar"); err != nil {
+	if err := ks.Delete(a, "bar"); err != nil {
 		t.Errorf("Delete error: %v", err)
 	}
-	if common.FileExist(a.File) {
-		t.Errorf("account file %s should be gone after Delete", a.File)
+	if common.FileExist(a.URL) {
+		t.Errorf("account file %s should be gone after Delete", a.URL)
 	}
-	if am.HasAddress(a.Address) {
+	if ks.HasAddress(a.Address) {
 		t.Errorf("HasAccount(%x) should've returned true after Delete", a.Address)
 	}
 }
 
 func TestSign(t *testing.T) {
-	dir, am := tmpManager(t, true)
+	dir, ks := tmpKeyStore(t, true)
 	defer os.RemoveAll(dir)
 
 	pass := "" // not used but required by API
-	a1, err := am.NewAccount(pass)
+	a1, err := ks.NewAccount(pass)
 	if err != nil {
 		t.Fatal(err)
 	}
-	if err := am.Unlock(a1, ""); err != nil {
+	if err := ks.Unlock(a1, ""); err != nil {
 		t.Fatal(err)
 	}
-	if _, err := am.Sign(a1.Address, testSigData); err != nil {
+	if _, err := ks.SignHash(accounts.Account{Address: a1.Address}, testSigData); err != nil {
 		t.Fatal(err)
 	}
 }
 
 func TestSignWithPassphrase(t *testing.T) {
-	dir, am := tmpManager(t, true)
+	dir, ks := tmpKeyStore(t, true)
 	defer os.RemoveAll(dir)
 
 	pass := "passwd"
-	acc, err := am.NewAccount(pass)
+	acc, err := ks.NewAccount(pass)
 	if err != nil {
 		t.Fatal(err)
 	}
 
-	if _, unlocked := am.unlocked[acc.Address]; unlocked {
+	if _, unlocked := ks.unlocked[acc.Address]; unlocked {
 		t.Fatal("expected account to be locked")
 	}
 
-	_, err = am.SignWithPassphrase(acc, pass, testSigData)
+	_, err = ks.SignHashWithPassphrase(acc, pass, testSigData)
 	if err != nil {
 		t.Fatal(err)
 	}
 
-	if _, unlocked := am.unlocked[acc.Address]; unlocked {
+	if _, unlocked := ks.unlocked[acc.Address]; unlocked {
 		t.Fatal("expected account to be locked")
 	}
 
-	if _, err = am.SignWithPassphrase(acc, "invalid passwd", testSigData); err == nil {
-		t.Fatal("expected SignHash to fail with invalid password")
+	if _, err = ks.SignHashWithPassphrase(acc, "invalid passwd", testSigData); err == nil {
+		t.Fatal("expected SignHashWithPassphrase to fail with invalid password")
 	}
 }
 
 func TestTimedUnlock(t *testing.T) {
-	dir, am := tmpManager(t, true)
+	dir, ks := tmpKeyStore(t, true)
 	defer os.RemoveAll(dir)
 
 	pass := "foo"
-	a1, err := am.NewAccount(pass)
+	a1, err := ks.NewAccount(pass)
 	if err != nil {
 		t.Fatal(err)
 	}
 
 	// Signing without passphrase fails because account is locked
-	_, err = am.Sign(a1.Address, testSigData)
-	if err != ErrLocked {
-		t.Fatal("Signing should've failed with ErrLocked before unlocking, got ", err)
+	_, err = ks.SignHash(accounts.Account{Address: a1.Address}, testSigData)
+	if err != ErrNeedPasswordOrUnlock {
+		t.Fatal("Signing should've failed with ErrNeedPasswordOrUnlock before unlocking, got ", err)
 	}
 
 	// Signing with passphrase works
-	if err = am.TimedUnlock(a1, pass, 100*time.Millisecond); err != nil {
+	if err = ks.TimedUnlock(a1, pass, 100*time.Millisecond); err != nil {
 		t.Fatal(err)
 	}
 
 	// Signing without passphrase works because account is temp unlocked
-	_, err = am.Sign(a1.Address, testSigData)
+	_, err = ks.SignHash(accounts.Account{Address: a1.Address}, testSigData)
 	if err != nil {
 		t.Fatal("Signing shouldn't return an error after unlocking, got ", err)
 	}
 
 	// Signing fails again after automatic locking
 	time.Sleep(250 * time.Millisecond)
-	_, err = am.Sign(a1.Address, testSigData)
-	if err != ErrLocked {
-		t.Fatal("Signing should've failed with ErrLocked timeout expired, got ", err)
+	_, err = ks.SignHash(accounts.Account{Address: a1.Address}, testSigData)
+	if err != ErrNeedPasswordOrUnlock {
+		t.Fatal("Signing should've failed with ErrNeedPasswordOrUnlock timeout expired, got ", err)
 	}
 }
 
 func TestOverrideUnlock(t *testing.T) {
-	dir, am := tmpManager(t, false)
+	dir, ks := tmpKeyStore(t, false)
 	defer os.RemoveAll(dir)
 
 	pass := "foo"
-	a1, err := am.NewAccount(pass)
+	a1, err := ks.NewAccount(pass)
 	if err != nil {
 		t.Fatal(err)
 	}
 
 	// Unlock indefinitely.
-	if err = am.TimedUnlock(a1, pass, 5*time.Minute); err != nil {
+	if err = ks.TimedUnlock(a1, pass, 5*time.Minute); err != nil {
 		t.Fatal(err)
 	}
 
 	// Signing without passphrase works because account is temp unlocked
-	_, err = am.Sign(a1.Address, testSigData)
+	_, err = ks.SignHash(accounts.Account{Address: a1.Address}, testSigData)
 	if err != nil {
 		t.Fatal("Signing shouldn't return an error after unlocking, got ", err)
 	}
 
 	// reset unlock to a shorter period, invalidates the previous unlock
-	if err = am.TimedUnlock(a1, pass, 100*time.Millisecond); err != nil {
+	if err = ks.TimedUnlock(a1, pass, 100*time.Millisecond); err != nil {
 		t.Fatal(err)
 	}
 
 	// Signing without passphrase still works because account is temp unlocked
-	_, err = am.Sign(a1.Address, testSigData)
+	_, err = ks.SignHash(accounts.Account{Address: a1.Address}, testSigData)
 	if err != nil {
 		t.Fatal("Signing shouldn't return an error after unlocking, got ", err)
 	}
 
 	// Signing fails again after automatic locking
 	time.Sleep(250 * time.Millisecond)
-	_, err = am.Sign(a1.Address, testSigData)
-	if err != ErrLocked {
-		t.Fatal("Signing should've failed with ErrLocked timeout expired, got ", err)
+	_, err = ks.SignHash(accounts.Account{Address: a1.Address}, testSigData)
+	if err != ErrNeedPasswordOrUnlock {
+		t.Fatal("Signing should've failed with ErrNeedPasswordOrUnlock timeout expired, got ", err)
 	}
 }
 
 // This test should fail under -race if signing races the expiration goroutine.
 func TestSignRace(t *testing.T) {
-	dir, am := tmpManager(t, false)
+	dir, ks := tmpKeyStore(t, false)
 	defer os.RemoveAll(dir)
 
 	// Create a test account.
-	a1, err := am.NewAccount("")
+	a1, err := ks.NewAccount("")
 	if err != nil {
 		t.Fatal("could not create the test account", err)
 	}
 
-	if err := am.TimedUnlock(a1, "", 15*time.Millisecond); err != nil {
+	if err := ks.TimedUnlock(a1, "", 15*time.Millisecond); err != nil {
 		t.Fatal("could not unlock the test account", err)
 	}
 	end := time.Now().Add(500 * time.Millisecond)
 	for time.Now().Before(end) {
-		if _, err := am.Sign(a1.Address, testSigData); err == ErrLocked {
+		if _, err := ks.SignHash(accounts.Account{Address: a1.Address}, testSigData); err == ErrNeedPasswordOrUnlock {
 			return
 		} else if err != nil {
 			t.Errorf("Sign error: %v", err)
@@ -211,14 +212,14 @@ func TestSignRace(t *testing.T) {
 	t.Errorf("Account did not lock within the timeout")
 }
 
-func tmpManager(t *testing.T, encrypted bool) (string, *Manager) {
+func tmpKeyStore(t *testing.T, encrypted bool) (string, *KeyStore) {
 	d, err := ioutil.TempDir("", "eth-keystore-test")
 	if err != nil {
 		t.Fatal(err)
 	}
-	new := NewPlaintextManager
+	new := NewPlaintextKeyStore
 	if encrypted {
-		new = func(kd string) *Manager { return NewManager(kd, veryLightScryptN, veryLightScryptP) }
+		new = func(kd string) *KeyStore { return NewKeyStore(kd, veryLightScryptN, veryLightScryptP) }
 	}
 	return d, new(d)
 }
diff --git a/accounts/presale.go b/accounts/keystore/presale.go
index f00b4f502..948320e0a 100644
--- a/accounts/presale.go
+++ b/accounts/keystore/presale.go
@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@
 // You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
 // along with the go-ethereum library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
 
-package accounts
+package keystore
 
 import (
 	"crypto/aes"
@@ -25,20 +25,21 @@ import (
 	"errors"
 	"fmt"
 
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/accounts"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/crypto"
 	"github.com/pborman/uuid"
 	"golang.org/x/crypto/pbkdf2"
 )
 
 // creates a Key and stores that in the given KeyStore by decrypting a presale key JSON
-func importPreSaleKey(keyStore keyStore, keyJSON []byte, password string) (Account, *Key, error) {
+func importPreSaleKey(keyStore keyStore, keyJSON []byte, password string) (accounts.Account, *Key, error) {
 	key, err := decryptPreSaleKey(keyJSON, password)
 	if err != nil {
-		return Account{}, nil, err
+		return accounts.Account{}, nil, err
 	}
 	key.Id = uuid.NewRandom()
-	a := Account{Address: key.Address, File: keyStore.JoinPath(keyFileName(key.Address))}
-	err = keyStore.StoreKey(a.File, key, password)
+	a := accounts.Account{Address: key.Address, URL: keyStore.JoinPath(keyFileName(key.Address))}
+	err = keyStore.StoreKey(a.URL, key, password)
 	return a, key, err
 }
 
diff --git a/accounts/testdata/dupes/1 b/accounts/keystore/testdata/dupes/1
index a3868ec6d..a3868ec6d 100644
--- a/accounts/testdata/dupes/1
+++ b/accounts/keystore/testdata/dupes/1
diff --git a/accounts/testdata/dupes/2 b/accounts/keystore/testdata/dupes/2
index a3868ec6d..a3868ec6d 100644
--- a/accounts/testdata/dupes/2
+++ b/accounts/keystore/testdata/dupes/2
diff --git a/accounts/testdata/dupes/foo b/accounts/keystore/testdata/dupes/foo
index c57060aea..c57060aea 100644
--- a/accounts/testdata/dupes/foo
+++ b/accounts/keystore/testdata/dupes/foo
diff --git a/accounts/testdata/keystore/.hiddenfile b/accounts/keystore/testdata/keystore/.hiddenfile
index d91faccde..d91faccde 100644
--- a/accounts/testdata/keystore/.hiddenfile
+++ b/accounts/keystore/testdata/keystore/.hiddenfile
diff --git a/accounts/testdata/keystore/README b/accounts/keystore/testdata/keystore/README
index a5a86f964..a5a86f964 100644
--- a/accounts/testdata/keystore/README
+++ b/accounts/keystore/testdata/keystore/README
diff --git a/accounts/testdata/keystore/UTC--2016-03-22T12-57-55.920751759Z--7ef5a6135f1fd6a02593eedc869c6d41d934aef8 b/accounts/keystore/testdata/keystore/UTC--2016-03-22T12-57-55.920751759Z--7ef5a6135f1fd6a02593eedc869c6d41d934aef8
index c57060aea..c57060aea 100644
--- a/accounts/testdata/keystore/UTC--2016-03-22T12-57-55.920751759Z--7ef5a6135f1fd6a02593eedc869c6d41d934aef8
+++ b/accounts/keystore/testdata/keystore/UTC--2016-03-22T12-57-55.920751759Z--7ef5a6135f1fd6a02593eedc869c6d41d934aef8
diff --git a/accounts/testdata/keystore/aaa b/accounts/keystore/testdata/keystore/aaa
index a3868ec6d..a3868ec6d 100644
--- a/accounts/testdata/keystore/aaa
+++ b/accounts/keystore/testdata/keystore/aaa
diff --git a/accounts/testdata/keystore/empty b/accounts/keystore/testdata/keystore/empty
index e69de29bb..e69de29bb 100644
--- a/accounts/testdata/keystore/empty
+++ b/accounts/keystore/testdata/keystore/empty
diff --git a/accounts/testdata/keystore/foo/fd9bd350f08ee3c0c19b85a8e16114a11a60aa4e b/accounts/keystore/testdata/keystore/foo/fd9bd350f08ee3c0c19b85a8e16114a11a60aa4e
index 309841e52..309841e52 100644
--- a/accounts/testdata/keystore/foo/fd9bd350f08ee3c0c19b85a8e16114a11a60aa4e
+++ b/accounts/keystore/testdata/keystore/foo/fd9bd350f08ee3c0c19b85a8e16114a11a60aa4e
diff --git a/accounts/testdata/keystore/garbage b/accounts/keystore/testdata/keystore/garbage
index ff45091e7..ff45091e7 100644
--- a/accounts/testdata/keystore/garbage
+++ b/accounts/keystore/testdata/keystore/garbage
diff --git a/accounts/testdata/keystore/no-address b/accounts/keystore/testdata/keystore/no-address
index ad51269ea..ad51269ea 100644
--- a/accounts/testdata/keystore/no-address
+++ b/accounts/keystore/testdata/keystore/no-address
diff --git a/accounts/testdata/keystore/zero b/accounts/keystore/testdata/keystore/zero
index b52617f8a..b52617f8a 100644
--- a/accounts/testdata/keystore/zero
+++ b/accounts/keystore/testdata/keystore/zero
diff --git a/accounts/testdata/keystore/zzz b/accounts/keystore/testdata/keystore/zzz
index cfd8a4701..cfd8a4701 100644
--- a/accounts/testdata/keystore/zzz
+++ b/accounts/keystore/testdata/keystore/zzz
diff --git a/accounts/testdata/v1/cb61d5a9c4896fb9658090b597ef0e7be6f7b67e/cb61d5a9c4896fb9658090b597ef0e7be6f7b67e b/accounts/keystore/testdata/v1/cb61d5a9c4896fb9658090b597ef0e7be6f7b67e/cb61d5a9c4896fb9658090b597ef0e7be6f7b67e
index 498d8131e..498d8131e 100644
--- a/accounts/testdata/v1/cb61d5a9c4896fb9658090b597ef0e7be6f7b67e/cb61d5a9c4896fb9658090b597ef0e7be6f7b67e
+++ b/accounts/keystore/testdata/v1/cb61d5a9c4896fb9658090b597ef0e7be6f7b67e/cb61d5a9c4896fb9658090b597ef0e7be6f7b67e
diff --git a/accounts/testdata/v1_test_vector.json b/accounts/keystore/testdata/v1_test_vector.json
index 3d09b55b5..3d09b55b5 100644
--- a/accounts/testdata/v1_test_vector.json
+++ b/accounts/keystore/testdata/v1_test_vector.json
diff --git a/accounts/testdata/v3_test_vector.json b/accounts/keystore/testdata/v3_test_vector.json
index 1e7f790c0..1e7f790c0 100644
--- a/accounts/testdata/v3_test_vector.json
+++ b/accounts/keystore/testdata/v3_test_vector.json
diff --git a/accounts/testdata/very-light-scrypt.json b/accounts/keystore/testdata/very-light-scrypt.json
index d23b9b2b9..d23b9b2b9 100644
--- a/accounts/testdata/very-light-scrypt.json
+++ b/accounts/keystore/testdata/very-light-scrypt.json
diff --git a/accounts/watch.go b/accounts/keystore/watch.go
index 472be2df7..04a87b12e 100644
--- a/accounts/watch.go
+++ b/accounts/keystore/watch.go
@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@
 
 // +build darwin,!ios freebsd linux,!arm64 netbsd solaris
 
-package accounts
+package keystore
 
 import (
 	"time"
@@ -27,14 +27,14 @@ import (
 )
 
 type watcher struct {
-	ac       *addrCache
+	ac       *addressCache
 	starting bool
 	running  bool
 	ev       chan notify.EventInfo
 	quit     chan struct{}
 }
 
-func newWatcher(ac *addrCache) *watcher {
+func newWatcher(ac *addressCache) *watcher {
 	return &watcher{
 		ac:   ac,
 		ev:   make(chan notify.EventInfo, 10),
diff --git a/accounts/watch_fallback.go b/accounts/keystore/watch_fallback.go
index bf971cb1b..6412f3b33 100644
--- a/accounts/watch_fallback.go
+++ b/accounts/keystore/watch_fallback.go
@@ -19,10 +19,10 @@
 // This is the fallback implementation of directory watching.
 // It is used on unsupported platforms.
 
-package accounts
+package keystore
 
 type watcher struct{ running bool }
 
-func newWatcher(*addrCache) *watcher { return new(watcher) }
-func (*watcher) start()              {}
-func (*watcher) close()              {}
+func newWatcher(*addressCache) *watcher { return new(watcher) }
+func (*watcher) start()                 {}
+func (*watcher) close()                 {}
diff --git a/cmd/geth/accountcmd.go b/cmd/geth/accountcmd.go
index 237af99eb..3a0eb13e8 100644
--- a/cmd/geth/accountcmd.go
+++ b/cmd/geth/accountcmd.go
@@ -21,6 +21,7 @@ import (
 	"io/ioutil"
 
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/accounts"
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/accounts/keystore"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/cmd/utils"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/console"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/crypto"
@@ -181,30 +182,30 @@ nodes.
 func accountList(ctx *cli.Context) error {
 	stack := utils.MakeNode(ctx, clientIdentifier, gitCommit)
 	for i, acct := range stack.AccountManager().Accounts() {
-		fmt.Printf("Account #%d: {%x} %s\n", i, acct.Address, acct.File)
+		fmt.Printf("Account #%d: {%x} %s\n", i, acct.Address, acct.URL)
 	}
 	return nil
 }
 
 // tries unlocking the specified account a few times.
-func unlockAccount(ctx *cli.Context, accman *accounts.Manager, address string, i int, passwords []string) (accounts.Account, string) {
-	account, err := utils.MakeAddress(accman, address)
+func unlockAccount(ctx *cli.Context, ks *keystore.KeyStore, address string, i int, passwords []string) (accounts.Account, string) {
+	account, err := utils.MakeAddress(ks, address)
 	if err != nil {
 		utils.Fatalf("Could not list accounts: %v", err)
 	}
 	for trials := 0; trials < 3; trials++ {
 		prompt := fmt.Sprintf("Unlocking account %s | Attempt %d/%d", address, trials+1, 3)
 		password := getPassPhrase(prompt, false, i, passwords)
-		err = accman.Unlock(account, password)
+		err = ks.Unlock(account, password)
 		if err == nil {
 			glog.V(logger.Info).Infof("Unlocked account %x", account.Address)
 			return account, password
 		}
-		if err, ok := err.(*accounts.AmbiguousAddrError); ok {
+		if err, ok := err.(*keystore.AmbiguousAddrError); ok {
 			glog.V(logger.Info).Infof("Unlocked account %x", account.Address)
-			return ambiguousAddrRecovery(accman, err, password), password
+			return ambiguousAddrRecovery(ks, err, password), password
 		}
-		if err != accounts.ErrDecrypt {
+		if err != keystore.ErrDecrypt {
 			// No need to prompt again if the error is not decryption-related.
 			break
 		}
@@ -244,15 +245,15 @@ func getPassPhrase(prompt string, confirmation bool, i int, passwords []string)
 	return password
 }
 
-func ambiguousAddrRecovery(am *accounts.Manager, err *accounts.AmbiguousAddrError, auth string) accounts.Account {
+func ambiguousAddrRecovery(ks *keystore.KeyStore, err *keystore.AmbiguousAddrError, auth string) accounts.Account {
 	fmt.Printf("Multiple key files exist for address %x:\n", err.Addr)
 	for _, a := range err.Matches {
-		fmt.Println("  ", a.File)
+		fmt.Println("  ", a.URL)
 	}
 	fmt.Println("Testing your passphrase against all of them...")
 	var match *accounts.Account
 	for _, a := range err.Matches {
-		if err := am.Unlock(a, auth); err == nil {
+		if err := ks.Unlock(a, auth); err == nil {
 			match = &a
 			break
 		}
@@ -260,11 +261,11 @@ func ambiguousAddrRecovery(am *accounts.Manager, err *accounts.AmbiguousAddrErro
 	if match == nil {
 		utils.Fatalf("None of the listed files could be unlocked.")
 	}
-	fmt.Printf("Your passphrase unlocked %s\n", match.File)
+	fmt.Printf("Your passphrase unlocked %s\n", match.URL)
 	fmt.Println("In order to avoid this warning, you need to remove the following duplicate key files:")
 	for _, a := range err.Matches {
 		if a != *match {
-			fmt.Println("  ", a.File)
+			fmt.Println("  ", a.URL)
 		}
 	}
 	return *match
@@ -275,7 +276,8 @@ func accountCreate(ctx *cli.Context) error {
 	stack := utils.MakeNode(ctx, clientIdentifier, gitCommit)
 	password := getPassPhrase("Your new account is locked with a password. Please give a password. Do not forget this password.", true, 0, utils.MakePasswordList(ctx))
 
-	account, err := stack.AccountManager().NewAccount(password)
+	ks := stack.AccountManager().Backend(keystore.BackendType).(*keystore.KeyStore)
+	account, err := ks.NewAccount(password)
 	if err != nil {
 		utils.Fatalf("Failed to create account: %v", err)
 	}
@@ -290,9 +292,11 @@ func accountUpdate(ctx *cli.Context) error {
 		utils.Fatalf("No accounts specified to update")
 	}
 	stack := utils.MakeNode(ctx, clientIdentifier, gitCommit)
-	account, oldPassword := unlockAccount(ctx, stack.AccountManager(), ctx.Args().First(), 0, nil)
+	ks := stack.AccountManager().Backend(keystore.BackendType).(*keystore.KeyStore)
+
+	account, oldPassword := unlockAccount(ctx, ks, ctx.Args().First(), 0, nil)
 	newPassword := getPassPhrase("Please give a new password. Do not forget this password.", true, 0, nil)
-	if err := stack.AccountManager().Update(account, oldPassword, newPassword); err != nil {
+	if err := ks.Update(account, oldPassword, newPassword); err != nil {
 		utils.Fatalf("Could not update the account: %v", err)
 	}
 	return nil
@@ -310,7 +314,9 @@ func importWallet(ctx *cli.Context) error {
 
 	stack := utils.MakeNode(ctx, clientIdentifier, gitCommit)
 	passphrase := getPassPhrase("", false, 0, utils.MakePasswordList(ctx))
-	acct, err := stack.AccountManager().ImportPreSaleKey(keyJson, passphrase)
+
+	ks := stack.AccountManager().Backend(keystore.BackendType).(*keystore.KeyStore)
+	acct, err := ks.ImportPreSaleKey(keyJson, passphrase)
 	if err != nil {
 		utils.Fatalf("%v", err)
 	}
@@ -329,7 +335,9 @@ func accountImport(ctx *cli.Context) error {
 	}
 	stack := utils.MakeNode(ctx, clientIdentifier, gitCommit)
 	passphrase := getPassPhrase("Your new account is locked with a password. Please give a password. Do not forget this password.", true, 0, utils.MakePasswordList(ctx))
-	acct, err := stack.AccountManager().ImportECDSA(key, passphrase)
+
+	ks := stack.AccountManager().Backend(keystore.BackendType).(*keystore.KeyStore)
+	acct, err := ks.ImportECDSA(key, passphrase)
 	if err != nil {
 		utils.Fatalf("Could not create the account: %v", err)
 	}
diff --git a/cmd/geth/accountcmd_test.go b/cmd/geth/accountcmd_test.go
index 113df983e..7e03d7548 100644
--- a/cmd/geth/accountcmd_test.go
+++ b/cmd/geth/accountcmd_test.go
@@ -35,7 +35,7 @@ import (
 func tmpDatadirWithKeystore(t *testing.T) string {
 	datadir := tmpdir(t)
 	keystore := filepath.Join(datadir, "keystore")
-	source := filepath.Join("..", "..", "accounts", "testdata", "keystore")
+	source := filepath.Join("..", "..", "accounts", "keystore", "testdata", "keystore")
 	if err := cp.CopyAll(keystore, source); err != nil {
 		t.Fatal(err)
 	}
@@ -230,7 +230,7 @@ Fatal: Failed to unlock account 0 (could not decrypt key with given passphrase)
 }
 
 func TestUnlockFlagAmbiguous(t *testing.T) {
-	store := filepath.Join("..", "..", "accounts", "testdata", "dupes")
+	store := filepath.Join("..", "..", "accounts", "keystore", "testdata", "dupes")
 	geth := runGeth(t,
 		"--keystore", store, "--nat", "none", "--nodiscover", "--dev",
 		"--unlock", "f466859ead1932d743d622cb74fc058882e8648a",
@@ -267,7 +267,7 @@ In order to avoid this warning, you need to remove the following duplicate key f
 }
 
 func TestUnlockFlagAmbiguousWrongPassword(t *testing.T) {
-	store := filepath.Join("..", "..", "accounts", "testdata", "dupes")
+	store := filepath.Join("..", "..", "accounts", "keystore", "testdata", "dupes")
 	geth := runGeth(t,
 		"--keystore", store, "--nat", "none", "--nodiscover", "--dev",
 		"--unlock", "f466859ead1932d743d622cb74fc058882e8648a")
diff --git a/cmd/geth/main.go b/cmd/geth/main.go
index d7e4cc7b5..2c4963cac 100644
--- a/cmd/geth/main.go
+++ b/cmd/geth/main.go
@@ -25,6 +25,7 @@ import (
 	"strings"
 	"time"
 
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/accounts/keystore"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/cmd/utils"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/common"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/console"
@@ -245,12 +246,13 @@ func startNode(ctx *cli.Context, stack *node.Node) {
 	utils.StartNode(stack)
 
 	// Unlock any account specifically requested
-	accman := stack.AccountManager()
+	ks := stack.AccountManager().Backend(keystore.BackendType).(*keystore.KeyStore)
+
 	passwords := utils.MakePasswordList(ctx)
 	accounts := strings.Split(ctx.GlobalString(utils.UnlockedAccountFlag.Name), ",")
 	for i, account := range accounts {
 		if trimmed := strings.TrimSpace(account); trimmed != "" {
-			unlockAccount(ctx, accman, trimmed, i, passwords)
+			unlockAccount(ctx, ks, trimmed, i, passwords)
 		}
 	}
 	// Start auxiliary services if enabled
diff --git a/cmd/gethrpctest/main.go b/cmd/gethrpctest/main.go
index 850bf8eb2..348eeebce 100644
--- a/cmd/gethrpctest/main.go
+++ b/cmd/gethrpctest/main.go
@@ -23,6 +23,7 @@ import (
 	"os"
 	"os/signal"
 
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/accounts/keystore"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/crypto"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/eth"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/ethdb"
@@ -99,17 +100,18 @@ func MakeSystemNode(privkey string, test *tests.BlockTest) (*node.Node, error) {
 		return nil, err
 	}
 	// Create the keystore and inject an unlocked account if requested
-	accman := stack.AccountManager()
+	ks := stack.AccountManager().Backend(keystore.BackendType).(*keystore.KeyStore)
+
 	if len(privkey) > 0 {
 		key, err := crypto.HexToECDSA(privkey)
 		if err != nil {
 			return nil, err
 		}
-		a, err := accman.ImportECDSA(key, "")
+		a, err := ks.ImportECDSA(key, "")
 		if err != nil {
 			return nil, err
 		}
-		if err := accman.Unlock(a, ""); err != nil {
+		if err := ks.Unlock(a, ""); err != nil {
 			return nil, err
 		}
 	}
diff --git a/cmd/swarm/main.go b/cmd/swarm/main.go
index 546c646f1..466b17f30 100644
--- a/cmd/swarm/main.go
+++ b/cmd/swarm/main.go
@@ -26,6 +26,7 @@ import (
 	"strings"
 
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/accounts"
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/accounts/keystore"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/cmd/utils"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/common"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/console"
@@ -327,29 +328,36 @@ func getAccount(ctx *cli.Context, stack *node.Node) *ecdsa.PrivateKey {
 		return key
 	}
 	// Otherwise try getting it from the keystore.
-	return decryptStoreAccount(stack.AccountManager(), keyid)
+	am := stack.AccountManager()
+	ks := am.Backend(keystore.BackendType).(*keystore.KeyStore)
+
+	return decryptStoreAccount(ks, keyid)
 }
 
-func decryptStoreAccount(accman *accounts.Manager, account string) *ecdsa.PrivateKey {
+func decryptStoreAccount(ks *keystore.KeyStore, account string) *ecdsa.PrivateKey {
 	var a accounts.Account
 	var err error
 	if common.IsHexAddress(account) {
-		a, err = accman.Find(accounts.Account{Address: common.HexToAddress(account)})
-	} else if ix, ixerr := strconv.Atoi(account); ixerr == nil {
-		a, err = accman.AccountByIndex(ix)
+		a, err = ks.Find(accounts.Account{Address: common.HexToAddress(account)})
+	} else if ix, ixerr := strconv.Atoi(account); ixerr == nil && ix > 0 {
+		if accounts := ks.Accounts(); len(accounts) > ix {
+			a = accounts[ix]
+		} else {
+			err = fmt.Errorf("index %d higher than number of accounts %d", ix, len(accounts))
+		}
 	} else {
 		utils.Fatalf("Can't find swarm account key %s", account)
 	}
 	if err != nil {
 		utils.Fatalf("Can't find swarm account key: %v", err)
 	}
-	keyjson, err := ioutil.ReadFile(a.File)
+	keyjson, err := ioutil.ReadFile(a.URL)
 	if err != nil {
 		utils.Fatalf("Can't load swarm account key: %v", err)
 	}
 	for i := 1; i <= 3; i++ {
 		passphrase := promptPassphrase(fmt.Sprintf("Unlocking swarm account %s [%d/3]", a.Address.Hex(), i))
-		key, err := accounts.DecryptKey(keyjson, passphrase)
+		key, err := keystore.DecryptKey(keyjson, passphrase)
 		if err == nil {
 			return key.PrivateKey
 		}
diff --git a/cmd/utils/flags.go b/cmd/utils/flags.go
index 9ba33df80..1196a64b5 100644
--- a/cmd/utils/flags.go
+++ b/cmd/utils/flags.go
@@ -30,6 +30,7 @@ import (
 
 	"github.com/ethereum/ethash"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/accounts"
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/accounts/keystore"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/common"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core/state"
@@ -587,23 +588,27 @@ func MakeDatabaseHandles() int {
 
 // MakeAddress converts an account specified directly as a hex encoded string or
 // a key index in the key store to an internal account representation.
-func MakeAddress(accman *accounts.Manager, account string) (accounts.Account, error) {
+func MakeAddress(ks *keystore.KeyStore, account string) (accounts.Account, error) {
 	// If the specified account is a valid address, return it
 	if common.IsHexAddress(account) {
 		return accounts.Account{Address: common.HexToAddress(account)}, nil
 	}
 	// Otherwise try to interpret the account as a keystore index
 	index, err := strconv.Atoi(account)
-	if err != nil {
+	if err != nil || index < 0 {
 		return accounts.Account{}, fmt.Errorf("invalid account address or index %q", account)
 	}
-	return accman.AccountByIndex(index)
+	accs := ks.Accounts()
+	if len(accs) <= index {
+		return accounts.Account{}, fmt.Errorf("index %d higher than number of accounts %d", index, len(accs))
+	}
+	return accs[index], nil
 }
 
 // MakeEtherbase retrieves the etherbase either from the directly specified
 // command line flags or from the keystore if CLI indexed.
-func MakeEtherbase(accman *accounts.Manager, ctx *cli.Context) common.Address {
-	accounts := accman.Accounts()
+func MakeEtherbase(ks *keystore.KeyStore, ctx *cli.Context) common.Address {
+	accounts := ks.Accounts()
 	if !ctx.GlobalIsSet(EtherbaseFlag.Name) && len(accounts) == 0 {
 		glog.V(logger.Error).Infoln("WARNING: No etherbase set and no accounts found as default")
 		return common.Address{}
@@ -613,7 +618,7 @@ func MakeEtherbase(accman *accounts.Manager, ctx *cli.Context) common.Address {
 		return common.Address{}
 	}
 	// If the specified etherbase is a valid address, return it
-	account, err := MakeAddress(accman, etherbase)
+	account, err := MakeAddress(ks, etherbase)
 	if err != nil {
 		Fatalf("Option %q: %v", EtherbaseFlag.Name, err)
 	}
@@ -721,9 +726,10 @@ func RegisterEthService(ctx *cli.Context, stack *node.Node, extra []byte) {
 	if networks > 1 {
 		Fatalf("The %v flags are mutually exclusive", netFlags)
 	}
+	ks := stack.AccountManager().Backend(keystore.BackendType).(*keystore.KeyStore)
 
 	ethConf := &eth.Config{
-		Etherbase:               MakeEtherbase(stack.AccountManager(), ctx),
+		Etherbase:               MakeEtherbase(ks, ctx),
 		ChainConfig:             MakeChainConfig(ctx, stack),
 		FastSync:                ctx.GlobalBool(FastSyncFlag.Name),
 		LightMode:               ctx.GlobalBool(LightModeFlag.Name),
diff --git a/eth/backend.go b/eth/backend.go
index af120cbad..004be7e26 100644
--- a/eth/backend.go
+++ b/eth/backend.go
@@ -361,15 +361,13 @@ func (s *Ethereum) ResetWithGenesisBlock(gb *types.Block) {
 }
 
 func (s *Ethereum) Etherbase() (eb common.Address, err error) {
-	eb = s.etherbase
-	if (eb == common.Address{}) {
-		firstAccount, err := s.AccountManager().AccountByIndex(0)
-		eb = firstAccount.Address
-		if err != nil {
-			return eb, fmt.Errorf("etherbase address must be explicitly specified")
-		}
+	if s.etherbase != (common.Address{}) {
+		return s.etherbase, nil
+	}
+	if accounts := s.AccountManager().Accounts(); len(accounts) > 0 {
+		return accounts[0].Address, nil
 	}
-	return eb, nil
+	return common.Address{}, fmt.Errorf("etherbase address must be explicitly specified")
 }
 
 // set in js console via admin interface or wrapper from cli flags
diff --git a/internal/ethapi/api.go b/internal/ethapi/api.go
index 4c8e784c5..7962f8b17 100644
--- a/internal/ethapi/api.go
+++ b/internal/ethapi/api.go
@@ -28,6 +28,7 @@ import (
 
 	"github.com/ethereum/ethash"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/accounts"
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/accounts/keystore"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/common"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/common/hexutil"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core"
@@ -219,13 +220,18 @@ func (s *PrivateAccountAPI) ListAccounts() []common.Address {
 
 // NewAccount will create a new account and returns the address for the new account.
 func (s *PrivateAccountAPI) NewAccount(password string) (common.Address, error) {
-	acc, err := s.am.NewAccount(password)
+	acc, err := fetchKeystore(s.am).NewAccount(password)
 	if err == nil {
 		return acc.Address, nil
 	}
 	return common.Address{}, err
 }
 
+// fetchKeystore retrives the encrypted keystore from the account manager.
+func fetchKeystore(am *accounts.Manager) *keystore.KeyStore {
+	return am.Backend(keystore.BackendType).(*keystore.KeyStore)
+}
+
 // ImportRawKey stores the given hex encoded ECDSA key into the key directory,
 // encrypting it with the passphrase.
 func (s *PrivateAccountAPI) ImportRawKey(privkey string, password string) (common.Address, error) {
@@ -234,7 +240,7 @@ func (s *PrivateAccountAPI) ImportRawKey(privkey string, password string) (commo
 		return common.Address{}, err
 	}
 
-	acc, err := s.am.ImportECDSA(crypto.ToECDSA(hexkey), password)
+	acc, err := fetchKeystore(s.am).ImportECDSA(crypto.ToECDSA(hexkey), password)
 	return acc.Address, err
 }
 
@@ -251,13 +257,13 @@ func (s *PrivateAccountAPI) UnlockAccount(addr common.Address, password string,
 	} else {
 		d = time.Duration(*duration) * time.Second
 	}
-	err := s.am.TimedUnlock(accounts.Account{Address: addr}, password, d)
+	err := fetchKeystore(s.am).TimedUnlock(accounts.Account{Address: addr}, password, d)
 	return err == nil, err
 }
 
 // LockAccount will lock the account associated with the given address when it's unlocked.
 func (s *PrivateAccountAPI) LockAccount(addr common.Address) bool {
-	return s.am.Lock(addr) == nil
+	return fetchKeystore(s.am).Lock(addr) == nil
 }
 
 // SendTransaction will create a transaction from the given arguments and
@@ -268,13 +274,16 @@ func (s *PrivateAccountAPI) SendTransaction(ctx context.Context, args SendTxArgs
 		return common.Hash{}, err
 	}
 	tx := args.toTransaction()
-	signer := types.MakeSigner(s.b.ChainConfig(), s.b.CurrentBlock().Number())
-	signature, err := s.am.SignWithPassphrase(accounts.Account{Address: args.From}, passwd, signer.Hash(tx).Bytes())
+
+	var chainID *big.Int
+	if config := s.b.ChainConfig(); config.IsEIP155(s.b.CurrentBlock().Number()) {
+		chainID = config.ChainId
+	}
+	signed, err := s.am.SignTxWithPassphrase(accounts.Account{Address: args.From}, passwd, tx, chainID)
 	if err != nil {
 		return common.Hash{}, err
 	}
-
-	return submitTransaction(ctx, s.b, tx, signature)
+	return submitTransaction(ctx, s.b, signed)
 }
 
 // signHash is a helper function that calculates a hash for the given message that can be
@@ -299,7 +308,7 @@ func signHash(data []byte) []byte {
 //
 // https://github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/wiki/Management-APIs#personal_sign
 func (s *PrivateAccountAPI) Sign(ctx context.Context, data hexutil.Bytes, addr common.Address, passwd string) (hexutil.Bytes, error) {
-	signature, err := s.b.AccountManager().SignWithPassphrase(accounts.Account{Address: addr}, passwd, signHash(data))
+	signature, err := s.b.AccountManager().SignHashWithPassphrase(accounts.Account{Address: addr}, passwd, signHash(data))
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}
@@ -1023,13 +1032,11 @@ func (s *PublicTransactionPoolAPI) GetTransactionReceipt(txHash common.Hash) (ma
 
 // sign is a helper function that signs a transaction with the private key of the given address.
 func (s *PublicTransactionPoolAPI) sign(addr common.Address, tx *types.Transaction) (*types.Transaction, error) {
-	signer := types.MakeSigner(s.b.ChainConfig(), s.b.CurrentBlock().Number())
-
-	signature, err := s.b.AccountManager().Sign(addr, signer.Hash(tx).Bytes())
-	if err != nil {
-		return nil, err
+	var chainID *big.Int
+	if config := s.b.ChainConfig(); config.IsEIP155(s.b.CurrentBlock().Number()) {
+		chainID = config.ChainId
 	}
-	return tx.WithSignature(signer, signature)
+	return s.b.AccountManager().SignTx(accounts.Account{Address: addr}, tx, chainID)
 }
 
 // SendTxArgs represents the arguments to sumbit a new transaction into the transaction pool.
@@ -1076,27 +1083,19 @@ func (args *SendTxArgs) toTransaction() *types.Transaction {
 }
 
 // submitTransaction is a helper function that submits tx to txPool and logs a message.
-func submitTransaction(ctx context.Context, b Backend, tx *types.Transaction, signature []byte) (common.Hash, error) {
-	signer := types.MakeSigner(b.ChainConfig(), b.CurrentBlock().Number())
-
-	signedTx, err := tx.WithSignature(signer, signature)
-	if err != nil {
+func submitTransaction(ctx context.Context, b Backend, tx *types.Transaction) (common.Hash, error) {
+	if err := b.SendTx(ctx, tx); err != nil {
 		return common.Hash{}, err
 	}
-
-	if err := b.SendTx(ctx, signedTx); err != nil {
-		return common.Hash{}, err
-	}
-
-	if signedTx.To() == nil {
-		from, _ := types.Sender(signer, signedTx)
-		addr := crypto.CreateAddress(from, signedTx.Nonce())
-		glog.V(logger.Info).Infof("Tx(%s) created: %s\n", signedTx.Hash().Hex(), addr.Hex())
+	if tx.To() == nil {
+		signer := types.MakeSigner(b.ChainConfig(), b.CurrentBlock().Number())
+		from, _ := types.Sender(signer, tx)
+		addr := crypto.CreateAddress(from, tx.Nonce())
+		glog.V(logger.Info).Infof("Tx(%s) created: %s\n", tx.Hash().Hex(), addr.Hex())
 	} else {
-		glog.V(logger.Info).Infof("Tx(%s) to: %s\n", signedTx.Hash().Hex(), tx.To().Hex())
+		glog.V(logger.Info).Infof("Tx(%s) to: %s\n", tx.Hash().Hex(), tx.To().Hex())
 	}
-
-	return signedTx.Hash(), nil
+	return tx.Hash(), nil
 }
 
 // SendTransaction creates a transaction for the given argument, sign it and submit it to the
@@ -1106,12 +1105,16 @@ func (s *PublicTransactionPoolAPI) SendTransaction(ctx context.Context, args Sen
 		return common.Hash{}, err
 	}
 	tx := args.toTransaction()
-	signer := types.MakeSigner(s.b.ChainConfig(), s.b.CurrentBlock().Number())
-	signature, err := s.b.AccountManager().Sign(args.From, signer.Hash(tx).Bytes())
+
+	var chainID *big.Int
+	if config := s.b.ChainConfig(); config.IsEIP155(s.b.CurrentBlock().Number()) {
+		chainID = config.ChainId
+	}
+	signed, err := s.b.AccountManager().SignTx(accounts.Account{Address: args.From}, tx, chainID)
 	if err != nil {
 		return common.Hash{}, err
 	}
-	return submitTransaction(ctx, s.b, tx, signature)
+	return submitTransaction(ctx, s.b, signed)
 }
 
 // SendRawTransaction will add the signed transaction to the transaction pool.
@@ -1151,7 +1154,7 @@ func (s *PublicTransactionPoolAPI) SendRawTransaction(ctx context.Context, encod
 //
 // https://github.com/ethereum/wiki/wiki/JSON-RPC#eth_sign
 func (s *PublicTransactionPoolAPI) Sign(addr common.Address, data hexutil.Bytes) (hexutil.Bytes, error) {
-	signature, err := s.b.AccountManager().Sign(addr, signHash(data))
+	signature, err := s.b.AccountManager().SignHash(accounts.Account{Address: addr}, signHash(data))
 	if err == nil {
 		signature[64] += 27 // Transform V from 0/1 to 27/28 according to the yellow paper
 	}
diff --git a/internal/guide/guide_test.go b/internal/guide/guide_test.go
index 8f89037bd..9c7ad16d1 100644
--- a/internal/guide/guide_test.go
+++ b/internal/guide/guide_test.go
@@ -24,13 +24,14 @@ package guide
 
 import (
 	"io/ioutil"
+	"math/big"
 	"os"
 	"path/filepath"
 	"testing"
 	"time"
 
-	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/accounts"
-	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/common"
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/accounts/keystore"
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core/types"
 )
 
 // Tests that the account management snippets work correctly.
@@ -42,59 +43,59 @@ func TestAccountManagement(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 	defer os.RemoveAll(workdir)
 
-	// Create an encrypted keystore manager with standard crypto parameters
-	am := accounts.NewManager(filepath.Join(workdir, "keystore"), accounts.StandardScryptN, accounts.StandardScryptP)
+	// Create an encrypted keystore with standard crypto parameters
+	ks := keystore.NewKeyStore(filepath.Join(workdir, "keystore"), keystore.StandardScryptN, keystore.StandardScryptP)
 
 	// Create a new account with the specified encryption passphrase
-	newAcc, err := am.NewAccount("Creation password")
+	newAcc, err := ks.NewAccount("Creation password")
 	if err != nil {
 		t.Fatalf("Failed to create new account: %v", err)
 	}
 	// Export the newly created account with a different passphrase. The returned
 	// data from this method invocation is a JSON encoded, encrypted key-file
-	jsonAcc, err := am.Export(newAcc, "Creation password", "Export password")
+	jsonAcc, err := ks.Export(newAcc, "Creation password", "Export password")
 	if err != nil {
 		t.Fatalf("Failed to export account: %v", err)
 	}
 	// Update the passphrase on the account created above inside the local keystore
-	if err := am.Update(newAcc, "Creation password", "Update password"); err != nil {
+	if err := ks.Update(newAcc, "Creation password", "Update password"); err != nil {
 		t.Fatalf("Failed to update account: %v", err)
 	}
 	// Delete the account updated above from the local keystore
-	if err := am.Delete(newAcc, "Update password"); err != nil {
+	if err := ks.Delete(newAcc, "Update password"); err != nil {
 		t.Fatalf("Failed to delete account: %v", err)
 	}
 	// Import back the account we've exported (and then deleted) above with yet
 	// again a fresh passphrase
-	if _, err := am.Import(jsonAcc, "Export password", "Import password"); err != nil {
+	if _, err := ks.Import(jsonAcc, "Export password", "Import password"); err != nil {
 		t.Fatalf("Failed to import account: %v", err)
 	}
 	// Create a new account to sign transactions with
-	signer, err := am.NewAccount("Signer password")
+	signer, err := ks.NewAccount("Signer password")
 	if err != nil {
 		t.Fatalf("Failed to create signer account: %v", err)
 	}
-	txHash := common.HexToHash("0x0123456789abcdef0123456789abcdef0123456789abcdef0123456789abcdef")
+	tx, chain := new(types.Transaction), big.NewInt(1)
 
 	// Sign a transaction with a single authorization
-	if _, err := am.SignWithPassphrase(signer, "Signer password", txHash.Bytes()); err != nil {
+	if _, err := ks.SignTxWithPassphrase(signer, "Signer password", tx, chain); err != nil {
 		t.Fatalf("Failed to sign with passphrase: %v", err)
 	}
 	// Sign a transaction with multiple manually cancelled authorizations
-	if err := am.Unlock(signer, "Signer password"); err != nil {
+	if err := ks.Unlock(signer, "Signer password"); err != nil {
 		t.Fatalf("Failed to unlock account: %v", err)
 	}
-	if _, err := am.Sign(signer.Address, txHash.Bytes()); err != nil {
+	if _, err := ks.SignTx(signer, tx, chain); err != nil {
 		t.Fatalf("Failed to sign with unlocked account: %v", err)
 	}
-	if err := am.Lock(signer.Address); err != nil {
+	if err := ks.Lock(signer.Address); err != nil {
 		t.Fatalf("Failed to lock account: %v", err)
 	}
 	// Sign a transaction with multiple automatically cancelled authorizations
-	if err := am.TimedUnlock(signer, "Signer password", time.Second); err != nil {
+	if err := ks.TimedUnlock(signer, "Signer password", time.Second); err != nil {
 		t.Fatalf("Failed to time unlock account: %v", err)
 	}
-	if _, err := am.Sign(signer.Address, txHash.Bytes()); err != nil {
+	if _, err := ks.SignTx(signer, tx, chain); err != nil {
 		t.Fatalf("Failed to sign with time unlocked account: %v", err)
 	}
 }
diff --git a/mobile/accounts.go b/mobile/accounts.go
index 621be4d7a..897549a6b 100644
--- a/mobile/accounts.go
+++ b/mobile/accounts.go
@@ -24,24 +24,25 @@ import (
 	"time"
 
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/accounts"
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/accounts/keystore"
 )
 
 const (
 	// StandardScryptN is the N parameter of Scrypt encryption algorithm, using 256MB
 	// memory and taking approximately 1s CPU time on a modern processor.
-	StandardScryptN = int(accounts.StandardScryptN)
+	StandardScryptN = int(keystore.StandardScryptN)
 
 	// StandardScryptP is the P parameter of Scrypt encryption algorithm, using 256MB
 	// memory and taking approximately 1s CPU time on a modern processor.
-	StandardScryptP = int(accounts.StandardScryptP)
+	StandardScryptP = int(keystore.StandardScryptP)
 
 	// LightScryptN is the N parameter of Scrypt encryption algorithm, using 4MB
 	// memory and taking approximately 100ms CPU time on a modern processor.
-	LightScryptN = int(accounts.LightScryptN)
+	LightScryptN = int(keystore.LightScryptN)
 
 	// LightScryptP is the P parameter of Scrypt encryption algorithm, using 4MB
 	// memory and taking approximately 100ms CPU time on a modern processor.
-	LightScryptP = int(accounts.LightScryptP)
+	LightScryptP = int(keystore.LightScryptP)
 )
 
 // Account represents a stored key.
@@ -79,57 +80,73 @@ func (a *Account) GetAddress() *Address {
 
 // GetFile retrieves the path of the file containing the account key.
 func (a *Account) GetFile() string {
-	return a.account.File
+	return a.account.URL
 }
 
-// AccountManager manages a key storage directory on disk.
-type AccountManager struct{ manager *accounts.Manager }
+// KeyStore manages a key storage directory on disk.
+type KeyStore struct{ keystore *keystore.KeyStore }
 
-// NewAccountManager creates a manager for the given directory.
-func NewAccountManager(keydir string, scryptN, scryptP int) *AccountManager {
-	return &AccountManager{manager: accounts.NewManager(keydir, scryptN, scryptP)}
+// NewKeyStore creates a keystore for the given directory.
+func NewKeyStore(keydir string, scryptN, scryptP int) *KeyStore {
+	return &KeyStore{keystore: keystore.NewKeyStore(keydir, scryptN, scryptP)}
 }
 
 // HasAddress reports whether a key with the given address is present.
-func (am *AccountManager) HasAddress(address *Address) bool {
-	return am.manager.HasAddress(address.address)
+func (ks *KeyStore) HasAddress(address *Address) bool {
+	return ks.keystore.HasAddress(address.address)
 }
 
 // GetAccounts returns all key files present in the directory.
-func (am *AccountManager) GetAccounts() *Accounts {
-	return &Accounts{am.manager.Accounts()}
+func (ks *KeyStore) GetAccounts() *Accounts {
+	return &Accounts{ks.keystore.Accounts()}
 }
 
 // DeleteAccount deletes the key matched by account if the passphrase is correct.
 // If a contains no filename, the address must match a unique key.
-func (am *AccountManager) DeleteAccount(account *Account, passphrase string) error {
-	return am.manager.Delete(accounts.Account{
-		Address: account.account.Address,
-		File:    account.account.File,
-	}, passphrase)
+func (ks *KeyStore) DeleteAccount(account *Account, passphrase string) error {
+	return ks.keystore.Delete(account.account, passphrase)
 }
 
-// Sign calculates a ECDSA signature for the given hash. The produced signature
+// SignHash calculates a ECDSA signature for the given hash. The produced signature
 // is in the [R || S || V] format where V is 0 or 1.
-func (am *AccountManager) Sign(address *Address, hash []byte) (signature []byte, _ error) {
-	return am.manager.Sign(address.address, hash)
+func (ks *KeyStore) SignHash(address *Address, hash []byte) (signature []byte, _ error) {
+	return ks.keystore.SignHash(accounts.Account{Address: address.address}, hash)
 }
 
-// SignPassphrase signs hash if the private key matching the given address can
+// SignTx signs the given transaction with the requested account.
+func (ks *KeyStore) SignTx(account *Account, tx *Transaction, chainID *BigInt) (*Transaction, error) {
+	signed, err := ks.keystore.SignTx(account.account, tx.tx, chainID.bigint)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	return &Transaction{signed}, nil
+}
+
+// SignHashPassphrase signs hash if the private key matching the given address can
 // be decrypted with the given passphrase. The produced signature is in the
 // [R || S || V] format where V is 0 or 1.
-func (am *AccountManager) SignPassphrase(account *Account, passphrase string, hash []byte) (signature []byte, _ error) {
-	return am.manager.SignWithPassphrase(account.account, passphrase, hash)
+func (ks *KeyStore) SignHashPassphrase(account *Account, passphrase string, hash []byte) (signature []byte, _ error) {
+	return ks.keystore.SignHashWithPassphrase(account.account, passphrase, hash)
+}
+
+// SignTxPassphrase signs the transaction if the private key matching the
+// given address can be decrypted with the given passphrase.
+func (ks *KeyStore) SignTxPassphrase(account *Account, passphrase string, tx *Transaction, chainID *BigInt) (*Transaction, error) {
+	signed, err := ks.keystore.SignTxWithPassphrase(account.account, passphrase, tx.tx, chainID.bigint)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	return &Transaction{signed}, nil
 }
 
 // Unlock unlocks the given account indefinitely.
-func (am *AccountManager) Unlock(account *Account, passphrase string) error {
-	return am.manager.TimedUnlock(account.account, passphrase, 0)
+func (ks *KeyStore) Unlock(account *Account, passphrase string) error {
+	return ks.keystore.TimedUnlock(account.account, passphrase, 0)
 }
 
 // Lock removes the private key with the given address from memory.
-func (am *AccountManager) Lock(address *Address) error {
-	return am.manager.Lock(address.address)
+func (ks *KeyStore) Lock(address *Address) error {
+	return ks.keystore.Lock(address.address)
 }
 
 // TimedUnlock unlocks the given account with the passphrase. The account stays
@@ -139,14 +156,14 @@ func (am *AccountManager) Lock(address *Address) error {
 // If the account address is already unlocked for a duration, TimedUnlock extends or
 // shortens the active unlock timeout. If the address was previously unlocked
 // indefinitely the timeout is not altered.
-func (am *AccountManager) TimedUnlock(account *Account, passphrase string, timeout int64) error {
-	return am.manager.TimedUnlock(account.account, passphrase, time.Duration(timeout))
+func (ks *KeyStore) TimedUnlock(account *Account, passphrase string, timeout int64) error {
+	return ks.keystore.TimedUnlock(account.account, passphrase, time.Duration(timeout))
 }
 
 // NewAccount generates a new key and stores it into the key directory,
 // encrypting it with the passphrase.
-func (am *AccountManager) NewAccount(passphrase string) (*Account, error) {
-	account, err := am.manager.NewAccount(passphrase)
+func (ks *KeyStore) NewAccount(passphrase string) (*Account, error) {
+	account, err := ks.keystore.NewAccount(passphrase)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}
@@ -154,13 +171,13 @@ func (am *AccountManager) NewAccount(passphrase string) (*Account, error) {
 }
 
 // ExportKey exports as a JSON key, encrypted with newPassphrase.
-func (am *AccountManager) ExportKey(account *Account, passphrase, newPassphrase string) (key []byte, _ error) {
-	return am.manager.Export(account.account, passphrase, newPassphrase)
+func (ks *KeyStore) ExportKey(account *Account, passphrase, newPassphrase string) (key []byte, _ error) {
+	return ks.keystore.Export(account.account, passphrase, newPassphrase)
 }
 
 // ImportKey stores the given encrypted JSON key into the key directory.
-func (am *AccountManager) ImportKey(keyJSON []byte, passphrase, newPassphrase string) (account *Account, _ error) {
-	acc, err := am.manager.Import(keyJSON, passphrase, newPassphrase)
+func (ks *KeyStore) ImportKey(keyJSON []byte, passphrase, newPassphrase string) (account *Account, _ error) {
+	acc, err := ks.keystore.Import(keyJSON, passphrase, newPassphrase)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}
@@ -168,14 +185,14 @@ func (am *AccountManager) ImportKey(keyJSON []byte, passphrase, newPassphrase st
 }
 
 // UpdateAccount changes the passphrase of an existing account.
-func (am *AccountManager) UpdateAccount(account *Account, passphrase, newPassphrase string) error {
-	return am.manager.Update(account.account, passphrase, newPassphrase)
+func (ks *KeyStore) UpdateAccount(account *Account, passphrase, newPassphrase string) error {
+	return ks.keystore.Update(account.account, passphrase, newPassphrase)
 }
 
 // ImportPreSaleKey decrypts the given Ethereum presale wallet and stores
 // a key file in the key directory. The key file is encrypted with the same passphrase.
-func (am *AccountManager) ImportPreSaleKey(keyJSON []byte, passphrase string) (ccount *Account, _ error) {
-	account, err := am.manager.ImportPreSaleKey(keyJSON, passphrase)
+func (ks *KeyStore) ImportPreSaleKey(keyJSON []byte, passphrase string) (ccount *Account, _ error) {
+	account, err := ks.keystore.ImportPreSaleKey(keyJSON, passphrase)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}
diff --git a/mobile/android_test.go b/mobile/android_test.go
index 3776f8291..6f5076d64 100644
--- a/mobile/android_test.go
+++ b/mobile/android_test.go
@@ -43,42 +43,46 @@ public class AndroidTest extends InstrumentationTestCase {
 	public AndroidTest() {}
 
 	public void testAccountManagement() {
-		// Create an encrypted keystore manager with light crypto parameters.
-		AccountManager am = new AccountManager(getInstrumentation().getContext().getFilesDir() + "/keystore", Geth.LightScryptN, Geth.LightScryptP);
+		// Create an encrypted keystore with light crypto parameters.
+		KeyStore ks = new KeyStore(getInstrumentation().getContext().getFilesDir() + "/keystore", Geth.LightScryptN, Geth.LightScryptP);
 
 		try {
 			// Create a new account with the specified encryption passphrase.
-			Account newAcc = am.newAccount("Creation password");
+			Account newAcc = ks.newAccount("Creation password");
 
 			// Export the newly created account with a different passphrase. The returned
 			// data from this method invocation is a JSON encoded, encrypted key-file.
-			byte[] jsonAcc = am.exportKey(newAcc, "Creation password", "Export password");
+			byte[] jsonAcc = ks.exportKey(newAcc, "Creation password", "Export password");
 
 			// Update the passphrase on the account created above inside the local keystore.
-			am.updateAccount(newAcc, "Creation password", "Update password");
+			ks.updateAccount(newAcc, "Creation password", "Update password");
 
 			// Delete the account updated above from the local keystore.
-			am.deleteAccount(newAcc, "Update password");
+			ks.deleteAccount(newAcc, "Update password");
 
 			// Import back the account we've exported (and then deleted) above with yet
 			// again a fresh passphrase.
-			Account impAcc = am.importKey(jsonAcc, "Export password", "Import password");
+			Account impAcc = ks.importKey(jsonAcc, "Export password", "Import password");
 
 			// Create a new account to sign transactions with
-			Account signer = am.newAccount("Signer password");
-			Hash txHash = new Hash("0x0123456789abcdef0123456789abcdef0123456789abcdef0123456789abcdef");
+			Account signer = ks.newAccount("Signer password");
+
+			Transaction tx = new Transaction(
+				1, new Address("0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000"),
+				new BigInt(0), new BigInt(0), new BigInt(1), null); // Random empty transaction
+			BigInt chain = new BigInt(1); // Chain identifier of the main net
 
 			// Sign a transaction with a single authorization
-			byte[] signature = am.signPassphrase(signer, "Signer password", txHash.getBytes());
+			Transaction signed = ks.signTxPassphrase(signer, "Signer password", tx, chain);
 
 			// Sign a transaction with multiple manually cancelled authorizations
-			am.unlock(signer, "Signer password");
-			signature = am.sign(signer.getAddress(), txHash.getBytes());
-			am.lock(signer.getAddress());
+			ks.unlock(signer, "Signer password");
+			signed = ks.signTx(signer, tx, chain);
+			ks.lock(signer.getAddress());
 
 			// Sign a transaction with multiple automatically cancelled authorizations
-			am.timedUnlock(signer, "Signer password", 1000000000);
-			signature = am.sign(signer.getAddress(), txHash.getBytes());
+			ks.timedUnlock(signer, "Signer password", 1000000000);
+			signed = ks.signTx(signer, tx, chain);
 		} catch (Exception e) {
 			fail(e.toString());
 		}
diff --git a/mobile/types.go b/mobile/types.go
index 9ea70ea9b..a9c8cf68c 100644
--- a/mobile/types.go
+++ b/mobile/types.go
@@ -132,6 +132,11 @@ type Transaction struct {
 	tx *types.Transaction
 }
 
+// NewTransaction creates a new transaction with the given properties.
+func NewTransaction(nonce int64, to *Address, amount, gasLimit, gasPrice *BigInt, data []byte) *Transaction {
+	return &Transaction{types.NewTransaction(uint64(nonce), to.address, amount.bigint, gasLimit.bigint, gasPrice.bigint, data)}
+}
+
 func (tx *Transaction) GetData() []byte      { return tx.tx.Data() }
 func (tx *Transaction) GetGas() int64        { return tx.tx.Gas().Int64() }
 func (tx *Transaction) GetGasPrice() *BigInt { return &BigInt{tx.tx.GasPrice()} }
diff --git a/node/config.go b/node/config.go
index 8d75e441b..f3b4dcc73 100644
--- a/node/config.go
+++ b/node/config.go
@@ -27,6 +27,7 @@ import (
 	"strings"
 
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/accounts"
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/accounts/keystore"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/common"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/crypto"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/logger"
@@ -401,11 +402,11 @@ func (c *Config) parsePersistentNodes(path string) []*discover.Node {
 }
 
 func makeAccountManager(conf *Config) (am *accounts.Manager, ephemeralKeystore string, err error) {
-	scryptN := accounts.StandardScryptN
-	scryptP := accounts.StandardScryptP
+	scryptN := keystore.StandardScryptN
+	scryptP := keystore.StandardScryptP
 	if conf.UseLightweightKDF {
-		scryptN = accounts.LightScryptN
-		scryptP = accounts.LightScryptP
+		scryptN = keystore.LightScryptN
+		scryptP = keystore.LightScryptP
 	}
 
 	var keydir string
@@ -431,6 +432,6 @@ func makeAccountManager(conf *Config) (am *accounts.Manager, ephemeralKeystore s
 	if err := os.MkdirAll(keydir, 0700); err != nil {
 		return nil, "", err
 	}
-
-	return accounts.NewManager(keydir, scryptN, scryptP), ephemeralKeystore, nil
+	ks := keystore.NewKeyStore(keydir, scryptN, scryptP)
+	return accounts.NewManager(ks), ephemeralKeystore, nil
 }