path: root/trie/trie.go

// Copyright 2014 The go-ethereum Authors
// This file is part of the go-ethereum library.
//
// The go-ethereum library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
// (at your option) any later version.
//
// The go-ethereum library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
//
// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
// along with the go-ethereum library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.

// Package trie implements Merkle Patricia Tries.
package trie

import (
    "bytes"
    "errors"
    "fmt"
    "hash"

    "github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/common"
    "github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/crypto"
    "github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/crypto/sha3"
    "github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/logger"
    "github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/logger/glog"
    "github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/rlp"
)

const defaultCacheCapacity = 800

var (
    // The global cache stores decoded trie nodes by hash as they get loaded.
    globalCache = newARC(defaultCacheCapacity)

    // This is the known root hash of an empty trie.
    emptyRoot = common.HexToHash("56e81f171bcc55a6ff8345e692c0f86e5b48e01b996cadc001622fb5e363b421")

    // This is the known hash of an empty state trie entry.
    emptyState = crypto.Sha3Hash(nil)
)

var ErrMissingRoot = errors.New("missing root node")

// Database must be implemented by backing stores for the trie.
type Database interface {
    DatabaseWriter
    // Get returns the value for key from the database.
    Get(key []byte) (value []byte, err error)
}

// DatabaseWriter wraps the Put method of a backing store for the trie.
type DatabaseWriter interface {
    // Put stores the mapping key->value in the database.
    // Implementations must not hold onto the value bytes, the trie
    // will reuse the slice across calls to Put.
    Put(key, value []byte) error
}

// Trie is a Merkle Patricia Trie.
// The zero value is an empty trie with no database.
// Use New to create a trie that sits on top of a database.
//
// Trie is not safe for concurrent use.
type Trie struct {
    root node
    db   Database
    *hasher
}

// New creates a trie with an existing root node from db.
//
// If root is the zero hash or the sha3 hash of an empty string, the
// trie is initially empty and does not require a database. Otherwise,
// New will panics if db is nil or root does not exist in the
// database. Accessing the trie loads nodes from db on demand.
func New(root common.Hash, db Database) (*Trie, error) {
    trie := &Trie{db: db}
    if (root != common.Hash{}) && root != emptyRoot {
        if db == nil {
            panic("trie.New: cannot use existing root without a database")
        }
        if v, _ := trie.db.Get(root[:]); len(v) == 0 {
            return nil, ErrMissingRoot
        }
        trie.root = hashNode(root.Bytes())
    }
    return trie, nil
}

// Iterator returns an iterator over all mappings in the trie.
func (t *Trie) Iterator() *Iterator {
    return NewIterator(t)
}

// Get returns the value for key stored in the trie.
// The value bytes must not be modified by the caller.
func (t *Trie) Get(key []byte) []byte {
    key = compactHexDecode(key)
    tn := t.root
    for len(key) > 0 {
        switch n := tn.(type) {
        case shortNode:
            if len(key) < len(n.Key) || !bytes.Equal(n.Key, key[:len(n.Key)]) {
                return nil
            }
            tn = n.Val
            key = key[len(n.Key):]
        case fullNode:
            tn = n[key[0]]
            key = key[1:]
        case nil:
            return nil
        case hashNode:
            tn = t.resolveHash(n)
        default:
            panic(fmt.Sprintf("%T: invalid node: %v", tn, tn))
        }
    }
    return tn.(valueNode)
}

// Update associates key with value in the trie. Subsequent calls to
// Get will return value. If value has length zero, any existing value
// is deleted from the trie and calls to Get will return nil.
//
// The value bytes must not be modified by the caller while they are
// stored in the trie.
func (t *Trie) Update(key, value []byte) {
    k := compactHexDecode(key)
    if len(value) != 0 {
        t.root = t.insert(t.root, k, valueNode(value))
    } else {
        t.root = t.delete(t.root, k)
    }
}

func (t *Trie) insert(n node, key []byte, value node) node {
    if len(key) == 0 {
        return value
    }
    switch n := n.(type) {
    case shortNode:
        matchlen := prefixLen(key, n.Key)
        // If the whole key matches, keep this short node as is
        // and only update the value.
        if matchlen == len(n.Key) {
            return shortNode{n.Key, t.insert(n.Val, key[matchlen:], value)}
        }
        // Otherwise branch out at the index where they differ.
        var branch fullNode
        branch[n.Key[matchlen]] = t.insert(nil, n.Key[matchlen+1:], n.Val)
        branch[key[matchlen]] = t.insert(nil, key[matchlen+1:], value)
        // Replace this shortNode with the branch if it occurs at index 0.
        if matchlen == 0 {
            return branch
        }
        // Otherwise, replace it with a short node leading up to the branch.
        return shortNode{key[:matchlen], branch}

    case fullNode:
        n[key[0]] = t.insert(n[key[0]], key[1:], value)
        return n

    case nil:
        return shortNode{key, value}

    case hashNode:
        // We've hit a part of the trie that isn't loaded yet. Load
        // the node and insert into it. This leaves all child nodes on
        // the path to the value in the trie.
        //
        // TODO: track whether insertion changed the value and keep
        // n as a hash node if it didn't.
        return t.insert(t.resolveHash(n), key, value)

    default:
        panic(fmt.Sprintf("%T: invalid node: %v", n, n))
    }
}

// Delete removes any existing value for key from the trie.
func (t *Trie) Delete(key []byte) {
    k := compactHexDecode(key)
    t.root = t.delete(t.root, k)
}

// delete returns the new root of the trie with key deleted.
// It reduces the trie to minimal form by simplifying
// nodes on the way up after deleting recursively.
func (t *Trie) delete(n node, key []byte) node {
    switch n := n.(type) {
    case shortNode:
        matchlen := prefixLen(key, n.Key)
        if matchlen < len(n.Key) {
            return n // don't replace n on mismatch
        }
        if matchlen == len(key) {
            return nil // remove n entirely for whole matches
        }
        // The key is longer than n.Key. Remove the remaining suffix
        // from the subtrie. Child can never be nil here since the
        // subtrie must contain at least two other values with keys
        // longer than n.Key.
        child := t.delete(n.Val, key[len(n.Key):])
        switch child := child.(type) {
        case shortNode:
            // Deleting from the subtrie reduced it to another
            // short node. Merge the nodes to avoid creating a
            // shortNode{..., shortNode{...}}. Use concat (which
            // always creates a new slice) instead of append to
            // avoid modifying n.Key since it might be shared with
            // other nodes.
            return shortNode{concat(n.Key, child.Key...), child.Val}
        default:
            return shortNode{n.Key, child}
        }

    case fullNode:
        n[key[0]] = t.delete(n[key[0]], key[1:])
        // Check how many non-nil entries are left after deleting and
        // reduce the full node to a short node if only one entry is
        // left. Since n must've contained at least two children
        // before deletion (otherwise it would not be a full node) n
        // can never be reduced to nil.
        //
        // When the loop is done, pos contains the index of the single
        // value that is left in n or -2 if n contains at least two
        // values.
        pos := -1
        for i, cld := range n {
            if cld != nil {
                if pos == -1 {
                    pos = i
                } else {
                    pos = -2
                    break
                }
            }
        }
        if pos >= 0 {
            if pos != 16 {
                // If the remaining entry is a short node, it replaces
                // n and its key gets the missing nibble tacked to the
                // front. This avoids creating an invalid
                // shortNode{..., shortNode{...}}.  Since the entry
                // might not be loaded yet, resolve it just for this
                // check.
                cnode := t.resolve(n[pos])
                if cnode, ok := cnode.(shortNode); ok {
                    k := append([]byte{byte(pos)}, cnode.Key...)
                    return shortNode{k, cnode.Val}
                }
            }
            // Otherwise, n is replaced by a one-nibble short node
            // containing the child.
            return shortNode{[]byte{byte(pos)}, n[pos]}
        }
        // n still contains at least two values and cannot be reduced.
        return n

    case nil:
        return nil

    case hashNode:
        // We've hit a part of the trie that isn't loaded yet. Load
        // the node and delete from it. This leaves all child nodes on
        // the path to the value in the trie.
        //
        // TODO: track whether deletion actually hit a key and keep
        // n as a hash node if it didn't.
        return t.delete(t.resolveHash(n), key)

    default:
        panic(fmt.Sprintf("%T: invalid node: %v (%v)", n, n, key))
    }
}

func concat(s1 []byte, s2 ...byte) []byte {
    r := make([]byte, len(s1)+len(s2))
    copy(r, s1)
    copy(r[len(s1):], s2)
    return r
}

func (t *Trie) resolve(n node) node {
    if n, ok := n.(hashNode); ok {
        return t.resolveHash(n)
    }
    return n
}

func (t *Trie) resolveHash(n hashNode) node {
    if v, ok := globalCache.Get(n); ok {
        return v
    }
    enc, err := t.db.Get(n)
    if err != nil || enc == nil {
        // TODO: This needs to be improved to properly distinguish errors.
        // Disk I/O errors shouldn't produce nil (and cause a
        // consensus failure or weird crash), but it is unclear how
        // they could be handled because the entire stack above the trie isn't
        // prepared to cope with missing state nodes.
        if glog.V(logger.Error) {
            glog.Errorf("Dangling hash node ref %x: %v", n, err)
        }
        return nil
    }
    dec := mustDecodeNode(n, enc)
    if dec != nil {
        globalCache.Put(n, dec)
    }
    return dec
}

// Root returns the root hash of the trie.
// Deprecated: use Hash instead.
func (t *Trie) Root() []byte { return t.Hash().Bytes() }

// Hash returns the root hash of the trie. It does not write to the
// database and can be used even if the trie doesn't have one.
func (t *Trie) Hash() common.Hash {
    root, _ := t.hashRoot(nil)
    return common.BytesToHash(root.(hashNode))
}

// Commit writes all nodes to the trie's database.
// Nodes are stored with their sha3 hash as the key.
//
// Committing flushes nodes from memory.
// Subsequent Get calls will load nodes from the database.
func (t *Trie) Commit() (root common.Hash, err error) {
    if t.db == nil {
        panic("Commit called on trie with nil database")
    }
    return t.CommitTo(t.db)
}

// CommitTo writes all nodes to the given database.
// Nodes are stored with their sha3 hash as the key.
//
// Committing flushes nodes from memory. Subsequent Get calls will
// load nodes from the trie's database. Calling code must ensure that
// the changes made to db are written back to the trie's attached
// database before using the trie.
func (t *Trie) CommitTo(db DatabaseWriter) (root common.Hash, err error) {
    n, err := t.hashRoot(db)
    if err != nil {
        return (common.Hash{}), err
    }
    t.root = n
    return common.BytesToHash(n.(hashNode)), nil
}

func (t *Trie) hashRoot(db DatabaseWriter) (node, error) {
    if t.root == nil {
        return hashNode(emptyRoot.Bytes()), nil
    }
    if t.hasher == nil {
        t.hasher = newHasher()
    }
    return t.hasher.hash(t.root, db, true)
}

type hasher struct {
    tmp *bytes.Buffer
    sha hash.Hash
}

func newHasher() *hasher {
    return &hasher{tmp: new(bytes.Buffer), sha: sha3.NewKeccak256()}
}

func (h *hasher) hash(n node, db DatabaseWriter, force bool) (node, error) {
    hashed, err := h.replaceChildren(n, db)
    if err != nil {
        return hashNode{}, err
    }
    if n, err = h.store(hashed, db, force); err != nil {
        return hashNode{}, err
    }
    return n, nil
}

// hashChildren replaces child nodes of n with their hashes if the encoded
// size of the child is larger than a hash.
func (h *hasher) replaceChildren(n node, db DatabaseWriter) (node, error) {
    var err error
    switch n := n.(type) {
    case shortNode:
        n.Key = compactEncode(n.Key)
        if _, ok := n.Val.(valueNode); !ok {
            if n.Val, err = h.hash(n.Val, db, false); err != nil {
                return n, err
            }
        }
        if n.Val == nil {
            // Ensure that nil children are encoded as empty strings.
            n.Val = valueNode(nil)
        }
        return n, nil
    case fullNode:
        for i := 0; i < 16; i++ {
            if n[i] != nil {
                if n[i], err = h.hash(n[i], db, false); err != nil {
                    return n, err
                }
            } else {
                // Ensure that nil children are encoded as empty strings.
                n[i] = valueNode(nil)
            }
        }
        if n[16] == nil {
            n[16] = valueNode(nil)
        }
        return n, nil
    default:
        return n, nil
    }
}

func (h *hasher) store(n node, db DatabaseWriter, force bool) (node, error) {
    // Don't store hashes or empty nodes.
    if _, isHash := n.(hashNode); n == nil || isHash {
        return n, nil
    }
    h.tmp.Reset()
    if err := rlp.Encode(h.tmp, n); err != nil {
        panic("encode error: " + err.Error())
    }
    if h.tmp.Len() < 32 && !force {
        // Nodes smaller than 32 bytes are stored inside their parent.
        return n, nil
    }
    // Larger nodes are replaced by their hash and stored in the database.
    h.sha.Reset()
    h.sha.Write(h.tmp.Bytes())
    key := hashNode(h.sha.Sum(nil))
    if db != nil {
        err := db.Put(key, h.tmp.Bytes())
        return key, err
    }
    return key, nil
}