// Copyright 2014 The go-ethereum Authors
// This file is part of the go-ethereum library.
//
// The go-ethereum library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
// (at your option) any later version.
//
// The go-ethereum library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
//
// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
// along with the go-ethereum library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
// Package trie implements Merkle Patricia Tries.
package trie
import (
"bytes"
"fmt"
"hash"
"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/common"
"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/crypto"
"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/crypto/sha3"
"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/logger"
"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/logger/glog"
"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/rlp"
)
const defaultCacheCapacity = 800
var (
// The global cache stores decoded trie nodes by hash as they get loaded.
globalCache = newARC(defaultCacheCapacity)
// This is the known root hash of an empty trie.
emptyRoot = common.HexToHash("56e81f171bcc55a6ff8345e692c0f86e5b48e01b996cadc001622fb5e363b421")
// This is the known hash of an empty state trie entry.
emptyState = crypto.Keccak256Hash(nil)
)
// ClearGlobalCache clears the global trie cache
func ClearGlobalCache() {
globalCache.Clear()
}
// Database must be implemented by backing stores for the trie.
type Database interface {
DatabaseWriter
// Get returns the value for key from the database.
Get(key []byte) (value []byte, err error)
}
// DatabaseWriter wraps the Put method of a backing store for the trie.
type DatabaseWriter interface {
// Put stores the mapping key->value in the database.
// Implementations must not hold onto the value bytes, the trie
// will reuse the slice across calls to Put.
Put(key, value []byte) error
}
// Trie is a Merkle Patricia Trie.
// The zero value is an empty trie with no database.
// Use New to create a trie that sits on top of a database.
//
// Trie is not safe for concurrent use.
type Trie struct {
root node
db Database
originalRoot common.Hash
*hasher
}
// New creates a trie with an existing root node from db.
//
// If root is the zero hash or the sha3 hash of an empty string, the
// trie is initially empty and does not require a database. Otherwise,
// New will panic if db is nil and returns a MissingNodeError if root does
// not exist in the database. Accessing the trie loads nodes from db on demand.
func New(root common.Hash, db Database) (*Trie, error) {
trie := &Trie{db: db, originalRoot: root}
if (root != common.Hash{}) && root != emptyRoot {
if db == nil {
panic("trie.New: cannot use existing root without a database")
}
if v, _ := trie.db.Get(root[:]); len(v) == 0 {
return nil, &MissingNodeError{
RootHash: root,
NodeHash: root,
}
}
trie.root = hashNode(root.Bytes())
}
return trie, nil
}
// Iterator returns an iterator over all mappings in the trie.
func (t *Trie) Iterator() *Iterator {
return NewIterator(t)
}
// Get returns the value for key stored in the trie.
// The value bytes must not be modified by the caller.
func (t *Trie) Get(key []byte) []byte {
res, err := t.TryGet(key)
if err != nil && glog.V(logger.Error) {
glog.Errorf("Unhandled trie error: %v", err)
}
return res
}
// TryGet returns the value for key stored in the trie.
// The value bytes must not be modified by the caller.
// If a node was not found in the database, a MissingNodeError is returned.
func (t *Trie) TryGet(key []byte) ([]byte, error) {
key = compactHexDecode(key)
pos := 0
tn := t.root
for pos < len(key) {
switch n := tn.(type) {
case shortNode:
if len(key)-pos < len(n.Key) || !bytes.Equal(n.Key, key[pos:pos+len(n.Key)]) {
return nil, nil
}
tn = n.Val
pos += len(n.Key)
case fullNode:
tn = n.Children[key[pos]]
pos++
case nil:
return nil, nil
case hashNode:
var err error
tn, err = t.resolveHash(n, key[:pos], key[pos:])
if err != nil {
return nil, err
}
default:
panic(fmt.Sprintf("%T: invalid node: %v", tn, tn))
}
}
return tn.(valueNode), nil
}
// Update associates key with value in the trie. Subsequent calls to
// Get will return value. If value has length zero, any existing value
// is deleted from the trie and calls to Get will return nil.
//
// The value bytes must not be modified by the caller while they are
// stored in the trie.
func (t *Trie) Update(key, value []byte) {
if err := t.TryUpdate(key, value); err != nil && glog.V(logger.Error) {
glog.Errorf("Unhandled trie error: %v", err)
}
}
// TryUpdate associates key with value in the trie. Subsequent calls to
// Get will return value. If value has length zero, any existing value
// is deleted from the trie and calls to Get will return nil.
//
// The value bytes must not be modified by the caller while they are
// stored in the trie.
//
// If a node was not found in the database, a MissingNodeError is returned.
func (t *Trie) TryUpdate(key, value []byte) error {
k := compactHexDecode(key)
if len(value) != 0 {
_, n, err := t.insert(t.root, nil, k, valueNode(value))
if err != nil {
return err
}
t.root = n
} else {
_, n, err := t.delete(t.root, nil, k)
if err != nil {
return err
}
t.root = n
}
return nil
}
func (t *Trie) insert(n node, prefix, key []byte, value node) (bool, node, error) {
if len(key) == 0 {
if v, ok := n.(valueNode); ok {
return !bytes.Equal(v, value.(valueNode)), value, nil
}
return true, value, nil
}
switch n := n.(type) {
case shortNode:
matchlen := prefixLen(key, n.Key)
// If the whole key matches, keep this short node as is
// and only update the value.
if matchlen == len(n.Key) {
dirty, nn, err := t.insert(n.Val, append(prefix, key[:matchlen]...), key[matchlen:], value)
if err != nil {
return false, nil, err
}
if !dirty {
return false, n, nil
}
return true, shortNode{n.Key, nn, nil, true}, nil
}
// Otherwise branch out at the index where they differ.
branch := fullNode{dirty: true}
var err error
_, branch.Children[n.Key[matchlen]], err = t.insert(nil, append(prefix, n.Key[:matchlen+1]...), n.Key[matchlen+1:], n.Val)
if err != nil {
return false, nil, err
}
_, branch.Children[key[matchlen]], err = t.insert(nil, append(prefix, key[:matchlen+1]...), key[matchlen+1:], value)
if err != nil {
return false, nil, err
}
// Replace this shortNode with the branch if it occurs at index 0.
if matchlen == 0 {
return true, branch, nil
}
// Otherwise, replace it with a short node leading up to the branch.
return true, shortNode{key[:matchlen], branch, nil, true}, nil
case fullNode:
dirty, nn, err := t.insert(n.Children[key[0]], append(prefix, key[0]), key[1:], value)
if err != nil {
return false, nil, err
}
if !dirty {
return false, n, nil
}
n.Children[key[0]], n.hash, n.dirty = nn, nil, true
return true, n, nil
case nil:
return true, shortNode{key, value, nil, true}, nil
case hashNode:
// We've hit a part of the trie that isn't loaded yet. Load
// the node and insert into it. This leaves all child nodes on
// the path to the value in the trie.
rn, err := t.resolveHash(n, prefix, key)
if err != nil {
return false, nil, err
}
dirty, nn, err := t.insert(rn, prefix, key, value)
if err != nil {
return false, nil, err
}
if !dirty {
return false, rn, nil
}
return true, nn, nil
default:
panic(fmt.Sprintf("%T: invalid node: %v", n, n))
}
}
// Delete removes any existing value for key from the trie.
func (t *Trie) Delete(key []byte) {
if err := t.TryDelete(key); err != nil && glog.V(logger.Error) {
glog.Errorf("Unhandled trie error: %v", err)
}
}
// TryDelete removes any existing value for key from the trie.
// If a node was not found in the database, a MissingNodeError is returned.
func (t *Trie) TryDelete(key []byte) error {
k := compactHexDecode(key)
_, n, err := t.delete(t.root, nil, k)
if err != nil {
return err
}
t.root = n
return nil
}
// delete returns the new root of the trie with key deleted.
// It reduces the trie to minimal form by simplifying
// nodes on the way up after deleting recursively.
func (t *Trie) delete(n node, prefix, key []byte) (bool, node, error) {
switch n := n.(type) {
case shortNode:
matchlen := prefixLen(key, n.Key)
if matchlen < len(n.Key) {
return false, n, nil // don't replace n on mismatch
}
if matchlen == len(key) {
return true, nil, nil // remove n entirely for whole matches
}
// The key is longer than n.Key. Remove the remaining suffix
// from the subtrie. Child can never be nil here since the
// subtrie must contain at least two other values with keys
// longer than n.Key.
dirty, child, err := t.delete(n.Val, append(prefix, key[:len(n.Key)]...), key[len(n.Key):])
if err != nil {
return false, nil, err
}
if !dirty {
return false, n, nil
}
switch child := child.(type) {
case shortNode:
// Deleting from the subtrie reduced it to another
// short node. Merge the nodes to avoid creating a
// shortNode{..., shortNode{...}}. Use concat (which
// always creates a new slice) instead of append to
// avoid modifying n.Key since it might be shared with
// other nodes.
return true, shortNode{concat(n.Key, child.Key...), child.Val, nil, true}, nil
default:
return true, shortNode{n.Key, child, nil, true}, nil
}
case fullNode:
dirty, nn, err := t.delete(n.Children[key[0]], append(prefix, key[0]), key[1:])
if err != nil {
return false, nil, err
}
if !dirty {
return false, n, nil
}
n.Children[key[0]], n.hash, n.dirty = nn, nil, true
// Check how many non-nil entries are left after deleting and
// reduce the full node to a short node if only one entry is
// left. Since n must've contained at least two children
// before deletion (otherwise it would not be a full node) n
// can never be reduced to nil.
//
// When the loop is done, pos contains the index of the single
// value that is left in n or -2 if n contains at least two
// values.
pos := -1
for i, cld := range n.Children {
if cld != nil {
if pos == -1 {
pos = i
} else {
pos = -2
break
}
}
}
if pos >= 0 {
if pos != 16 {
// If the remaining entry is a short node, it replaces
// n and its key gets the missing nibble tacked to the
// front. This avoids creating an invalid
// shortNode{..., shortNode{...}}. Since the entry
// might not be loaded yet, resolve it just for this
// check.
cnode, err := t.resolve(n.Children[pos], prefix, []byte{byte(pos)})
if err != nil {
return false, nil, err
}
if cnode, ok := cnode.(shortNode); ok {
k := append([]byte{byte(pos)}, cnode.Key...)
return true, shortNode{k, cnode.Val, nil, true}, nil
}
}
// Otherwise, n is replaced by a one-nibble short node
// containing the child.
return true, shortNode{[]byte{byte(pos)}, n.Children[pos], nil, true}, nil
}
// n still contains at least two values and cannot be reduced.
return true, n, nil
case nil:
return false, nil, nil
case hashNode:
// We've hit a part of the trie that isn't loaded yet. Load
// the node and delete from it. This leaves all child nodes on
// the path to the value in the trie.
rn, err := t.resolveHash(n, prefix, key)
if err != nil {
return false, nil, err
}
dirty, nn, err := t.delete(rn, prefix, key)
if err != nil {
return false, nil, err
}
if !dirty {
return false, rn, nil
}
return true, nn, nil
default:
panic(fmt.Sprintf("%T: invalid node: %v (%v)", n, n, key))
}
}
func concat(s1 []byte, s2 ...byte) []byte {
r := make([]byte, len(s1)+len(s2))
copy(r, s1)
copy(r[len(s1):], s2)
return r
}
func (t *Trie) resolve(n node, prefix, suffix []byte) (node, error) {
if n, ok := n.(hashNode); ok {
return t.resolveHash(n, prefix, suffix)
}
return n, nil
}
func (t *Trie) resolveHash(n hashNode, prefix, suffix []byte) (node, error) {
if v, ok := globalCache.Get(n); ok {
return v, nil
}
enc, err := t.db.Get(n)
if err != nil || enc == nil {
return nil, &MissingNodeError{
RootHash: t.originalRoot,
NodeHash: common.BytesToHash(n),
Key: compactHexEncode(append(prefix, suffix...)),
PrefixLen: len(prefix),
SuffixLen: len(suffix),
}
}
dec := mustDecodeNode(n, enc)
if dec != nil {
globalCache.Put(n, dec)
}
return dec, nil
}
// Root returns the root hash of the trie.
// Deprecated: use Hash instead.
func (t *Trie) Root() []byte { return t.Hash().Bytes() }
// Hash returns the root hash of the trie. It does not write to the
// database and can be used even if the trie doesn't have one.
func (t *Trie) Hash() common.Hash {
hash, cached, _ := t.hashRoot(nil)
t.root = cached
return common.BytesToHash(hash.(hashNode))
}
// Commit writes all nodes to the trie's database.
// Nodes are stored with their sha3 hash as the key.
//
// Committing flushes nodes from memory.
// Subsequent Get calls will load nodes from the database.
func (t *Trie) Commit() (root common.Hash, err error) {
if t.db == nil {
panic("Commit called on trie with nil database")
}
return t.CommitTo(t.db)
}
// CommitTo writes all nodes to the given database.
// Nodes are stored with their sha3 hash as the key.
//
// Committing flushes nodes from memory. Subsequent Get calls will
// load nodes from the trie's database. Calling code must ensure that
// the changes made to db are written back to the trie's attached
// database before using the trie.
func (t *Trie) CommitTo(db DatabaseWriter) (root common.Hash, err error) {
hash, cached, err := t.hashRoot(db)
if err != nil {
return (common.Hash{}), err
}
t.root = cached
return common.BytesToHash(hash.(hashNode)), nil
}
func (t *Trie) hashRoot(db DatabaseWriter) (node, node, error) {
if t.root == nil {
return hashNode(emptyRoot.Bytes()), nil, nil
}
if t.hasher == nil {
t.hasher = newHasher()
}
return t.hasher.hash(t.root, db, true)
}
type hasher struct {
tmp *bytes.Buffer
sha hash.Hash
}
func newHasher() *hasher {
return &hasher{tmp: new(bytes.Buffer), sha: sha3.NewKeccak256()}
}
// hash collapses a node down into a hash node, also returning a copy of the
// original node initialzied with the computed hash to replace the original one.
func (h *hasher) hash(n node, db DatabaseWriter, force bool) (node, node, error) {
// If we're not storing the node, just hashing, use avaialble cached data
if hash, dirty := n.cache(); hash != nil && (db == nil || !dirty) {
return hash, n, nil
}
// Trie not processed yet or needs storage, walk the children
collapsed, cached, err := h.hashChildren(n, db)
if err != nil {
return hashNode{}, n, err
}
hashed, err := h.store(collapsed, db, force)
if err != nil {
return hashNode{}, n, err
}
// Cache the hash and RLP blob of the ndoe for later reuse
if hash, ok := hashed.(hashNode); ok && !force {
switch cached := cached.(type) {
case shortNode:
cached.hash = hash
if db != nil {
cached.dirty = false
}
return hashed, cached, nil
case fullNode:
cached.hash = hash
if db != nil {
cached.dirty = false
}
return hashed, cached, nil
}
}
return hashed, cached, nil
}
// hashChildren replaces the children of a node with their hashes if the encoded
// size of the child is larger than a hash, returning the collapsed node as well
// as a replacement for the original node with the child hashes cached in.
func (h *hasher) hashChildren(original node, db DatabaseWriter) (node, node, error) {
var err error
switch n := original.(type) {
case shortNode:
// Hash the short node's child, caching the newly hashed subtree
cached := n
cached.Key = common.CopyBytes(cached.Key)
n.Key = compactEncode(n.Key)
if _, ok := n.Val.(valueNode); !ok {
if n.Val, cached.Val, err = h.hash(n.Val, db, false); err != nil {
return n, original, err
}
}
if n.Val == nil {
n.Val = valueNode(nil) // Ensure that nil children are encoded as empty strings.
}
return n, cached, nil
case fullNode:
// Hash the full node's children, caching the newly hashed subtrees
cached := fullNode{dirty: n.dirty}
for i := 0; i < 16; i++ {
if n.Children[i] != nil {
if n.Children[i], cached.Children[i], err = h.hash(n.Children[i], db, false); err != nil {
return n, original, err
}
} else {
n.Children[i] = valueNode(nil) // Ensure that nil children are encoded as empty strings.
}
}
cached.Children[16] = n.Children[16]
if n.Children[16] == nil {
n.Children[16] = valueNode(nil)
}
return n, cached, nil
default:
// Value and hash nodes don't have children so they're left as were
return n, original, nil
}
}
func (h *hasher) store(n node, db DatabaseWriter, force bool) (node, error) {
// Don't store hashes or empty nodes.
if _, isHash := n.(hashNode); n == nil || isHash {
return n, nil
}
// Generate the RLP encoding of the node
h.tmp.Reset()
if err := rlp.Encode(h.tmp, n); err != nil {
panic("encode error: " + err.Error())
}
if h.tmp.Len() < 32 && !force {
return n, nil // Nodes smaller than 32 bytes are stored inside their parent
}
// Larger nodes are replaced by their hash and stored in the database.
hash, _ := n.cache()
if hash == nil {
h.sha.Reset()
h.sha.Write(h.tmp.Bytes())
hash = hashNode(h.sha.Sum(nil))
}
if db != nil {
return hash, db.Put(hash, h.tmp.Bytes())
}
return hash, nil
}
