path: root/consensus/ethash/ethash.go

// Copyright 2017 The go-ethereum Authors
// This file is part of the go-ethereum library.
//
// The go-ethereum library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
// (at your option) any later version.
//
// The go-ethereum library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
//
// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
// along with the go-ethereum library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.

// Package ethash implements the ethash proof-of-work consensus engine.
package ethash

import (
    "errors"
    "fmt"
    "math"
    "math/big"
    "math/rand"
    "os"
    "path/filepath"
    "reflect"
    "runtime"
    "strconv"
    "sync"
    "sync/atomic"
    "time"
    "unsafe"

    mmap "github.com/edsrzf/mmap-go"
    "github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/common"
    "github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/consensus"
    "github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core/types"
    "github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/log"
    "github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/metrics"
    "github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/rpc"
    "github.com/hashicorp/golang-lru/simplelru"
)

var ErrInvalidDumpMagic = errors.New("invalid dump magic")

var (
    // two256 is a big integer representing 2^256
    two256 = new(big.Int).Exp(big.NewInt(2), big.NewInt(256), big.NewInt(0))

    // sharedEthash is a full instance that can be shared between multiple users.
    sharedEthash = New(Config{"", 3, 0, "", 1, 0, ModeNormal}, nil, false)

    // algorithmRevision is the data structure version used for file naming.
    algorithmRevision = 23

    // dumpMagic is a dataset dump header to sanity check a data dump.
    dumpMagic = []uint32{0xbaddcafe, 0xfee1dead}
)

// isLittleEndian returns whether the local system is running in little or big
// endian byte order.
func isLittleEndian() bool {
    n := uint32(0x01020304)
    return *(*byte)(unsafe.Pointer(&n)) == 0x04
}

// memoryMap tries to memory map a file of uint32s for read only access.
func memoryMap(path string) (*os.File, mmap.MMap, []uint32, error) {
    file, err := os.OpenFile(path, os.O_RDONLY, 0644)
    if err != nil {
        return nil, nil, nil, err
    }
    mem, buffer, err := memoryMapFile(file, false)
    if err != nil {
        file.Close()
        return nil, nil, nil, err
    }
    for i, magic := range dumpMagic {
        if buffer[i] != magic {
            mem.Unmap()
            file.Close()
            return nil, nil, nil, ErrInvalidDumpMagic
        }
    }
    return file, mem, buffer[len(dumpMagic):], err
}

// memoryMapFile tries to memory map an already opened file descriptor.
func memoryMapFile(file *os.File, write bool) (mmap.MMap, []uint32, error) {
    // Try to memory map the file
    flag := mmap.RDONLY
    if write {
        flag = mmap.RDWR
    }
    mem, err := mmap.Map(file, flag, 0)
    if err != nil {
        return nil, nil, err
    }
    // Yay, we managed to memory map the file, here be dragons
    header := *(*reflect.SliceHeader)(unsafe.Pointer(&mem))
    header.Len /= 4
    header.Cap /= 4

    return mem, *(*[]uint32)(unsafe.Pointer(&header)), nil
}

// memoryMapAndGenerate tries to memory map a temporary file of uint32s for write
// access, fill it with the data from a generator and then move it into the final
// path requested.
func memoryMapAndGenerate(path string, size uint64, generator func(buffer []uint32)) (*os.File, mmap.MMap, []uint32, error) {
    // Ensure the data folder exists
    if err := os.MkdirAll(filepath.Dir(path), 0755); err != nil {
        return nil, nil, nil, err
    }
    // Create a huge temporary empty file to fill with data
    temp := path + "." + strconv.Itoa(rand.Int())

    dump, err := os.Create(temp)
    if err != nil {
        return nil, nil, nil, err
    }
    if err = dump.Truncate(int64(len(dumpMagic))*4 + int64(size)); err != nil {
        return nil, nil, nil, err
    }
    // Memory map the file for writing and fill it with the generator
    mem, buffer, err := memoryMapFile(dump, true)
    if err != nil {
        dump.Close()
        return nil, nil, nil, err
    }
    copy(buffer, dumpMagic)

    data := buffer[len(dumpMagic):]
    generator(data)

    if err := mem.Unmap(); err != nil {
        return nil, nil, nil, err
    }
    if err := dump.Close(); err != nil {
        return nil, nil, nil, err
    }
    if err := os.Rename(temp, path); err != nil {
        return nil, nil, nil, err
    }
    return memoryMap(path)
}

// lru tracks caches or datasets by their last use time, keeping at most N of them.
type lru struct {
    what string
    new  func(epoch uint64) interface{}
    mu   sync.Mutex
    // Items are kept in a LRU cache, but there is a special case:
    // We always keep an item for (highest seen epoch) + 1 as the 'future item'.
    cache      *simplelru.LRU
    future     uint64
    futureItem interface{}
}

// newlru create a new least-recently-used cache for either the verification caches
// or the mining datasets.
func newlru(what string, maxItems int, new func(epoch uint64) interface{}) *lru {
    if maxItems <= 0 {
        maxItems = 1
    }
    cache, _ := simplelru.NewLRU(maxItems, func(key, value interface{}) {
        log.Trace("Evicted ethash "+what, "epoch", key)
    })
    return &lru{what: what, new: new, cache: cache}
}

// get retrieves or creates an item for the given epoch. The first return value is always
// non-nil. The second return value is non-nil if lru thinks that an item will be useful in
// the near future.
func (lru *lru) get(epoch uint64) (item, future interface{}) {
    lru.mu.Lock()
    defer lru.mu.Unlock()

    // Get or create the item for the requested epoch.
    item, ok := lru.cache.Get(epoch)
    if !ok {
        if lru.future > 0 && lru.future == epoch {
            item = lru.futureItem
        } else {
            log.Trace("Requiring new ethash "+lru.what, "epoch", epoch)
            item = lru.new(epoch)
        }
        lru.cache.Add(epoch, item)
    }
    // Update the 'future item' if epoch is larger than previously seen.
    if epoch < maxEpoch-1 && lru.future < epoch+1 {
        log.Trace("Requiring new future ethash "+lru.what, "epoch", epoch+1)
        future = lru.new(epoch + 1)
        lru.future = epoch + 1
        lru.futureItem = future
    }
    return item, future
}

// cache wraps an ethash cache with some metadata to allow easier concurrent use.
type cache struct {
    epoch uint64    // Epoch for which this cache is relevant
    dump  *os.File  // File descriptor of the memory mapped cache
    mmap  mmap.MMap // Memory map itself to unmap before releasing
    cache []uint32  // The actual cache data content (may be memory mapped)
    once  sync.Once // Ensures the cache is generated only once
}

// newCache creates a new ethash verification cache and returns it as a plain Go
// interface to be usable in an LRU cache.
func newCache(epoch uint64) interface{} {
    return &cache{epoch: epoch}
}

// generate ensures that the cache content is generated before use.
func (c *cache) generate(dir string, limit int, test bool) {
    c.once.Do(func() {
        size := cacheSize(c.epoch*epochLength + 1)
        seed := seedHash(c.epoch*epochLength + 1)
        if test {
            size = 1024
        }
        // If we don't store anything on disk, generate and return.
        if dir == "" {
            c.cache = make([]uint32, size/4)
            generateCache(c.cache, c.epoch, seed)
            return
        }
        // Disk storage is needed, this will get fancy
        var endian string
        if !isLittleEndian() {
            endian = ".be"
        }
        path := filepath.Join(dir, fmt.Sprintf("cache-R%d-%x%s", algorithmRevision, seed[:8], endian))
        logger := log.New("epoch", c.epoch)

        // We're about to mmap the file, ensure that the mapping is cleaned up when the
        // cache becomes unused.
        runtime.SetFinalizer(c, (*cache).finalizer)

        // Try to load the file from disk and memory map it
        var err error
        c.dump, c.mmap, c.cache, err = memoryMap(path)
        if err == nil {
            logger.Debug("Loaded old ethash cache from disk")
            return
        }
        logger.Debug("Failed to load old ethash cache", "err", err)

        // No previous cache available, create a new cache file to fill
        c.dump, c.mmap, c.cache, err = memoryMapAndGenerate(path, size, func(buffer []uint32) { generateCache(buffer, c.epoch, seed) })
        if err != nil {
            logger.Error("Failed to generate mapped ethash cache", "err", err)

            c.cache = make([]uint32, size/4)
            generateCache(c.cache, c.epoch, seed)
        }
        // Iterate over all previous instances and delete old ones
        for ep := int(c.epoch) - limit; ep >= 0; ep-- {
            seed := seedHash(uint64(ep)*epochLength + 1)
            path := filepath.Join(dir, fmt.Sprintf("cache-R%d-%x%s", algorithmRevision, seed[:8], endian))
            os.Remove(path)
        }
    })
}

// finalizer unmaps the memory and closes the file.
func (c *cache) finalizer() {
    if c.mmap != nil {
        c.mmap.Unmap()
        c.dump.Close()
        c.mmap, c.dump = nil, nil
    }
}

// dataset wraps an ethash dataset with some metadata to allow easier concurrent use.
type dataset struct {
    epoch   uint64    // Epoch for which this cache is relevant
    dump    *os.File  // File descriptor of the memory mapped cache
    mmap    mmap.MMap // Memory map itself to unmap before releasing
    dataset []uint32  // The actual cache data content
    once    sync.Once // Ensures the cache is generated only once
    done    uint32    // Atomic flag to determine generation status
}

// newDataset creates a new ethash mining dataset and returns it as a plain Go
// interface to be usable in an LRU cache.
func newDataset(epoch uint64) interface{} {
    return &dataset{epoch: epoch}
}

// generate ensures that the dataset content is generated before use.
func (d *dataset) generate(dir string, limit int, test bool) {
    d.once.Do(func() {
        // Mark the dataset generated after we're done. This is needed for remote
        defer atomic.StoreUint32(&d.done, 1)

        csize := cacheSize(d.epoch*epochLength + 1)
        dsize := datasetSize(d.epoch*epochLength + 1)
        seed := seedHash(d.epoch*epochLength + 1)
        if test {
            csize = 1024
            dsize = 32 * 1024
        }
        // If we don't store anything on disk, generate and return
        if dir == "" {
            cache := make([]uint32, csize/4)
            generateCache(cache, d.epoch, seed)

            d.dataset = make([]uint32, dsize/4)
            generateDataset(d.dataset, d.epoch, cache)

            return
        }
        // Disk storage is needed, this will get fancy
        var endian string
        if !isLittleEndian() {
            endian = ".be"
        }
        path := filepath.Join(dir, fmt.Sprintf("full-R%d-%x%s", algorithmRevision, seed[:8], endian))
        logger := log.New("epoch", d.epoch)

        // We're about to mmap the file, ensure that the mapping is cleaned up when the
        // cache becomes unused.
        runtime.SetFinalizer(d, (*dataset).finalizer)

        // Try to load the file from disk and memory map it
        var err error
        d.dump, d.mmap, d.dataset, err = memoryMap(path)
        if err == nil {
            logger.Debug("Loaded old ethash dataset from disk")
            return
        }
        logger.Debug("Failed to load old ethash dataset", "err", err)

        // No previous dataset available, create a new dataset file to fill
        cache := make([]uint32, csize/4)
        generateCache(cache, d.epoch, seed)

        d.dump, d.mmap, d.dataset, err = memoryMapAndGenerate(path, dsize, func(buffer []uint32) { generateDataset(buffer, d.epoch, cache) })
        if err != nil {
            logger.Error("Failed to generate mapped ethash dataset", "err", err)

            d.dataset = make([]uint32, dsize/2)
            generateDataset(d.dataset, d.epoch, cache)
        }
        // Iterate over all previous instances and delete old ones
        for ep := int(d.epoch) - limit; ep >= 0; ep-- {
            seed := seedHash(uint64(ep)*epochLength + 1)
            path := filepath.Join(dir, fmt.Sprintf("full-R%d-%x%s", algorithmRevision, seed[:8], endian))
            os.Remove(path)
        }
    })
}

// generated returns whether this particular dataset finished generating already
// or not (it may not have been started at all). This is useful for remote miners
// to default to verification caches instead of blocking on DAG generations.
func (d *dataset) generated() bool {
    return atomic.LoadUint32(&d.done) == 1
}

// finalizer closes any file handlers and memory maps open.
func (d *dataset) finalizer() {
    if d.mmap != nil {
        d.mmap.Unmap()
        d.dump.Close()
        d.mmap, d.dump = nil, nil
    }
}

// MakeCache generates a new ethash cache and optionally stores it to disk.
func MakeCache(block uint64, dir string) {
    c := cache{epoch: block / epochLength}
    c.generate(dir, math.MaxInt32, false)
}

// MakeDataset generates a new ethash dataset and optionally stores it to disk.
func MakeDataset(block uint64, dir string) {
    d := dataset{epoch: block / epochLength}
    d.generate(dir, math.MaxInt32, false)
}

// Mode defines the type and amount of PoW verification an ethash engine makes.
type Mode uint

const (
    ModeNormal Mode = iota
    ModeShared
    ModeTest
    ModeFake
    ModeFullFake
)

// Config are the configuration parameters of the ethash.
type Config struct {
    CacheDir       string
    CachesInMem    int
    CachesOnDisk   int
    DatasetDir     string
    DatasetsInMem  int
    DatasetsOnDisk int
    PowMode        Mode
}

// sealTask wraps a seal block with relative result channel for remote sealer thread.
type sealTask struct {
    block   *types.Block
    results chan<- *types.Block
}

// mineResult wraps the pow solution parameters for the specified block.
type mineResult struct {
    nonce     types.BlockNonce
    mixDigest common.Hash
    hash      common.Hash

    errc chan error
}

// hashrate wraps the hash rate submitted by the remote sealer.
type hashrate struct {
    id   common.Hash
    ping time.Time
    rate uint64

    done chan struct{}
}

// sealWork wraps a seal work package for remote sealer.
type sealWork struct {
    errc chan error
    res  chan [3]string
}

// Ethash is a consensus engine based on proof-of-work implementing the ethash
// algorithm.
type Ethash struct {
    config Config

    caches   *lru // In memory caches to avoid regenerating too often
    datasets *lru // In memory datasets to avoid regenerating too often

    // Mining related fields
    rand     *rand.Rand    // Properly seeded random source for nonces
    threads  int           // Number of threads to mine on if mining
    update   chan struct{} // Notification channel to update mining parameters
    hashrate metrics.Meter // Meter tracking the average hashrate

    // Remote sealer related fields
    workCh       chan *sealTask   // Notification channel to push new work and relative result channel to remote sealer
    fetchWorkCh  chan *sealWork   // Channel used for remote sealer to fetch mining work
    submitWorkCh chan *mineResult // Channel used for remote sealer to submit their mining result
    fetchRateCh  chan chan uint64 // Channel used to gather submitted hash rate for local or remote sealer.
    submitRateCh chan *hashrate   // Channel used for remote sealer to submit their mining hashrate

    // The fields below are hooks for testing
    shared    *Ethash       // Shared PoW verifier to avoid cache regeneration
    fakeFail  uint64        // Block number which fails PoW check even in fake mode
    fakeDelay time.Duration // Time delay to sleep for before returning from verify

    lock      sync.Mutex      // Ensures thread safety for the in-memory caches and mining fields
    closeOnce sync.Once       // Ensures exit channel will not be closed twice.
    exitCh    chan chan error // Notification channel to exiting backend threads
}

// New creates a full sized ethash PoW scheme and starts a background thread for
// remote mining, also optionally notifying a batch of remote services of new work
// packages.
func New(config Config, notify []string, noverify bool) *Ethash {
    if config.CachesInMem <= 0 {
        log.Warn("One ethash cache must always be in memory", "requested", config.CachesInMem)
        config.CachesInMem = 1
    }
    if config.CacheDir != "" && config.CachesOnDisk > 0 {
        log.Info("Disk storage enabled for ethash caches", "dir", config.CacheDir, "count", config.CachesOnDisk)
    }
    if config.DatasetDir != "" && config.DatasetsOnDisk > 0 {
        log.Info("Disk storage enabled for ethash DAGs", "dir", config.DatasetDir, "count", config.DatasetsOnDisk)
    }
    ethash := &Ethash{
        config:       config,
        caches:       newlru("cache", config.CachesInMem, newCache),
        datasets:     newlru("dataset", config.DatasetsInMem, newDataset),
        update:       make(chan struct{}),
        hashrate:     metrics.NewMeter(),
        workCh:       make(chan *sealTask),
        fetchWorkCh:  make(chan *sealWork),
        submitWorkCh: make(chan *mineResult),
        fetchRateCh:  make(chan chan uint64),
        submitRateCh: make(chan *hashrate),
        exitCh:       make(chan chan error),
    }
    go ethash.remote(notify, noverify)
    return ethash
}

// NewTester creates a small sized ethash PoW scheme useful only for testing
// purposes.
func NewTester(notify []string, noverify bool) *Ethash {
    ethash := &Ethash{
        config:       Config{PowMode: ModeTest},
        caches:       newlru("cache", 1, newCache),
        datasets:     newlru("dataset", 1, newDataset),
        update:       make(chan struct{}),
        hashrate:     metrics.NewMeter(),
        workCh:       make(chan *sealTask),
        fetchWorkCh:  make(chan *sealWork),
        submitWorkCh: make(chan *mineResult),
        fetchRateCh:  make(chan chan uint64),
        submitRateCh: make(chan *hashrate),
        exitCh:       make(chan chan error),
    }
    go ethash.remote(notify, noverify)
    return ethash
}

// NewFaker creates a ethash consensus engine with a fake PoW scheme that accepts
// all blocks' seal as valid, though they still have to conform to the Ethereum
// consensus rules.
func NewFaker() *Ethash {
    return &Ethash{
        config: Config{
            PowMode: ModeFake,
        },
    }
}

// NewFakeFailer creates a ethash consensus engine with a fake PoW scheme that
// accepts all blocks as valid apart from the single one specified, though they
// still have to conform to the Ethereum consensus rules.
func NewFakeFailer(fail uint64) *Ethash {
    return &Ethash{
        config: Config{
            PowMode: ModeFake,
        },
        fakeFail: fail,
    }
}

// NewFakeDelayer creates a ethash consensus engine with a fake PoW scheme that
// accepts all blocks as valid, but delays verifications by some time, though
// they still have to conform to the Ethereum consensus rules.
func NewFakeDelayer(delay time.Duration) *Ethash {
    return &Ethash{
        config: Config{
            PowMode: ModeFake,
        },
        fakeDelay: delay,
    }
}

// NewFullFaker creates an ethash consensus engine with a full fake scheme that
// accepts all blocks as valid, without checking any consensus rules whatsoever.
func NewFullFaker() *Ethash {
    return &Ethash{
        config: Config{
            PowMode: ModeFullFake,
        },
    }
}

// NewShared creates a full sized ethash PoW shared between all requesters running
// in the same process.
func NewShared() *Ethash {
    return &Ethash{shared: sharedEthash}
}

// Close closes the exit channel to notify all backend threads exiting.
func (ethash *Ethash) Close() error {
    var err error
    ethash.closeOnce.Do(func() {
        // Short circuit if the exit channel is not allocated.
        if ethash.exitCh == nil {
            return
        }
        errc := make(chan error)
        ethash.exitCh <- errc
        err = <-errc
        close(ethash.exitCh)
    })
    return err
}

// cache tries to retrieve a verification cache for the specified block number
// by first checking against a list of in-memory caches, then against caches
// stored on disk, and finally generating one if none can be found.
func (ethash *Ethash) cache(block uint64) *cache {
    epoch := block / epochLength
    currentI, futureI := ethash.caches.get(epoch)
    current := currentI.(*cache)

    // Wait for generation finish.
    current.generate(ethash.config.CacheDir, ethash.config.CachesOnDisk, ethash.config.PowMode == ModeTest)

    // If we need a new future cache, now's a good time to regenerate it.
    if futureI != nil {
        future := futureI.(*cache)
        go future.generate(ethash.config.CacheDir, ethash.config.CachesOnDisk, ethash.config.PowMode == ModeTest)
    }
    return current
}

// dataset tries to retrieve a mining dataset for the specified block number
// by first checking against a list of in-memory datasets, then against DAGs
// stored on disk, and finally generating one if none can be found.
//
// If async is specified, not only the future but the current DAG is also
// generates on a background thread.
func (ethash *Ethash) dataset(block uint64, async bool) *dataset {
    // Retrieve the requested ethash dataset
    epoch := block / epochLength
    currentI, futureI := ethash.datasets.get(epoch)
    current := currentI.(*dataset)

    // If async is specified, generate everything in a background thread
    if async && !current.generated() {
        go func() {
            current.generate(ethash.config.DatasetDir, ethash.config.DatasetsOnDisk, ethash.config.PowMode == ModeTest)

            if futureI != nil {
                future := futureI.(*dataset)
                future.generate(ethash.config.DatasetDir, ethash.config.DatasetsOnDisk, ethash.config.PowMode == ModeTest)
            }
        }()
    } else {
        // Either blocking generation was requested, or already done
        current.generate(ethash.config.DatasetDir, ethash.config.DatasetsOnDisk, ethash.config.PowMode == ModeTest)

        if futureI != nil {
            future := futureI.(*dataset)
            go future.generate(ethash.config.DatasetDir, ethash.config.DatasetsOnDisk, ethash.config.PowMode == ModeTest)
        }
    }
    return current
}

// Threads returns the number of mining threads currently enabled. This doesn't
// necessarily mean that mining is running!
func (ethash *Ethash) Threads() int {
    ethash.lock.Lock()
    defer ethash.lock.Unlock()

    return ethash.threads
}

// SetThreads updates the number of mining threads currently enabled. Calling
// this method does not start mining, only sets the thread count. If zero is
// specified, the miner will use all cores of the machine. Setting a thread
// count below zero is allowed and will cause the miner to idle, without any
// work being done.
func (ethash *Ethash) SetThreads(threads int) {
    ethash.lock.Lock()
    defer ethash.lock.Unlock()

    // If we're running a shared PoW, set the thread count on that instead
    if ethash.shared != nil {
        ethash.shared.SetThreads(threads)
        return
    }
    // Update the threads and ping any running seal to pull in any changes
    ethash.threads = threads
    select {
    case ethash.update <- struct{}{}:
    default:
    }
}

// Hashrate implements PoW, returning the measured rate of the search invocations
// per second over the last minute.
// Note the returned hashrate includes local hashrate, but also includes the total
// hashrate of all remote miner.
func (ethash *Ethash) Hashrate() float64 {
    // Short circuit if we are run the ethash in normal/test mode.
    if ethash.config.PowMode != ModeNormal && ethash.config.PowMode != ModeTest {
        return ethash.hashrate.Rate1()
    }
    var res = make(chan uint64, 1)

    select {
    case ethash.fetchRateCh <- res:
    case <-ethash.exitCh:
        // Return local hashrate only if ethash is stopped.
        return ethash.hashrate.Rate1()
    }

    // Gather total submitted hash rate of remote sealers.
    return ethash.hashrate.Rate1() + float64(<-res)
}

// APIs implements consensus.Engine, returning the user facing RPC APIs.
func (ethash *Ethash) APIs(chain consensus.ChainReader) []rpc.API {
    // In order to ensure backward compatibility, we exposes ethash RPC APIs
    // to both eth and ethash namespaces.
    return []rpc.API{
        {
            Namespace: "eth",
            Version:   "1.0",
            Service:   &API{ethash},
            Public:    true,
        },
        {
            Namespace: "ethash",
            Version:   "1.0",
            Service:   &API{ethash},
            Public:    true,
        },
    }
}

// SeedHash is the seed to use for generating a verification cache and the mining
// dataset.
func SeedHash(block uint64) []byte {
    return seedHash(block)
}