path: root/cmd/clef/main.go

// Copyright 2018 The go-ethereum Authors
// This file is part of go-ethereum.
//
// go-ethereum is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
// it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
// (at your option) any later version.
//
// go-ethereum is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
// GNU General Public License for more details.
//
// You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
// along with go-ethereum. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.

package main

import (
    "bufio"
    "context"
    "crypto/rand"
    "crypto/sha256"
    "encoding/hex"
    "encoding/json"
    "fmt"
    "io"
    "io/ioutil"
    "math/big"
    "os"
    "os/signal"
    "os/user"
    "path/filepath"
    "runtime"
    "strings"
    "time"

    "github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/accounts"
    "github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/accounts/keystore"
    "github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/cmd/utils"
    "github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/common"
    "github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/common/hexutil"
    "github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/console"
    "github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core/types"
    "github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/crypto"
    "github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/internal/ethapi"
    "github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/log"
    "github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/node"
    "github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/params"
    "github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/rlp"
    "github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/rpc"
    "github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/signer/core"
    "github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/signer/fourbyte"
    "github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/signer/rules"
    "github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/signer/storage"
    "gopkg.in/urfave/cli.v1"
)

const legalWarning = `
WARNING!

Clef is an account management tool. It may, like any software, contain bugs.

Please take care to
- backup your keystore files,
- verify that the keystore(s) can be opened with your password.

Clef is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY;
without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR
PURPOSE. See the GNU General Public License for more details.
`

var (
    logLevelFlag = cli.IntFlag{
        Name:  "loglevel",
        Value: 4,
        Usage: "log level to emit to the screen",
    }
    advancedMode = cli.BoolFlag{
        Name:  "advanced",
        Usage: "If enabled, issues warnings instead of rejections for suspicious requests. Default off",
    }
    keystoreFlag = cli.StringFlag{
        Name:  "keystore",
        Value: filepath.Join(node.DefaultDataDir(), "keystore"),
        Usage: "Directory for the keystore",
    }
    configdirFlag = cli.StringFlag{
        Name:  "configdir",
        Value: DefaultConfigDir(),
        Usage: "Directory for Clef configuration",
    }
    chainIdFlag = cli.Int64Flag{
        Name:  "chainid",
        Value: params.MainnetChainConfig.ChainID.Int64(),
        Usage: "Chain id to use for signing (1=mainnet, 3=Ropsten, 4=Rinkeby, 5=Goerli)",
    }
    rpcPortFlag = cli.IntFlag{
        Name:  "rpcport",
        Usage: "HTTP-RPC server listening port",
        Value: node.DefaultHTTPPort + 5,
    }
    signerSecretFlag = cli.StringFlag{
        Name:  "signersecret",
        Usage: "A file containing the (encrypted) master seed to encrypt Clef data, e.g. keystore credentials and ruleset hash",
    }
    customDBFlag = cli.StringFlag{
        Name:  "4bytedb-custom",
        Usage: "File used for writing new 4byte-identifiers submitted via API",
        Value: "./4byte-custom.json",
    }
    auditLogFlag = cli.StringFlag{
        Name:  "auditlog",
        Usage: "File used to emit audit logs. Set to \"\" to disable",
        Value: "audit.log",
    }
    ruleFlag = cli.StringFlag{
        Name:  "rules",
        Usage: "Path to the rule file to auto-authorize requests with",
    }
    stdiouiFlag = cli.BoolFlag{
        Name: "stdio-ui",
        Usage: "Use STDIN/STDOUT as a channel for an external UI. " +
            "This means that an STDIN/STDOUT is used for RPC-communication with a e.g. a graphical user " +
            "interface, and can be used when Clef is started by an external process.",
    }
    testFlag = cli.BoolFlag{
        Name:  "stdio-ui-test",
        Usage: "Mechanism to test interface between Clef and UI. Requires 'stdio-ui'.",
    }
    app         = cli.NewApp()
    initCommand = cli.Command{
        Action:    utils.MigrateFlags(initializeSecrets),
        Name:      "init",
        Usage:     "Initialize the signer, generate secret storage",
        ArgsUsage: "",
        Flags: []cli.Flag{
            logLevelFlag,
            configdirFlag,
        },
        Description: `
The init command generates a master seed which Clef can use to store credentials and data needed for
the rule-engine to work.`,
    }
    attestCommand = cli.Command{
        Action:    utils.MigrateFlags(attestFile),
        Name:      "attest",
        Usage:     "Attest that a js-file is to be used",
        ArgsUsage: "<sha256sum>",
        Flags: []cli.Flag{
            logLevelFlag,
            configdirFlag,
            signerSecretFlag,
        },
        Description: `
The attest command stores the sha256 of the rule.js-file that you want to use for automatic processing of
incoming requests.

Whenever you make an edit to the rule file, you need to use attestation to tell
Clef that the file is 'safe' to execute.`,
    }
    setCredentialCommand = cli.Command{
        Action:    utils.MigrateFlags(setCredential),
        Name:      "setpw",
        Usage:     "Store a credential for a keystore file",
        ArgsUsage: "<address>",
        Flags: []cli.Flag{
            logLevelFlag,
            configdirFlag,
            signerSecretFlag,
        },
        Description: `
The setpw command stores a password for a given address (keyfile).
`}
    delCredentialCommand = cli.Command{
        Action:    utils.MigrateFlags(removeCredential),
        Name:      "delpw",
        Usage:     "Remove a credential for a keystore file",
        ArgsUsage: "<address>",
        Flags: []cli.Flag{
            logLevelFlag,
            configdirFlag,
            signerSecretFlag,
        },
        Description: `
The delpw command removes a password for a given address (keyfile).
`}
    gendocCommand = cli.Command{
        Action: GenDoc,
        Name:   "gendoc",
        Usage:  "Generate documentation about json-rpc format",
        Description: `
The gendoc generates example structures of the json-rpc communication types.
`}
)

func init() {
    app.Name = "Clef"
    app.Usage = "Manage Ethereum account operations"
    app.Flags = []cli.Flag{
        logLevelFlag,
        keystoreFlag,
        configdirFlag,
        chainIdFlag,
        utils.LightKDFFlag,
        utils.NoUSBFlag,
        utils.SmartCardDaemonPathFlag,
        utils.RPCListenAddrFlag,
        utils.RPCVirtualHostsFlag,
        utils.IPCDisabledFlag,
        utils.IPCPathFlag,
        utils.RPCEnabledFlag,
        rpcPortFlag,
        signerSecretFlag,
        customDBFlag,
        auditLogFlag,
        ruleFlag,
        stdiouiFlag,
        testFlag,
        advancedMode,
    }
    app.Action = signer
    app.Commands = []cli.Command{initCommand, attestCommand, setCredentialCommand, delCredentialCommand, gendocCommand}
}

func main() {
    if err := app.Run(os.Args); err != nil {
        fmt.Fprintln(os.Stderr, err)
        os.Exit(1)
    }
}

func initializeSecrets(c *cli.Context) error {
    // Get past the legal message
    if err := initialize(c); err != nil {
        return err
    }
    // Ensure the master key does not yet exist, we're not willing to overwrite
    configDir := c.GlobalString(configdirFlag.Name)
    if err := os.Mkdir(configDir, 0700); err != nil && !os.IsExist(err) {
        return err
    }
    location := filepath.Join(configDir, "masterseed.json")
    if _, err := os.Stat(location); err == nil {
        return fmt.Errorf("master key %v already exists, will not overwrite", location)
    }
    // Key file does not exist yet, generate a new one and encrypt it
    masterSeed := make([]byte, 256)
    num, err := io.ReadFull(rand.Reader, masterSeed)
    if err != nil {
        return err
    }
    if num != len(masterSeed) {
        return fmt.Errorf("failed to read enough random")
    }
    n, p := keystore.StandardScryptN, keystore.StandardScryptP
    if c.GlobalBool(utils.LightKDFFlag.Name) {
        n, p = keystore.LightScryptN, keystore.LightScryptP
    }
    text := "The master seed of clef will be locked with a password.\nPlease specify a password. Do not forget this password!"
    var password string
    for {
        password = getPassPhrase(text, true)
        if err := core.ValidatePasswordFormat(password); err != nil {
            fmt.Printf("invalid password: %v\n", err)
        } else {
            fmt.Println()
            break
        }
    }
    cipherSeed, err := encryptSeed(masterSeed, []byte(password), n, p)
    if err != nil {
        return fmt.Errorf("failed to encrypt master seed: %v", err)
    }
    // Double check the master key path to ensure nothing wrote there in between
    if err = os.Mkdir(configDir, 0700); err != nil && !os.IsExist(err) {
        return err
    }
    if _, err := os.Stat(location); err == nil {
        return fmt.Errorf("master key %v already exists, will not overwrite", location)
    }
    // Write the file and print the usual warning message
    if err = ioutil.WriteFile(location, cipherSeed, 0400); err != nil {
        return err
    }
    fmt.Printf("A master seed has been generated into %s\n", location)
    fmt.Printf(`
This is required to be able to store credentials, such as:
* Passwords for keystores (used by rule engine)
* Storage for JavaScript auto-signing rules
* Hash of JavaScript rule-file

You should treat 'masterseed.json' with utmost secrecy and make a backup of it!
* The password is necessary but not enough, you need to back up the master seed too!
* The master seed does not contain your accounts, those need to be backed up separately!

`)
    return nil
}
func attestFile(ctx *cli.Context) error {
    if len(ctx.Args()) < 1 {
        utils.Fatalf("This command requires an argument.")
    }
    if err := initialize(ctx); err != nil {
        return err
    }

    stretchedKey, err := readMasterKey(ctx, nil)
    if err != nil {
        utils.Fatalf(err.Error())
    }
    configDir := ctx.GlobalString(configdirFlag.Name)
    vaultLocation := filepath.Join(configDir, common.Bytes2Hex(crypto.Keccak256([]byte("vault"), stretchedKey)[:10]))
    confKey := crypto.Keccak256([]byte("config"), stretchedKey)

    // Initialize the encrypted storages
    configStorage := storage.NewAESEncryptedStorage(filepath.Join(vaultLocation, "config.json"), confKey)
    val := ctx.Args().First()
    configStorage.Put("ruleset_sha256", val)
    log.Info("Ruleset attestation updated", "sha256", val)
    return nil
}

func setCredential(ctx *cli.Context) error {
    if len(ctx.Args()) < 1 {
        utils.Fatalf("This command requires an address to be passed as an argument")
    }
    if err := initialize(ctx); err != nil {
        return err
    }
    addr := ctx.Args().First()
    if !common.IsHexAddress(addr) {
        utils.Fatalf("Invalid address specified: %s", addr)
    }
    address := common.HexToAddress(addr)
    password := getPassPhrase("Please enter a passphrase to store for this address:", true)
    fmt.Println()

    stretchedKey, err := readMasterKey(ctx, nil)
    if err != nil {
        utils.Fatalf(err.Error())
    }
    configDir := ctx.GlobalString(configdirFlag.Name)
    vaultLocation := filepath.Join(configDir, common.Bytes2Hex(crypto.Keccak256([]byte("vault"), stretchedKey)[:10]))
    pwkey := crypto.Keccak256([]byte("credentials"), stretchedKey)

    pwStorage := storage.NewAESEncryptedStorage(filepath.Join(vaultLocation, "credentials.json"), pwkey)
    pwStorage.Put(address.Hex(), password)

    log.Info("Credential store updated", "set", address)
    return nil
}

func removeCredential(ctx *cli.Context) error {
    if len(ctx.Args()) < 1 {
        utils.Fatalf("This command requires an address to be passed as an argument")
    }
    if err := initialize(ctx); err != nil {
        return err
    }
    addr := ctx.Args().First()
    if !common.IsHexAddress(addr) {
        utils.Fatalf("Invalid address specified: %s", addr)
    }
    address := common.HexToAddress(addr)

    stretchedKey, err := readMasterKey(ctx, nil)
    if err != nil {
        utils.Fatalf(err.Error())
    }
    configDir := ctx.GlobalString(configdirFlag.Name)
    vaultLocation := filepath.Join(configDir, common.Bytes2Hex(crypto.Keccak256([]byte("vault"), stretchedKey)[:10]))
    pwkey := crypto.Keccak256([]byte("credentials"), stretchedKey)

    pwStorage := storage.NewAESEncryptedStorage(filepath.Join(vaultLocation, "credentials.json"), pwkey)
    pwStorage.Del(address.Hex())

    log.Info("Credential store updated", "unset", address)
    return nil
}

func initialize(c *cli.Context) error {
    // Set up the logger to print everything
    logOutput := os.Stdout
    if c.GlobalBool(stdiouiFlag.Name) {
        logOutput = os.Stderr
        // If using the stdioui, we can't do the 'confirm'-flow
        fmt.Fprintf(logOutput, legalWarning)
    } else {
        if !confirm(legalWarning) {
            return fmt.Errorf("aborted by user")
        }
        fmt.Println()
    }
    log.Root().SetHandler(log.LvlFilterHandler(log.Lvl(c.Int(logLevelFlag.Name)), log.StreamHandler(logOutput, log.TerminalFormat(true))))
    return nil
}

func signer(c *cli.Context) error {
    // If we have some unrecognized command, bail out
    if args := c.Args(); len(args) > 0 {
        return fmt.Errorf("invalid command: %q", args[0])
    }
    if err := initialize(c); err != nil {
        return err
    }
    var (
        ui core.UIClientAPI
    )
    if c.GlobalBool(stdiouiFlag.Name) {
        log.Info("Using stdin/stdout as UI-channel")
        ui = core.NewStdIOUI()
    } else {
        log.Info("Using CLI as UI-channel")
        ui = core.NewCommandlineUI()
    }
    // 4bytedb data
    fourByteLocal := c.GlobalString(customDBFlag.Name)
    db, err := fourbyte.NewWithFile(fourByteLocal)
    if err != nil {
        utils.Fatalf(err.Error())
    }
    embeds, locals := db.Size()
    log.Info("Loaded 4byte database", "embeds", embeds, "locals", locals, "local", fourByteLocal)

    var (
        api       core.ExternalAPI
        pwStorage storage.Storage = &storage.NoStorage{}
    )

    configDir := c.GlobalString(configdirFlag.Name)
    if stretchedKey, err := readMasterKey(c, ui); err != nil {
        log.Warn("Failed to open master, rules disabled", "err", err)
    } else {
        vaultLocation := filepath.Join(configDir, common.Bytes2Hex(crypto.Keccak256([]byte("vault"), stretchedKey)[:10]))

        // Generate domain specific keys
        pwkey := crypto.Keccak256([]byte("credentials"), stretchedKey)
        jskey := crypto.Keccak256([]byte("jsstorage"), stretchedKey)
        confkey := crypto.Keccak256([]byte("config"), stretchedKey)

        // Initialize the encrypted storages
        pwStorage = storage.NewAESEncryptedStorage(filepath.Join(vaultLocation, "credentials.json"), pwkey)
        jsStorage := storage.NewAESEncryptedStorage(filepath.Join(vaultLocation, "jsstorage.json"), jskey)
        configStorage := storage.NewAESEncryptedStorage(filepath.Join(vaultLocation, "config.json"), confkey)

        // Do we have a rule-file?
        if ruleFile := c.GlobalString(ruleFlag.Name); ruleFile != "" {
            ruleJS, err := ioutil.ReadFile(ruleFile)
            if err != nil {
                log.Warn("Could not load rules, disabling", "file", ruleFile, "err", err)
            } else {
                shasum := sha256.Sum256(ruleJS)
                foundShaSum := hex.EncodeToString(shasum[:])
                storedShasum, _ := configStorage.Get("ruleset_sha256")
                if storedShasum != foundShaSum {
                    log.Warn("Rule hash not attested, disabling", "hash", foundShaSum, "attested", storedShasum)
                } else {
                    // Initialize rules
                    ruleEngine, err := rules.NewRuleEvaluator(ui, jsStorage)
                    if err != nil {
                        utils.Fatalf(err.Error())
                    }
                    ruleEngine.Init(string(ruleJS))
                    ui = ruleEngine
                    log.Info("Rule engine configured", "file", c.String(ruleFlag.Name))
                }
            }
        }
    }
    var (
        chainId  = c.GlobalInt64(chainIdFlag.Name)
        ksLoc    = c.GlobalString(keystoreFlag.Name)
        lightKdf = c.GlobalBool(utils.LightKDFFlag.Name)
        advanced = c.GlobalBool(advancedMode.Name)
        nousb    = c.GlobalBool(utils.NoUSBFlag.Name)
        scpath   = c.GlobalString(utils.SmartCardDaemonPathFlag.Name)
    )
    log.Info("Starting signer", "chainid", chainId, "keystore", ksLoc,
        "light-kdf", lightKdf, "advanced", advanced)
    am := core.StartClefAccountManager(ksLoc, nousb, lightKdf, scpath)
    apiImpl := core.NewSignerAPI(am, chainId, nousb, ui, db, advanced, pwStorage)

    // Establish the bidirectional communication, by creating a new UI backend and registering
    // it with the UI.
    ui.RegisterUIServer(core.NewUIServerAPI(apiImpl))
    api = apiImpl
    // Audit logging
    if logfile := c.GlobalString(auditLogFlag.Name); logfile != "" {
        api, err = core.NewAuditLogger(logfile, api)
        if err != nil {
            utils.Fatalf(err.Error())
        }
        log.Info("Audit logs configured", "file", logfile)
    }
    // register signer API with server
    var (
        extapiURL = "n/a"
        ipcapiURL = "n/a"
    )
    rpcAPI := []rpc.API{
        {
            Namespace: "account",
            Public:    true,
            Service:   api,
            Version:   "1.0"},
    }
    if c.GlobalBool(utils.RPCEnabledFlag.Name) {
        vhosts := splitAndTrim(c.GlobalString(utils.RPCVirtualHostsFlag.Name))
        cors := splitAndTrim(c.GlobalString(utils.RPCCORSDomainFlag.Name))

        // start http server
        httpEndpoint := fmt.Sprintf("%s:%d", c.GlobalString(utils.RPCListenAddrFlag.Name), c.Int(rpcPortFlag.Name))
        listener, _, err := rpc.StartHTTPEndpoint(httpEndpoint, rpcAPI, []string{"account"}, cors, vhosts, rpc.DefaultHTTPTimeouts)
        if err != nil {
            utils.Fatalf("Could not start RPC api: %v", err)
        }
        extapiURL = fmt.Sprintf("http://%s", httpEndpoint)
        log.Info("HTTP endpoint opened", "url", extapiURL)

        defer func() {
            listener.Close()
            log.Info("HTTP endpoint closed", "url", httpEndpoint)
        }()
    }
    if !c.GlobalBool(utils.IPCDisabledFlag.Name) {
        if c.IsSet(utils.IPCPathFlag.Name) {
            ipcapiURL = c.GlobalString(utils.IPCPathFlag.Name)
        } else {
            ipcapiURL = filepath.Join(configDir, "clef.ipc")
        }

        listener, _, err := rpc.StartIPCEndpoint(ipcapiURL, rpcAPI)
        if err != nil {
            utils.Fatalf("Could not start IPC api: %v", err)
        }
        log.Info("IPC endpoint opened", "url", ipcapiURL)
        defer func() {
            listener.Close()
            log.Info("IPC endpoint closed", "url", ipcapiURL)
        }()

    }

    if c.GlobalBool(testFlag.Name) {
        log.Info("Performing UI test")
        go testExternalUI(apiImpl)
    }
    ui.OnSignerStartup(core.StartupInfo{
        Info: map[string]interface{}{
            "intapi_version": core.InternalAPIVersion,
            "extapi_version": core.ExternalAPIVersion,
            "extapi_http":    extapiURL,
            "extapi_ipc":     ipcapiURL,
        },
    })

    abortChan := make(chan os.Signal)
    signal.Notify(abortChan, os.Interrupt)

    sig := <-abortChan
    log.Info("Exiting...", "signal", sig)

    return nil
}

// splitAndTrim splits input separated by a comma
// and trims excessive white space from the substrings.
func splitAndTrim(input string) []string {
    result := strings.Split(input, ",")
    for i, r := range result {
        result[i] = strings.TrimSpace(r)
    }
    return result
}

// DefaultConfigDir is the default config directory to use for the vaults and other
// persistence requirements.
func DefaultConfigDir() string {
    // Try to place the data folder in the user's home dir
    home := homeDir()
    if home != "" {
        if runtime.GOOS == "darwin" {
            return filepath.Join(home, "Library", "Signer")
        } else if runtime.GOOS == "windows" {
            appdata := os.Getenv("APPDATA")
            if appdata != "" {
                return filepath.Join(appdata, "Signer")
            } else {
                return filepath.Join(home, "AppData", "Roaming", "Signer")
            }
        } else {
            return filepath.Join(home, ".clef")
        }
    }
    // As we cannot guess a stable location, return empty and handle later
    return ""
}

func homeDir() string {
    if home := os.Getenv("HOME"); home != "" {
        return home
    }
    if usr, err := user.Current(); err == nil {
        return usr.HomeDir
    }
    return ""
}
func readMasterKey(ctx *cli.Context, ui core.UIClientAPI) ([]byte, error) {
    var (
        file      string
        configDir = ctx.GlobalString(configdirFlag.Name)
    )
    if ctx.GlobalIsSet(signerSecretFlag.Name) {
        file = ctx.GlobalString(signerSecretFlag.Name)
    } else {
        file = filepath.Join(configDir, "masterseed.json")
    }
    if err := checkFile(file); err != nil {
        return nil, err
    }
    cipherKey, err := ioutil.ReadFile(file)
    if err != nil {
        return nil, err
    }
    var password string
    // If ui is not nil, get the password from ui.
    if ui != nil {
        resp, err := ui.OnInputRequired(core.UserInputRequest{
            Title:      "Master Password",
            Prompt:     "Please enter the password to decrypt the master seed",
            IsPassword: true})
        if err != nil {
            return nil, err
        }
        password = resp.Text
    } else {
        password = getPassPhrase("Decrypt master seed of clef", false)
    }
    masterSeed, err := decryptSeed(cipherKey, password)
    if err != nil {
        return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to decrypt the master seed of clef")
    }
    if len(masterSeed) < 256 {
        return nil, fmt.Errorf("master seed of insufficient length, expected >255 bytes, got %d", len(masterSeed))
    }
    // Create vault location
    vaultLocation := filepath.Join(configDir, common.Bytes2Hex(crypto.Keccak256([]byte("vault"), masterSeed)[:10]))
    err = os.Mkdir(vaultLocation, 0700)
    if err != nil && !os.IsExist(err) {
        return nil, err
    }
    return masterSeed, nil
}

// checkFile is a convenience function to check if a file
// * exists
// * is mode 0400
func checkFile(filename string) error {
    info, err := os.Stat(filename)
    if err != nil {
        return fmt.Errorf("failed stat on %s: %v", filename, err)
    }
    // Check the unix permission bits
    if info.Mode().Perm()&0377 != 0 {
        return fmt.Errorf("file (%v) has insecure file permissions (%v)", filename, info.Mode().String())
    }
    return nil
}

// confirm displays a text and asks for user confirmation
func confirm(text string) bool {
    fmt.Printf(text)
    fmt.Printf("\nEnter 'ok' to proceed:\n> ")

    text, err := bufio.NewReader(os.Stdin).ReadString('\n')
    if err != nil {
        log.Crit("Failed to read user input", "err", err)
    }
    if text := strings.TrimSpace(text); text == "ok" {
        return true
    }
    return false
}

func testExternalUI(api *core.SignerAPI) {

    ctx := context.WithValue(context.Background(), "remote", "clef binary")
    ctx = context.WithValue(ctx, "scheme", "in-proc")
    ctx = context.WithValue(ctx, "local", "main")
    errs := make([]string, 0)

    a := common.HexToAddress("0xdeadbeef000000000000000000000000deadbeef")
    addErr := func(errStr string) {
        log.Info("Test error", "err", errStr)
        errs = append(errs, errStr)
    }

    queryUser := func(q string) string {
        resp, err := api.UI.OnInputRequired(core.UserInputRequest{
            Title:  "Testing",
            Prompt: q,
        })
        if err != nil {
            addErr(err.Error())
        }
        return resp.Text
    }
    expectResponse := func(testcase, question, expect string) {
        if got := queryUser(question); got != expect {
            addErr(fmt.Sprintf("%s: got %v, expected %v", testcase, got, expect))
        }
    }
    expectApprove := func(testcase string, err error) {
        if err == nil || err == accounts.ErrUnknownAccount {
            return
        }
        addErr(fmt.Sprintf("%v: expected no error, got %v", testcase, err.Error()))
    }
    expectDeny := func(testcase string, err error) {
        if err == nil || err != core.ErrRequestDenied {
            addErr(fmt.Sprintf("%v: expected ErrRequestDenied, got %v", testcase, err))
        }
    }
    var delay = 1 * time.Second
    // Test display of info and error
    {
        api.UI.ShowInfo("If you see this message, enter 'yes' to next question")
        time.Sleep(delay)
        expectResponse("showinfo", "Did you see the message? [yes/no]", "yes")
        api.UI.ShowError("If you see this message, enter 'yes' to the next question")
        time.Sleep(delay)
        expectResponse("showerror", "Did you see the message? [yes/no]", "yes")
    }
    { // Sign data test - clique header
        api.UI.ShowInfo("Please approve the next request for signing a clique header")
        time.Sleep(delay)
        cliqueHeader := types.Header{
            common.HexToHash("0000H45H"),
            common.HexToHash("0000H45H"),
            common.HexToAddress("0000H45H"),
            common.HexToHash("0000H00H"),
            common.HexToHash("0000H45H"),
            common.HexToHash("0000H45H"),
            types.Bloom{},
            big.NewInt(1337),
            big.NewInt(1337),
            1338,
            1338,
            1338,
            []byte("Extra data Extra data Extra data  Extra data  Extra data  Extra data  Extra data Extra data"),
            common.HexToHash("0x0000H45H"),
            types.BlockNonce{},
        }
        cliqueRlp, err := rlp.EncodeToBytes(cliqueHeader)
        if err != nil {
            utils.Fatalf("Should not error: %v", err)
        }
        addr, _ := common.NewMixedcaseAddressFromString("0x0011223344556677889900112233445566778899")
        _, err = api.SignData(ctx, accounts.MimetypeClique, *addr, hexutil.Encode(cliqueRlp))
        expectApprove("signdata - clique header", err)
    }
    { // Sign data test - typed data
        api.UI.ShowInfo("Please approve the next request for signing EIP-712 typed data")
        time.Sleep(delay)
        addr, _ := common.NewMixedcaseAddressFromString("0x0011223344556677889900112233445566778899")
        data := `{"types":{"EIP712Domain":[{"name":"name","type":"string"},{"name":"version","type":"string"},{"name":"chainId","type":"uint256"},{"name":"verifyingContract","type":"address"}],"Person":[{"name":"name","type":"string"},{"name":"test","type":"uint8"},{"name":"wallet","type":"address"}],"Mail":[{"name":"from","type":"Person"},{"name":"to","type":"Person"},{"name":"contents","type":"string"}]},"primaryType":"Mail","domain":{"name":"Ether Mail","version":"1","chainId":"1","verifyingContract":"0xCCCcccccCCCCcCCCCCCcCcCccCcCCCcCcccccccC"},"message":{"from":{"name":"Cow","test":"3","wallet":"0xcD2a3d9F938E13CD947Ec05AbC7FE734Df8DD826"},"to":{"name":"Bob","wallet":"0xbBbBBBBbbBBBbbbBbbBbbbbBBbBbbbbBbBbbBBbB","test":"2"},"contents":"Hello, Bob!"}}`
        //_, err := api.SignData(ctx, accounts.MimetypeTypedData, *addr, hexutil.Encode([]byte(data)))
        var typedData core.TypedData
        err := json.Unmarshal([]byte(data), &typedData)
        _, err = api.SignTypedData(ctx, *addr, typedData)
        expectApprove("sign 712 typed data", err)
    }
    { // Sign data test - plain text
        api.UI.ShowInfo("Please approve the next request for signing text")
        time.Sleep(delay)
        addr, _ := common.NewMixedcaseAddressFromString("0x0011223344556677889900112233445566778899")
        _, err := api.SignData(ctx, accounts.MimetypeTextPlain, *addr, hexutil.Encode([]byte("hello world")))
        expectApprove("signdata - text", err)
    }
    { // Sign data test - plain text reject
        api.UI.ShowInfo("Please deny the next request for signing text")
        time.Sleep(delay)
        addr, _ := common.NewMixedcaseAddressFromString("0x0011223344556677889900112233445566778899")
        _, err := api.SignData(ctx, accounts.MimetypeTextPlain, *addr, hexutil.Encode([]byte("hello world")))
        expectDeny("signdata - text", err)
    }
    { // Sign transaction

        api.UI.ShowInfo("Please reject next transaction")
        time.Sleep(delay)
        data := hexutil.Bytes([]byte{})
        to := common.NewMixedcaseAddress(a)
        tx := core.SendTxArgs{
            Data:     &data,
            Nonce:    0x1,
            Value:    hexutil.Big(*big.NewInt(6)),
            From:     common.NewMixedcaseAddress(a),
            To:       &to,
            GasPrice: hexutil.Big(*big.NewInt(5)),
            Gas:      1000,
            Input:    nil,
        }
        _, err := api.SignTransaction(ctx, tx, nil)
        expectDeny("signtransaction [1]", err)
        expectResponse("signtransaction [2]", "Did you see any warnings for the last transaction? (yes/no)", "no")
    }
    { // Listing
        api.UI.ShowInfo("Please reject listing-request")
        time.Sleep(delay)
        _, err := api.List(ctx)
        expectDeny("list", err)
    }
    { // Import
        api.UI.ShowInfo("Please reject new account-request")
        time.Sleep(delay)
        _, err := api.New(ctx)
        expectDeny("newaccount", err)
    }
    { // Metadata
        api.UI.ShowInfo("Please check if you see the Origin in next listing (approve or deny)")
        time.Sleep(delay)
        api.List(context.WithValue(ctx, "Origin", "origin.com"))
        expectResponse("metadata - origin", "Did you see origin (origin.com)? [yes/no] ", "yes")
    }

    for _, e := range errs {
        log.Error(e)
    }
    result := fmt.Sprintf("Tests completed. %d errors:\n%s\n", len(errs), strings.Join(errs, "\n"))
    api.UI.ShowInfo(result)

}

// getPassPhrase retrieves the password associated with clef, either fetched
// from a list of preloaded passphrases, or requested interactively from the user.
// TODO: there are many `getPassPhrase` functions, it will be better to abstract them into one.
func getPassPhrase(prompt string, confirmation bool) string {
    fmt.Println(prompt)
    password, err := console.Stdin.PromptPassword("Passphrase: ")
    if err != nil {
        utils.Fatalf("Failed to read passphrase: %v", err)
    }
    if confirmation {
        confirm, err := console.Stdin.PromptPassword("Repeat passphrase: ")
        if err != nil {
            utils.Fatalf("Failed to read passphrase confirmation: %v", err)
        }
        if password != confirm {
            utils.Fatalf("Passphrases do not match")
        }
    }
    return password
}

type encryptedSeedStorage struct {
    Description string              `json:"description"`
    Version     int                 `json:"version"`
    Params      keystore.CryptoJSON `json:"params"`
}

// encryptSeed uses a similar scheme as the keystore uses, but with a different wrapping,
// to encrypt the master seed
func encryptSeed(seed []byte, auth []byte, scryptN, scryptP int) ([]byte, error) {
    cryptoStruct, err := keystore.EncryptDataV3(seed, auth, scryptN, scryptP)
    if err != nil {
        return nil, err
    }
    return json.Marshal(&encryptedSeedStorage{"Clef seed", 1, cryptoStruct})
}

// decryptSeed decrypts the master seed
func decryptSeed(keyjson []byte, auth string) ([]byte, error) {
    var encSeed encryptedSeedStorage
    if err := json.Unmarshal(keyjson, &encSeed); err != nil {
        return nil, err
    }
    if encSeed.Version != 1 {
        log.Warn(fmt.Sprintf("unsupported encryption format of seed: %d, operation will likely fail", encSeed.Version))
    }
    seed, err := keystore.DecryptDataV3(encSeed.Params, auth)
    if err != nil {
        return nil, err
    }
    return seed, err
}

// GenDoc outputs examples of all structures used in json-rpc communication
func GenDoc(ctx *cli.Context) {

    var (
        a    = common.HexToAddress("0xdeadbeef000000000000000000000000deadbeef")
        b    = common.HexToAddress("0x1111111122222222222233333333334444444444")
        meta = core.Metadata{
            Scheme:    "http",
            Local:     "localhost:8545",
            Origin:    "www.malicious.ru",
            Remote:    "localhost:9999",
            UserAgent: "Firefox 3.2",
        }
        output []string
        add    = func(name, desc string, v interface{}) {
            if data, err := json.MarshalIndent(v, "", "  "); err == nil {
                output = append(output, fmt.Sprintf("### %s\n\n%s\n\nExample:\n```json\n%s\n```", name, desc, data))
            } else {
                log.Error("Error generating output", err)
            }
        }
    )

    { // Sign plain text request
        desc := "SignDataRequest contains information about a pending request to sign some data. " +
            "The data to be signed can be of various types, defined by content-type. Clef has done most " +
            "of the work in canonicalizing and making sense of the data, and it's up to the UI to present" +
            "the user with the contents of the `message`"
        sighash, msg := accounts.TextAndHash([]byte("hello world"))
        messages := []*core.NameValueType{{"message", msg, accounts.MimetypeTextPlain}}

        add("SignDataRequest", desc, &core.SignDataRequest{
            Address:     common.NewMixedcaseAddress(a),
            Meta:        meta,
            ContentType: accounts.MimetypeTextPlain,
            Rawdata:     []byte(msg),
            Messages:    messages,
            Hash:        sighash})
    }
    { // Sign plain text response
        add("SignDataResponse - approve", "Response to SignDataRequest",
            &core.SignDataResponse{Approved: true})
        add("SignDataResponse - deny", "Response to SignDataRequest",
            &core.SignDataResponse{})
    }
    { // Sign transaction request
        desc := "SignTxRequest contains information about a pending request to sign a transaction. " +
            "Aside from the transaction itself, there is also a `call_info`-struct. That struct contains " +
            "messages of various types, that the user should be informed of." +
            "\n\n" +
            "As in any request, it's important to consider that the `meta` info also contains untrusted data." +
            "\n\n" +
            "The `transaction` (on input into clef) can have either `data` or `input` -- if both are set, " +
            "they must be identical, otherwise an error is generated. " +
            "However, Clef will always use `data` when passing this struct on (if Clef does otherwise, please file a ticket)"

        data := hexutil.Bytes([]byte{0x01, 0x02, 0x03, 0x04})
        add("SignTxRequest", desc, &core.SignTxRequest{
            Meta: meta,
            Callinfo: []core.ValidationInfo{
                {"Warning", "Something looks odd, show this message as a warning"},
                {"Info", "User should see this aswell"},
            },
            Transaction: core.SendTxArgs{
                Data:     &data,
                Nonce:    0x1,
                Value:    hexutil.Big(*big.NewInt(6)),
                From:     common.NewMixedcaseAddress(a),
                To:       nil,
                GasPrice: hexutil.Big(*big.NewInt(5)),
                Gas:      1000,
                Input:    nil,
            }})
    }
    { // Sign tx response
        data := hexutil.Bytes([]byte{0x04, 0x03, 0x02, 0x01})
        add("SignTxResponse - approve", "Response to request to sign a transaction. This response needs to contain the `transaction`"+
            ", because the UI is free to make modifications to the transaction.",
            &core.SignTxResponse{Approved: true,
                Transaction: core.SendTxArgs{
                    Data:     &data,
                    Nonce:    0x4,
                    Value:    hexutil.Big(*big.NewInt(6)),
                    From:     common.NewMixedcaseAddress(a),
                    To:       nil,
                    GasPrice: hexutil.Big(*big.NewInt(5)),
                    Gas:      1000,
                    Input:    nil,
                }})
        add("SignTxResponse - deny", "Response to SignTxRequest. When denying a request, there's no need to "+
            "provide the transaction in return",
            &core.SignTxResponse{})
    }
    { // WHen a signed tx is ready to go out
        desc := "SignTransactionResult is used in the call `clef` -> `OnApprovedTx(result)`" +
            "\n\n" +
            "This occurs _after_ successful completion of the entire signing procedure, but right before the signed " +
            "transaction is passed to the external caller. This method (and data) can be used by the UI to signal " +
            "to the user that the transaction was signed, but it is primarily useful for ruleset implementations." +
            "\n\n" +
            "A ruleset that implements a rate limitation needs to know what transactions are sent out to the external " +
            "interface. By hooking into this methods, the ruleset can maintain track of that count." +
            "\n\n" +
            "**OBS:** Note that if an attacker can restore your `clef` data to a previous point in time" +
            " (e.g through a backup), the attacker can reset such windows, even if he/she is unable to decrypt the content. " +
            "\n\n" +
            "The `OnApproved` method cannot be responded to, it's purely informative"

        rlpdata := common.FromHex("0xf85d640101948a8eafb1cf62bfbeb1741769dae1a9dd47996192018026a0716bd90515acb1e68e5ac5867aa11a1e65399c3349d479f5fb698554ebc6f293a04e8a4ebfff434e971e0ef12c5bf3a881b06fd04fc3f8b8a7291fb67a26a1d4ed")
        var tx types.Transaction
        rlp.DecodeBytes(rlpdata, &tx)
        add("OnApproved - SignTransactionResult", desc, &ethapi.SignTransactionResult{Raw: rlpdata, Tx: &tx})

    }
    { // User input
        add("UserInputRequest", "Sent when clef needs the user to provide data. If 'password' is true, the input field should be treated accordingly (echo-free)",
            &core.UserInputRequest{IsPassword: true, Title: "The title here", Prompt: "The question to ask the user"})
        add("UserInputResponse", "Response to UserInputRequest",
            &core.UserInputResponse{Text: "The textual response from user"})
    }
    { // List request
        add("ListRequest", "Sent when a request has been made to list addresses. The UI is provided with the "+
            "full `account`s, including local directory names. Note: this information is not passed back to the external caller, "+
            "who only sees the `address`es. ",
            &core.ListRequest{
                Meta: meta,
                Accounts: []accounts.Account{
                    {a, accounts.URL{Scheme: "keystore", Path: "/path/to/keyfile/a"}},
                    {b, accounts.URL{Scheme: "keystore", Path: "/path/to/keyfile/b"}}},
            })

        add("ListResponse", "Response to list request. The response contains a list of all addresses to show to the caller. "+
            "Note: the UI is free to respond with any address the caller, regardless of whether it exists or not",
            &core.ListResponse{
                Accounts: []accounts.Account{
                    {common.HexToAddress("0xcowbeef000000cowbeef00000000000000000c0w"), accounts.URL{Path: ".. ignored .."}},
                    {common.HexToAddress("0xffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff"), accounts.URL{}},
                }})
    }

    fmt.Println(`## UI Client interface

These data types are defined in the channel between clef and the UI`)
    for _, elem := range output {
        fmt.Println(elem)
    }
}