core, consensus: pluggable consensus engines (#3817)

This commit adds pluggable consensus engines to go-ethereum. In short, it
introduces a generic consensus interface, and refactors the entire codebase to
use this interface.

11 files changed, 3449 insertions, 0 deletions

diff --git a/consensus/ethash/algorithm.go b/consensus/ethash/algorithm.go
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..7e8fbfc37
--- /dev/null
+++ b/consensus/ethash/algorithm.go
@@ -0,0 +1,1103 @@
+// Copyright 2017 The go-ethereum Authors
+// This file is part of the go-ethereum library.
+//
+// The go-ethereum library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The go-ethereum library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the go-ethereum library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+package ethash
+
+import (
+	"encoding/binary"
+	"hash"
+	"reflect"
+	"runtime"
+	"sync"
+	"sync/atomic"
+	"time"
+	"unsafe"
+
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/common"
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/crypto"
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/crypto/sha3"
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/log"
+)
+
+const (
+	datasetInitBytes   = 1 << 30 // Bytes in dataset at genesis
+	datasetGrowthBytes = 1 << 23 // Dataset growth per epoch
+	cacheInitBytes     = 1 << 24 // Bytes in cache at genesis
+	cacheGrowthBytes   = 1 << 17 // Cache growth per epoch
+	epochLength        = 30000   // Blocks per epoch
+	mixBytes           = 128     // Width of mix
+	hashBytes          = 64      // Hash length in bytes
+	hashWords          = 16      // Number of 32 bit ints in a hash
+	datasetParents     = 256     // Number of parents of each dataset element
+	cacheRounds        = 3       // Number of rounds in cache production
+	loopAccesses       = 64      // Number of accesses in hashimoto loop
+)
+
+// hasher is a repetitive hasher allowing the same hash data structures to be
+// reused between hash runs instead of requiring new ones to be created.
+type hasher func(dest []byte, data []byte)
+
+// makeHasher creates a repetitive hasher, allowing the same hash data structures
+// to be reused between hash runs instead of requiring new ones to be created.
+//
+// The returned function is not thread safe!
+func makeHasher(h hash.Hash) hasher {
+	return func(dest []byte, data []byte) {
+		h.Write(data)
+		h.Sum(dest[:0])
+		h.Reset()
+	}
+}
+
+// seedHash is the seed to use for generating a verification cache and the mining
+// dataset.
+func seedHash(block uint64) []byte {
+	seed := make([]byte, 32)
+	if block < epochLength {
+		return seed
+	}
+	keccak256 := makeHasher(sha3.NewKeccak256())
+	for i := 0; i < int(block/epochLength); i++ {
+		keccak256(seed, seed)
+	}
+	return seed
+}
+
+// generateCache creates a verification cache of a given size for an input seed.
+// The cache production process involves first sequentially filling up 32 MB of
+// memory, then performing two passes of Sergio Demian Lerner's RandMemoHash
+// algorithm from Strict Memory Hard Hashing Functions (2014). The output is a
+// set of 524288 64-byte values.
+//
+// This method places the result into dest in machine byte order.
+func generateCache(dest []uint32, epoch uint64, seed []byte) {
+	// Print some debug logs to allow analysis on low end devices
+	logger := log.New("epoch", epoch)
+
+	start := time.Now()
+	defer func() {
+		elapsed := time.Since(start)
+
+		logFn := logger.Debug
+		if elapsed > 3*time.Second {
+			logFn = logger.Info
+		}
+		logFn("Generated ethash verification cache", "elapsed", common.PrettyDuration(elapsed))
+	}()
+	// Convert our destination slice to a byte buffer
+	header := *(*reflect.SliceHeader)(unsafe.Pointer(&dest))
+	header.Len *= 4
+	header.Cap *= 4
+	cache := *(*[]byte)(unsafe.Pointer(&header))
+
+	// Calculate the number of thoretical rows (we'll store in one buffer nonetheless)
+	size := uint64(len(cache))
+	rows := int(size) / hashBytes
+
+	// Start a monitoring goroutine to report progress on low end devices
+	var progress uint32
+
+	done := make(chan struct{})
+	defer close(done)
+
+	go func() {
+		for {
+			select {
+			case <-done:
+				return
+			case <-time.After(3 * time.Second):
+				logger.Info("Generating ethash verification cache", "percentage", atomic.LoadUint32(&progress)*100/uint32(rows)/4, "elapsed", common.PrettyDuration(time.Since(start)))
+			}
+		}
+	}()
+	// Create a hasher to reuse between invocations
+	keccak512 := makeHasher(sha3.NewKeccak512())
+
+	// Sequentially produce the initial dataset
+	keccak512(cache, seed)
+	for offset := uint64(hashBytes); offset < size; offset += hashBytes {
+		keccak512(cache[offset:], cache[offset-hashBytes:offset])
+		atomic.AddUint32(&progress, 1)
+	}
+	// Use a low-round version of randmemohash
+	temp := make([]byte, hashBytes)
+
+	for i := 0; i < cacheRounds; i++ {
+		for j := 0; j < rows; j++ {
+			var (
+				srcOff = ((j - 1 + rows) % rows) * hashBytes
+				dstOff = j * hashBytes
+				xorOff = (binary.LittleEndian.Uint32(cache[dstOff:]) % uint32(rows)) * hashBytes
+			)
+			xorBytes(temp, cache[srcOff:srcOff+hashBytes], cache[xorOff:xorOff+hashBytes])
+			keccak512(cache[dstOff:], temp)
+
+			atomic.AddUint32(&progress, 1)
+		}
+	}
+	// Swap the byte order on big endian systems and return
+	if !isLittleEndian() {
+		swap(cache)
+	}
+}
+
+// swap changes the byte order of the buffer assuming a uint32 representation.
+func swap(buffer []byte) {
+	for i := 0; i < len(buffer); i += 4 {
+		binary.BigEndian.PutUint32(buffer[i:], binary.LittleEndian.Uint32(buffer[i:]))
+	}
+}
+
+// prepare converts an ethash cache or dataset from a byte stream into the internal
+// int representation. All ethash methods work with ints to avoid constant byte to
+// int conversions as well as to handle both little and big endian systems.
+func prepare(dest []uint32, src []byte) {
+	for i := 0; i < len(dest); i++ {
+		dest[i] = binary.LittleEndian.Uint32(src[i*4:])
+	}
+}
+
+// fnv is an algorithm inspired by the FNV hash, which in some cases is used as
+// a non-associative substitute for XOR. Note that we multiply the prime with
+// the full 32-bit input, in contrast with the FNV-1 spec which multiplies the
+// prime with one byte (octet) in turn.
+func fnv(a, b uint32) uint32 {
+	return a*0x01000193 ^ b
+}
+
+// fnvHash mixes in data into mix using the ethash fnv method.
+func fnvHash(mix []uint32, data []uint32) {
+	for i := 0; i < len(mix); i++ {
+		mix[i] = mix[i]*0x01000193 ^ data[i]
+	}
+}
+
+// generateDatasetItem combines data from 256 pseudorandomly selected cache nodes,
+// and hashes that to compute a single dataset node.
+func generateDatasetItem(cache []uint32, index uint32, keccak512 hasher) []byte {
+	// Calculate the number of thoretical rows (we use one buffer nonetheless)
+	rows := uint32(len(cache) / hashWords)
+
+	// Initialize the mix
+	mix := make([]byte, hashBytes)
+
+	binary.LittleEndian.PutUint32(mix, cache[(index%rows)*hashWords]^index)
+	for i := 1; i < hashWords; i++ {
+		binary.LittleEndian.PutUint32(mix[i*4:], cache[(index%rows)*hashWords+uint32(i)])
+	}
+	keccak512(mix, mix)
+
+	// Convert the mix to uint32s to avoid constant bit shifting
+	intMix := make([]uint32, hashWords)
+	for i := 0; i < len(intMix); i++ {
+		intMix[i] = binary.LittleEndian.Uint32(mix[i*4:])
+	}
+	// fnv it with a lot of random cache nodes based on index
+	for i := uint32(0); i < datasetParents; i++ {
+		parent := fnv(index^i, intMix[i%16]) % rows
+		fnvHash(intMix, cache[parent*hashWords:])
+	}
+	// Flatten the uint32 mix into a binary one and return
+	for i, val := range intMix {
+		binary.LittleEndian.PutUint32(mix[i*4:], val)
+	}
+	keccak512(mix, mix)
+	return mix
+}
+
+// generateDataset generates the entire ethash dataset for mining.
+//
+// This method places the result into dest in machine byte order.
+func generateDataset(dest []uint32, epoch uint64, cache []uint32) {
+	// Print some debug logs to allow analysis on low end devices
+	logger := log.New("epoch", epoch)
+
+	start := time.Now()
+	defer func() {
+		elapsed := time.Since(start)
+
+		logFn := logger.Debug
+		if elapsed > 3*time.Second {
+			logFn = logger.Info
+		}
+		logFn("Generated ethash verification cache", "elapsed", common.PrettyDuration(elapsed))
+	}()
+
+	// Figure out whether the bytes need to be swapped for the machine
+	swapped := !isLittleEndian()
+
+	// Convert our destination slice to a byte buffer
+	header := *(*reflect.SliceHeader)(unsafe.Pointer(&dest))
+	header.Len *= 4
+	header.Cap *= 4
+	dataset := *(*[]byte)(unsafe.Pointer(&header))
+
+	// Generate the dataset on many goroutines since it takes a while
+	threads := runtime.NumCPU()
+	size := uint64(len(dataset))
+
+	var pend sync.WaitGroup
+	pend.Add(threads)
+
+	var progress uint32
+	for i := 0; i < threads; i++ {
+		go func(id int) {
+			defer pend.Done()
+
+			// Create a hasher to reuse between invocations
+			keccak512 := makeHasher(sha3.NewKeccak512())
+
+			// Calculate the data segment this thread should generate
+			batch := uint32((size + hashBytes*uint64(threads) - 1) / (hashBytes * uint64(threads)))
+			first := uint32(id) * batch
+			limit := first + batch
+			if limit > uint32(size/hashBytes) {
+				limit = uint32(size / hashBytes)
+			}
+			// Calculate the dataset segment
+			percent := uint32(size / hashBytes / 100)
+			for index := first; index < limit; index++ {
+				item := generateDatasetItem(cache, index, keccak512)
+				if swapped {
+					swap(item)
+				}
+				copy(dataset[index*hashBytes:], item)
+
+				if status := atomic.AddUint32(&progress, 1); status%percent == 0 {
+					logger.Info("Generating DAG in progress", "percentage", uint64(status*100)/(size/hashBytes), "elapsed", common.PrettyDuration(time.Since(start)))
+				}
+			}
+		}(i)
+	}
+	// Wait for all the generators to finish and return
+	pend.Wait()
+}
+
+// hashimoto aggregates data from the full dataset in order to produce our final
+// value for a particular header hash and nonce.
+func hashimoto(hash []byte, nonce uint64, size uint64, lookup func(index uint32) []uint32) ([]byte, []byte) {
+	// Calculate the number of thoretical rows (we use one buffer nonetheless)
+	rows := uint32(size / mixBytes)
+
+	// Combine header+nonce into a 64 byte seed
+	seed := make([]byte, 40)
+	copy(seed, hash)
+	binary.LittleEndian.PutUint64(seed[32:], nonce)
+
+	seed = crypto.Keccak512(seed)
+	seedHead := binary.LittleEndian.Uint32(seed)
+
+	// Start the mix with replicated seed
+	mix := make([]uint32, mixBytes/4)
+	for i := 0; i < len(mix); i++ {
+		mix[i] = binary.LittleEndian.Uint32(seed[i%16*4:])
+	}
+	// Mix in random dataset nodes
+	temp := make([]uint32, len(mix))
+
+	for i := 0; i < loopAccesses; i++ {
+		parent := fnv(uint32(i)^seedHead, mix[i%len(mix)]) % rows
+		for j := uint32(0); j < mixBytes/hashBytes; j++ {
+			copy(temp[j*hashWords:], lookup(2*parent+j))
+		}
+		fnvHash(mix, temp)
+	}
+	// Compress mix
+	for i := 0; i < len(mix); i += 4 {
+		mix[i/4] = fnv(fnv(fnv(mix[i], mix[i+1]), mix[i+2]), mix[i+3])
+	}
+	mix = mix[:len(mix)/4]
+
+	digest := make([]byte, common.HashLength)
+	for i, val := range mix {
+		binary.LittleEndian.PutUint32(digest[i*4:], val)
+	}
+	return digest, crypto.Keccak256(append(seed, digest...))
+}
+
+// hashimotoLight aggregates data from the full dataset (using only a small
+// in-memory cache) in order to produce our final value for a particular header
+// hash and nonce.
+func hashimotoLight(size uint64, cache []uint32, hash []byte, nonce uint64) ([]byte, []byte) {
+	keccak512 := makeHasher(sha3.NewKeccak512())
+
+	lookup := func(index uint32) []uint32 {
+		rawData := generateDatasetItem(cache, index, keccak512)
+
+		data := make([]uint32, len(rawData)/4)
+		for i := 0; i < len(data); i++ {
+			data[i] = binary.LittleEndian.Uint32(rawData[i*4:])
+		}
+		return data
+	}
+	return hashimoto(hash, nonce, size, lookup)
+}
+
+// hashimotoFull aggregates data from the full dataset (using the full in-memory
+// dataset) in order to produce our final value for a particular header hash and
+// nonce.
+func hashimotoFull(dataset []uint32, hash []byte, nonce uint64) ([]byte, []byte) {
+	lookup := func(index uint32) []uint32 {
+		offset := index * hashWords
+		return dataset[offset : offset+hashWords]
+	}
+	return hashimoto(hash, nonce, uint64(len(dataset))*4, lookup)
+}
+
+// datasetSizes is a lookup table for the ethash dataset size for the first 2048
+// epochs (i.e. 61440000 blocks).
+var datasetSizes = []uint64{
+	1073739904, 1082130304, 1090514816, 1098906752, 1107293056,
+	1115684224, 1124070016, 1132461952, 1140849536, 1149232768,
+	1157627776, 1166013824, 1174404736, 1182786944, 1191180416,
+	1199568512, 1207958912, 1216345216, 1224732032, 1233124736,
+	1241513344, 1249902464, 1258290304, 1266673792, 1275067264,
+	1283453312, 1291844992, 1300234112, 1308619904, 1317010048,
+	1325397376, 1333787776, 1342176128, 1350561664, 1358954368,
+	1367339392, 1375731584, 1384118144, 1392507008, 1400897408,
+	1409284736, 1417673344, 1426062464, 1434451072, 1442839168,
+	1451229056, 1459615616, 1468006016, 1476394112, 1484782976,
+	1493171584, 1501559168, 1509948032, 1518337664, 1526726528,
+	1535114624, 1543503488, 1551892096, 1560278656, 1568669056,
+	1577056384, 1585446272, 1593831296, 1602219392, 1610610304,
+	1619000192, 1627386752, 1635773824, 1644164224, 1652555648,
+	1660943488, 1669332608, 1677721216, 1686109312, 1694497664,
+	1702886272, 1711274624, 1719661184, 1728047744, 1736434816,
+	1744829056, 1753218944, 1761606272, 1769995904, 1778382464,
+	1786772864, 1795157888, 1803550592, 1811937664, 1820327552,
+	1828711552, 1837102976, 1845488768, 1853879936, 1862269312,
+	1870656896, 1879048064, 1887431552, 1895825024, 1904212096,
+	1912601216, 1920988544, 1929379456, 1937765504, 1946156672,
+	1954543232, 1962932096, 1971321728, 1979707264, 1988093056,
+	1996487552, 2004874624, 2013262208, 2021653888, 2030039936,
+	2038430848, 2046819968, 2055208576, 2063596672, 2071981952,
+	2080373632, 2088762752, 2097149056, 2105539712, 2113928576,
+	2122315136, 2130700672, 2139092608, 2147483264, 2155872128,
+	2164257664, 2172642176, 2181035392, 2189426048, 2197814912,
+	2206203008, 2214587264, 2222979712, 2231367808, 2239758208,
+	2248145024, 2256527744, 2264922752, 2273312128, 2281701248,
+	2290086272, 2298476672, 2306867072, 2315251072, 2323639168,
+	2332032128, 2340420224, 2348808064, 2357196416, 2365580416,
+	2373966976, 2382363008, 2390748544, 2399139968, 2407530368,
+	2415918976, 2424307328, 2432695424, 2441084288, 2449472384,
+	2457861248, 2466247808, 2474637184, 2483026816, 2491414144,
+	2499803776, 2508191872, 2516582272, 2524970368, 2533359232,
+	2541743488, 2550134144, 2558525056, 2566913408, 2575301504,
+	2583686528, 2592073856, 2600467328, 2608856192, 2617240448,
+	2625631616, 2634022016, 2642407552, 2650796416, 2659188352,
+	2667574912, 2675965312, 2684352896, 2692738688, 2701130624,
+	2709518464, 2717907328, 2726293376, 2734685056, 2743073152,
+	2751462016, 2759851648, 2768232832, 2776625536, 2785017728,
+	2793401984, 2801794432, 2810182016, 2818571648, 2826959488,
+	2835349376, 2843734144, 2852121472, 2860514432, 2868900992,
+	2877286784, 2885676928, 2894069632, 2902451584, 2910843008,
+	2919234688, 2927622784, 2936011648, 2944400768, 2952789376,
+	2961177728, 2969565568, 2977951616, 2986338944, 2994731392,
+	3003120256, 3011508352, 3019895936, 3028287104, 3036675968,
+	3045063808, 3053452928, 3061837696, 3070228352, 3078615424,
+	3087003776, 3095394944, 3103782272, 3112173184, 3120562048,
+	3128944768, 3137339264, 3145725056, 3154109312, 3162505088,
+	3170893184, 3179280256, 3187669376, 3196056704, 3204445568,
+	3212836736, 3221224064, 3229612928, 3238002304, 3246391168,
+	3254778496, 3263165824, 3271556224, 3279944576, 3288332416,
+	3296719232, 3305110912, 3313500032, 3321887104, 3330273152,
+	3338658944, 3347053184, 3355440512, 3363827072, 3372220288,
+	3380608384, 3388997504, 3397384576, 3405774208, 3414163072,
+	3422551936, 3430937984, 3439328384, 3447714176, 3456104576,
+	3464493952, 3472883584, 3481268864, 3489655168, 3498048896,
+	3506434432, 3514826368, 3523213952, 3531603584, 3539987072,
+	3548380288, 3556763264, 3565157248, 3573545344, 3581934464,
+	3590324096, 3598712704, 3607098752, 3615488384, 3623877248,
+	3632265856, 3640646528, 3649043584, 3657430144, 3665821568,
+	3674207872, 3682597504, 3690984832, 3699367808, 3707764352,
+	3716152448, 3724541056, 3732925568, 3741318016, 3749706368,
+	3758091136, 3766481536, 3774872704, 3783260032, 3791650432,
+	3800036224, 3808427648, 3816815488, 3825204608, 3833592704,
+	3841981568, 3850370432, 3858755968, 3867147904, 3875536256,
+	3883920512, 3892313728, 3900702592, 3909087872, 3917478784,
+	3925868416, 3934256512, 3942645376, 3951032192, 3959422336,
+	3967809152, 3976200064, 3984588416, 3992974976, 4001363584,
+	4009751168, 4018141312, 4026530432, 4034911616, 4043308928,
+	4051695488, 4060084352, 4068472448, 4076862848, 4085249408,
+	4093640576, 4102028416, 4110413696, 4118805632, 4127194496,
+	4135583104, 4143971968, 4152360832, 4160746112, 4169135744,
+	4177525888, 4185912704, 4194303616, 4202691968, 4211076736,
+	4219463552, 4227855488, 4236246656, 4244633728, 4253022848,
+	4261412224, 4269799808, 4278184832, 4286578048, 4294962304,
+	4303349632, 4311743104, 4320130432, 4328521088, 4336909184,
+	4345295488, 4353687424, 4362073472, 4370458496, 4378852736,
+	4387238528, 4395630208, 4404019072, 4412407424, 4420790656,
+	4429182848, 4437571456, 4445962112, 4454344064, 4462738048,
+	4471119232, 4479516544, 4487904128, 4496289664, 4504682368,
+	4513068416, 4521459584, 4529846144, 4538232704, 4546619776,
+	4555010176, 4563402112, 4571790208, 4580174464, 4588567936,
+	4596957056, 4605344896, 4613734016, 4622119808, 4630511488,
+	4638898816, 4647287936, 4655675264, 4664065664, 4672451968,
+	4680842624, 4689231488, 4697620352, 4706007424, 4714397056,
+	4722786176, 4731173248, 4739562368, 4747951744, 4756340608,
+	4764727936, 4773114496, 4781504384, 4789894784, 4798283648,
+	4806667648, 4815059584, 4823449472, 4831835776, 4840226176,
+	4848612224, 4857003392, 4865391488, 4873780096, 4882169728,
+	4890557312, 4898946944, 4907333248, 4915722368, 4924110976,
+	4932499328, 4940889728, 4949276032, 4957666432, 4966054784,
+	4974438016, 4982831488, 4991221376, 4999607168, 5007998848,
+	5016386432, 5024763776, 5033164672, 5041544576, 5049941888,
+	5058329728, 5066717056, 5075107456, 5083494272, 5091883904,
+	5100273536, 5108662144, 5117048192, 5125436032, 5133827456,
+	5142215296, 5150605184, 5158993024, 5167382144, 5175769472,
+	5184157568, 5192543872, 5200936064, 5209324928, 5217711232,
+	5226102656, 5234490496, 5242877312, 5251263872, 5259654016,
+	5268040832, 5276434304, 5284819328, 5293209728, 5301598592,
+	5309986688, 5318374784, 5326764416, 5335151488, 5343542144,
+	5351929472, 5360319872, 5368706944, 5377096576, 5385484928,
+	5393871232, 5402263424, 5410650496, 5419040384, 5427426944,
+	5435816576, 5444205952, 5452594816, 5460981376, 5469367936,
+	5477760896, 5486148736, 5494536832, 5502925952, 5511315328,
+	5519703424, 5528089984, 5536481152, 5544869504, 5553256064,
+	5561645696, 5570032768, 5578423936, 5586811264, 5595193216,
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+	16257117824, 16265504384, 16273898624, 16282281856, 16290668672,
+	16299064192, 16307449216, 16315842176, 16324230016, 16332613504,
+	16341006464, 16349394304, 16357783168, 16366172288, 16374561664,
+	16382951296, 16391337856, 16399726208, 16408116352, 16416505472,
+	16424892032, 16433282176, 16441668224, 16450058624, 16458448768,
+	16466836864, 16475224448, 16483613056, 16492001408, 16500391808,
+	16508779648, 16517166976, 16525555328, 16533944192, 16542330752,
+	16550719616, 16559110528, 16567497088, 16575888512, 16584274816,
+	16592665472, 16601051008, 16609442944, 16617832064, 16626218624,
+	16634607488, 16642996096, 16651385728, 16659773824, 16668163712,
+	16676552576, 16684938112, 16693328768, 16701718144, 16710095488,
+	16718492288, 16726883968, 16735272832, 16743661184, 16752049792,
+	16760436608, 16768827008, 16777214336, 16785599104, 16793992832,
+	16802381696, 16810768768, 16819151744, 16827542656, 16835934848,
+	16844323712, 16852711552, 16861101952, 16869489536, 16877876864,
+	16886265728, 16894653056, 16903044736, 16911431296, 16919821696,
+	16928207488, 16936592768, 16944987776, 16953375616, 16961763968,
+	16970152832, 16978540928, 16986929536, 16995319168, 17003704448,
+	17012096896, 17020481152, 17028870784, 17037262208, 17045649536,
+	17054039936, 17062426496, 17070814336, 17079205504, 17087592064,
+	17095978112, 17104369024, 17112759424, 17121147776, 17129536384,
+	17137926016, 17146314368, 17154700928, 17163089792, 17171480192,
+	17179864192, 17188256896, 17196644992, 17205033856, 17213423488,
+	17221811072, 17230198912, 17238588032, 17246976896, 17255360384,
+	17263754624, 17272143232, 17280530048, 17288918912, 17297309312,
+	17305696384, 17314085504, 17322475136, 17330863744, 17339252096,
+	17347640192, 17356026496, 17364413824, 17372796544, 17381190016,
+	17389583488, 17397972608, 17406360704, 17414748544, 17423135872,
+	17431527296, 17439915904, 17448303232, 17456691584, 17465081728,
+	17473468288, 17481857408, 17490247552, 17498635904, 17507022464,
+	17515409024, 17523801728, 17532189824, 17540577664, 17548966016,
+	17557353344, 17565741184, 17574131584, 17582519168, 17590907008,
+	17599296128, 17607687808, 17616076672, 17624455808, 17632852352,
+	17641238656, 17649630848, 17658018944, 17666403968, 17674794112,
+	17683178368, 17691573376, 17699962496, 17708350592, 17716739968,
+	17725126528, 17733517184, 17741898112, 17750293888, 17758673024,
+	17767070336, 17775458432, 17783848832, 17792236928, 17800625536,
+	17809012352, 17817402752, 17825785984, 17834178944, 17842563968,
+	17850955648, 17859344512, 17867732864, 17876119424, 17884511872,
+	17892900224, 17901287296, 17909677696, 17918058112, 17926451072,
+	17934843776, 17943230848, 17951609216, 17960008576, 17968397696,
+	17976784256, 17985175424, 17993564032, 18001952128, 18010339712,
+	18018728576, 18027116672, 18035503232, 18043894144, 18052283264,
+	18060672128, 18069056384, 18077449856, 18085837184, 18094225792,
+	18102613376, 18111004544, 18119388544, 18127781248, 18136170368,
+	18144558976, 18152947328, 18161336192, 18169724288, 18178108544,
+	18186498944, 18194886784, 18203275648, 18211666048, 18220048768,
+	18228444544, 18236833408, 18245220736}
+
+// cacheSizes is a lookup table for the ethash verification cache size for the
+// first 2048 epochs (i.e. 61440000 blocks).
+var cacheSizes = []uint64{
+	16776896, 16907456, 17039296, 17170112, 17301056, 17432512, 17563072,
+	17693888, 17824192, 17955904, 18087488, 18218176, 18349504, 18481088,
+	18611392, 18742336, 18874304, 19004224, 19135936, 19267264, 19398208,
+	19529408, 19660096, 19791424, 19922752, 20053952, 20184896, 20315968,
+	20446912, 20576576, 20709184, 20840384, 20971072, 21102272, 21233216,
+	21364544, 21494848, 21626816, 21757376, 21887552, 22019392, 22151104,
+	22281536, 22412224, 22543936, 22675264, 22806464, 22935872, 23068096,
+	23198272, 23330752, 23459008, 23592512, 23723968, 23854912, 23986112,
+	24116672, 24247616, 24378688, 24509504, 24640832, 24772544, 24903488,
+	25034432, 25165376, 25296704, 25427392, 25558592, 25690048, 25820096,
+	25951936, 26081728, 26214208, 26345024, 26476096, 26606656, 26737472,
+	26869184, 26998208, 27131584, 27262528, 27393728, 27523904, 27655744,
+	27786688, 27917888, 28049344, 28179904, 28311488, 28441792, 28573504,
+	28700864, 28835648, 28966208, 29096768, 29228608, 29359808, 29490752,
+	29621824, 29752256, 29882816, 30014912, 30144448, 30273728, 30406976,
+	30538432, 30670784, 30799936, 30932672, 31063744, 31195072, 31325248,
+	31456192, 31588288, 31719232, 31850432, 31981504, 32110784, 32243392,
+	32372672, 32505664, 32636608, 32767808, 32897344, 33029824, 33160768,
+	33289664, 33423296, 33554368, 33683648, 33816512, 33947456, 34076992,
+	34208704, 34340032, 34471744, 34600256, 34734016, 34864576, 34993984,
+	35127104, 35258176, 35386688, 35518528, 35650624, 35782336, 35910976,
+	36044608, 36175808, 36305728, 36436672, 36568384, 36699968, 36830656,
+	36961984, 37093312, 37223488, 37355072, 37486528, 37617472, 37747904,
+	37879232, 38009792, 38141888, 38272448, 38403392, 38535104, 38660672,
+	38795584, 38925632, 39059264, 39190336, 39320768, 39452096, 39581632,
+	39713984, 39844928, 39974848, 40107968, 40238144, 40367168, 40500032,
+	40631744, 40762816, 40894144, 41023552, 41155904, 41286208, 41418304,
+	41547712, 41680448, 41811904, 41942848, 42073792, 42204992, 42334912,
+	42467008, 42597824, 42729152, 42860096, 42991552, 43122368, 43253696,
+	43382848, 43515712, 43646912, 43777088, 43907648, 44039104, 44170432,
+	44302144, 44433344, 44564288, 44694976, 44825152, 44956864, 45088448,
+	45219008, 45350464, 45481024, 45612608, 45744064, 45874496, 46006208,
+	46136768, 46267712, 46399424, 46529344, 46660672, 46791488, 46923328,
+	47053504, 47185856, 47316928, 47447872, 47579072, 47710144, 47839936,
+	47971648, 48103232, 48234176, 48365248, 48496192, 48627136, 48757312,
+	48889664, 49020736, 49149248, 49283008, 49413824, 49545152, 49675712,
+	49807168, 49938368, 50069056, 50200256, 50331584, 50462656, 50593472,
+	50724032, 50853952, 50986048, 51117632, 51248576, 51379904, 51510848,
+	51641792, 51773248, 51903296, 52035136, 52164032, 52297664, 52427968,
+	52557376, 52690112, 52821952, 52952896, 53081536, 53213504, 53344576,
+	53475776, 53608384, 53738816, 53870528, 54000832, 54131776, 54263744,
+	54394688, 54525248, 54655936, 54787904, 54918592, 55049152, 55181248,
+	55312064, 55442752, 55574336, 55705024, 55836224, 55967168, 56097856,
+	56228672, 56358592, 56490176, 56621888, 56753728, 56884928, 57015488,
+	57146816, 57278272, 57409216, 57540416, 57671104, 57802432, 57933632,
+	58064576, 58195264, 58326976, 58457408, 58588864, 58720192, 58849984,
+	58981696, 59113024, 59243456, 59375552, 59506624, 59637568, 59768512,
+	59897792, 60030016, 60161984, 60293056, 60423872, 60554432, 60683968,
+	60817216, 60948032, 61079488, 61209664, 61341376, 61471936, 61602752,
+	61733696, 61865792, 61996736, 62127808, 62259136, 62389568, 62520512,
+	62651584, 62781632, 62910784, 63045056, 63176128, 63307072, 63438656,
+	63569216, 63700928, 63831616, 63960896, 64093888, 64225088, 64355392,
+	64486976, 64617664, 64748608, 64879424, 65009216, 65142464, 65273792,
+	65402816, 65535424, 65666752, 65797696, 65927744, 66060224, 66191296,
+	66321344, 66453056, 66584384, 66715328, 66846656, 66977728, 67108672,
+	67239104, 67370432, 67501888, 67631296, 67763776, 67895104, 68026304,
+	68157248, 68287936, 68419264, 68548288, 68681408, 68811968, 68942912,
+	69074624, 69205568, 69337024, 69467584, 69599168, 69729472, 69861184,
+	69989824, 70122944, 70253888, 70385344, 70515904, 70647232, 70778816,
+	70907968, 71040832, 71171648, 71303104, 71432512, 71564992, 71695168,
+	71826368, 71958464, 72089536, 72219712, 72350144, 72482624, 72613568,
+	72744512, 72875584, 73006144, 73138112, 73268672, 73400128, 73530944,
+	73662272, 73793344, 73924544, 74055104, 74185792, 74316992, 74448832,
+	74579392, 74710976, 74841664, 74972864, 75102784, 75233344, 75364544,
+	75497024, 75627584, 75759296, 75890624, 76021696, 76152256, 76283072,
+	76414144, 76545856, 76676672, 76806976, 76937792, 77070016, 77200832,
+	77331392, 77462464, 77593664, 77725376, 77856448, 77987776, 78118336,
+	78249664, 78380992, 78511424, 78642496, 78773056, 78905152, 79033664,
+	79166656, 79297472, 79429568, 79560512, 79690816, 79822784, 79953472,
+	80084672, 80214208, 80346944, 80477632, 80608576, 80740288, 80870848,
+	81002048, 81133504, 81264448, 81395648, 81525952, 81657536, 81786304,
+	81919808, 82050112, 82181312, 82311616, 82443968, 82573376, 82705984,
+	82835776, 82967744, 83096768, 83230528, 83359552, 83491264, 83622464,
+	83753536, 83886016, 84015296, 84147776, 84277184, 84409792, 84540608,
+	84672064, 84803008, 84934336, 85065152, 85193792, 85326784, 85458496,
+	85589312, 85721024, 85851968, 85982656, 86112448, 86244416, 86370112,
+	86506688, 86637632, 86769344, 86900672, 87031744, 87162304, 87293632,
+	87424576, 87555392, 87687104, 87816896, 87947968, 88079168, 88211264,
+	88341824, 88473152, 88603712, 88735424, 88862912, 88996672, 89128384,
+	89259712, 89390272, 89521984, 89652544, 89783872, 89914816, 90045376,
+	90177088, 90307904, 90438848, 90569152, 90700096, 90832832, 90963776,
+	91093696, 91223744, 91356992, 91486784, 91618496, 91749824, 91880384,
+	92012224, 92143552, 92273344, 92405696, 92536768, 92666432, 92798912,
+	92926016, 93060544, 93192128, 93322816, 93453632, 93583936, 93715136,
+	93845056, 93977792, 94109504, 94240448, 94371776, 94501184, 94632896,
+	94764224, 94895552, 95023424, 95158208, 95287744, 95420224, 95550016,
+	95681216, 95811904, 95943872, 96075328, 96203584, 96337856, 96468544,
+	96599744, 96731072, 96860992, 96992576, 97124288, 97254848, 97385536,
+	97517248, 97647808, 97779392, 97910464, 98041408, 98172608, 98303168,
+	98434496, 98565568, 98696768, 98827328, 98958784, 99089728, 99220928,
+	99352384, 99482816, 99614272, 99745472, 99876416, 100007104,
+	100138048, 100267072, 100401088, 100529984, 100662592, 100791872,
+	100925248, 101056064, 101187392, 101317952, 101449408, 101580608,
+	101711296, 101841728, 101973824, 102104896, 102235712, 102366016,
+	102498112, 102628672, 102760384, 102890432, 103021888, 103153472,
+	103284032, 103415744, 103545152, 103677248, 103808576, 103939648,
+	104070976, 104201792, 104332736, 104462528, 104594752, 104725952,
+	104854592, 104988608, 105118912, 105247808, 105381184, 105511232,
+	105643072, 105774784, 105903296, 106037056, 106167872, 106298944,
+	106429504, 106561472, 106691392, 106822592, 106954304, 107085376,
+	107216576, 107346368, 107478464, 107609792, 107739712, 107872192,
+	108003136, 108131392, 108265408, 108396224, 108527168, 108657344,
+	108789568, 108920384, 109049792, 109182272, 109312576, 109444928,
+	109572928, 109706944, 109837888, 109969088, 110099648, 110230976,
+	110362432, 110492992, 110624704, 110755264, 110886208, 111017408,
+	111148864, 111279296, 111410752, 111541952, 111673024, 111803456,
+	111933632, 112066496, 112196416, 112328512, 112457792, 112590784,
+	112715968, 112852672, 112983616, 113114944, 113244224, 113376448,
+	113505472, 113639104, 113770304, 113901376, 114031552, 114163264,
+	114294592, 114425536, 114556864, 114687424, 114818624, 114948544,
+	115080512, 115212224, 115343296, 115473472, 115605184, 115736128,
+	115867072, 115997248, 116128576, 116260288, 116391488, 116522944,
+	116652992, 116784704, 116915648, 117046208, 117178304, 117308608,
+	117440192, 117569728, 117701824, 117833024, 117964096, 118094656,
+	118225984, 118357312, 118489024, 118617536, 118749632, 118882112,
+	119012416, 119144384, 119275328, 119406016, 119537344, 119668672,
+	119798464, 119928896, 120061376, 120192832, 120321728, 120454336,
+	120584512, 120716608, 120848192, 120979136, 121109056, 121241408,
+	121372352, 121502912, 121634752, 121764416, 121895744, 122027072,
+	122157632, 122289088, 122421184, 122550592, 122682944, 122813888,
+	122945344, 123075776, 123207488, 123338048, 123468736, 123600704,
+	123731264, 123861952, 123993664, 124124608, 124256192, 124386368,
+	124518208, 124649024, 124778048, 124911296, 125041088, 125173696,
+	125303744, 125432896, 125566912, 125696576, 125829056, 125958592,
+	126090304, 126221248, 126352832, 126483776, 126615232, 126746432,
+	126876608, 127008704, 127139392, 127270336, 127401152, 127532224,
+	127663552, 127794752, 127925696, 128055232, 128188096, 128319424,
+	128449856, 128581312, 128712256, 128843584, 128973632, 129103808,
+	129236288, 129365696, 129498944, 129629888, 129760832, 129892288,
+	130023104, 130154048, 130283968, 130416448, 130547008, 130678336,
+	130807616, 130939456, 131071552, 131202112, 131331776, 131464384,
+	131594048, 131727296, 131858368, 131987392, 132120256, 132250816,
+	132382528, 132513728, 132644672, 132774976, 132905792, 133038016,
+	133168832, 133299392, 133429312, 133562048, 133692992, 133823296,
+	133954624, 134086336, 134217152, 134348608, 134479808, 134607296,
+	134741056, 134872384, 135002944, 135134144, 135265472, 135396544,
+	135527872, 135659072, 135787712, 135921472, 136052416, 136182848,
+	136313792, 136444864, 136576448, 136707904, 136837952, 136970048,
+	137099584, 137232064, 137363392, 137494208, 137625536, 137755712,
+	137887424, 138018368, 138149824, 138280256, 138411584, 138539584,
+	138672832, 138804928, 138936128, 139066688, 139196864, 139328704,
+	139460032, 139590208, 139721024, 139852864, 139984576, 140115776,
+	140245696, 140376512, 140508352, 140640064, 140769856, 140902336,
+	141032768, 141162688, 141294016, 141426496, 141556544, 141687488,
+	141819584, 141949888, 142080448, 142212544, 142342336, 142474432,
+	142606144, 142736192, 142868288, 142997824, 143129408, 143258944,
+	143392448, 143523136, 143653696, 143785024, 143916992, 144045632,
+	144177856, 144309184, 144440768, 144570688, 144701888, 144832448,
+	144965056, 145096384, 145227584, 145358656, 145489856, 145620928,
+	145751488, 145883072, 146011456, 146144704, 146275264, 146407232,
+	146538176, 146668736, 146800448, 146931392, 147062336, 147193664,
+	147324224, 147455936, 147586624, 147717056, 147848768, 147979456,
+	148110784, 148242368, 148373312, 148503232, 148635584, 148766144,
+	148897088, 149028416, 149159488, 149290688, 149420224, 149551552,
+	149683136, 149814976, 149943616, 150076352, 150208064, 150338624,
+	150470464, 150600256, 150732224, 150862784, 150993088, 151125952,
+	151254976, 151388096, 151519168, 151649728, 151778752, 151911104,
+	152042944, 152174144, 152304704, 152435648, 152567488, 152698816,
+	152828992, 152960576, 153091648, 153222976, 153353792, 153484096,
+	153616192, 153747008, 153878336, 154008256, 154139968, 154270912,
+	154402624, 154533824, 154663616, 154795712, 154926272, 155057984,
+	155188928, 155319872, 155450816, 155580608, 155712064, 155843392,
+	155971136, 156106688, 156237376, 156367424, 156499264, 156630976,
+	156761536, 156892352, 157024064, 157155008, 157284416, 157415872,
+	157545536, 157677248, 157810496, 157938112, 158071744, 158203328,
+	158334656, 158464832, 158596288, 158727616, 158858048, 158988992,
+	159121216, 159252416, 159381568, 159513152, 159645632, 159776192,
+	159906496, 160038464, 160169536, 160300352, 160430656, 160563008,
+	160693952, 160822208, 160956352, 161086784, 161217344, 161349184,
+	161480512, 161611456, 161742272, 161873216, 162002752, 162135872,
+	162266432, 162397888, 162529216, 162660032, 162790976, 162922048,
+	163052096, 163184576, 163314752, 163446592, 163577408, 163707968,
+	163839296, 163969984, 164100928, 164233024, 164364224, 164494912,
+	164625856, 164756672, 164887616, 165019072, 165150016, 165280064,
+	165412672, 165543104, 165674944, 165805888, 165936832, 166067648,
+	166198336, 166330048, 166461248, 166591552, 166722496, 166854208,
+	166985408, 167116736, 167246656, 167378368, 167508416, 167641024,
+	167771584, 167903168, 168034112, 168164032, 168295744, 168427456,
+	168557632, 168688448, 168819136, 168951616, 169082176, 169213504,
+	169344832, 169475648, 169605952, 169738048, 169866304, 169999552,
+	170131264, 170262464, 170393536, 170524352, 170655424, 170782016,
+	170917696, 171048896, 171179072, 171310784, 171439936, 171573184,
+	171702976, 171835072, 171966272, 172097216, 172228288, 172359232,
+	172489664, 172621376, 172747712, 172883264, 173014208, 173144512,
+	173275072, 173407424, 173539136, 173669696, 173800768, 173931712,
+	174063424, 174193472, 174325696, 174455744, 174586816, 174718912,
+	174849728, 174977728, 175109696, 175242688, 175374272, 175504832,
+	175636288, 175765696, 175898432, 176028992, 176159936, 176291264,
+	176422592, 176552512, 176684864, 176815424, 176946496, 177076544,
+	177209152, 177340096, 177470528, 177600704, 177731648, 177864256,
+	177994816, 178126528, 178257472, 178387648, 178518464, 178650176,
+	178781888, 178912064, 179044288, 179174848, 179305024, 179436736,
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+	277085632, 277216832, 277347008, 277478848, 277609664, 277740992,
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+	278657728, 278789824, 278921152, 279052096, 279182912, 279313088,
+	279443776, 279576256, 279706048, 279838528, 279969728, 280099648,
+	280230976, 280361408, 280493632, 280622528, 280755392, 280887104,
+	281018176, 281147968, 281278912, 281411392, 281542592, 281673152,
+	281803712, 281935552, 282066496, 282197312, 282329024, 282458816,
+	282590272, 282720832, 282853184, 282983744, 283115072, 283246144,
+	283377344, 283508416, 283639744, 283770304, 283901504, 284032576,
+	284163136, 284294848, 284426176, 284556992, 284687296, 284819264,
+	284950208, 285081536}
diff --git a/consensus/ethash/algorithm_go1.7.go b/consensus/ethash/algorithm_go1.7.go
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..c34d041c3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/consensus/ethash/algorithm_go1.7.go
@@ -0,0 +1,47 @@
+// Copyright 2017 The go-ethereum Authors
+// This file is part of the go-ethereum library.
+//
+// The go-ethereum library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The go-ethereum library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the go-ethereum library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+// +build !go1.8
+
+package ethash
+
+// cacheSize calculates and returns the size of the ethash verification cache that
+// belongs to a certain block number. The cache size grows linearly, however, we
+// always take the highest prime below the linearly growing threshold in order to
+// reduce the risk of accidental regularities leading to cyclic behavior.
+func cacheSize(block uint64) uint64 {
+	// If we have a pre-generated value, use that
+	epoch := int(block / epochLength)
+	if epoch < len(cacheSizes) {
+		return cacheSizes[epoch]
+	}
+	// We don't have a way to verify primes fast before Go 1.8
+	panic("fast prime testing unsupported in Go < 1.8")
+}
+
+// datasetSize calculates and returns the size of the ethash mining dataset that
+// belongs to a certain block number. The dataset size grows linearly, however, we
+// always take the highest prime below the linearly growing threshold in order to
+// reduce the risk of accidental regularities leading to cyclic behavior.
+func datasetSize(block uint64) uint64 {
+	// If we have a pre-generated value, use that
+	epoch := int(block / epochLength)
+	if epoch < len(datasetSizes) {
+		return datasetSizes[epoch]
+	}
+	// We don't have a way to verify primes fast before Go 1.8
+	panic("fast prime testing unsupported in Go < 1.8")
+}
diff --git a/consensus/ethash/algorithm_go1.8.go b/consensus/ethash/algorithm_go1.8.go
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..62bf4dec1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/consensus/ethash/algorithm_go1.8.go
@@ -0,0 +1,57 @@
+// Copyright 2017 The go-ethereum Authors
+// This file is part of the go-ethereum library.
+//
+// The go-ethereum library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The go-ethereum library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the go-ethereum library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+// +build go1.8
+
+package ethash
+
+import "math/big"
+
+// cacheSize calculates and returns the size of the ethash verification cache that
+// belongs to a certain block number. The cache size grows linearly, however, we
+// always take the highest prime below the linearly growing threshold in order to
+// reduce the risk of accidental regularities leading to cyclic behavior.
+func cacheSize(block uint64) uint64 {
+	// If we have a pre-generated value, use that
+	epoch := int(block / epochLength)
+	if epoch < len(cacheSizes) {
+		return cacheSizes[epoch]
+	}
+	// No known cache size, calculate manually (sanity branch only)
+	size := uint64(cacheInitBytes + cacheGrowthBytes*uint64(epoch) - hashBytes)
+	for !new(big.Int).SetUint64(size / hashBytes).ProbablyPrime(1) { // Always accurate for n < 2^64
+		size -= 2 * hashBytes
+	}
+	return size
+}
+
+// datasetSize calculates and returns the size of the ethash mining dataset that
+// belongs to a certain block number. The dataset size grows linearly, however, we
+// always take the highest prime below the linearly growing threshold in order to
+// reduce the risk of accidental regularities leading to cyclic behavior.
+func datasetSize(block uint64) uint64 {
+	// If we have a pre-generated value, use that
+	epoch := int(block / epochLength)
+	if epoch < len(datasetSizes) {
+		return datasetSizes[epoch]
+	}
+	// No known dataset size, calculate manually (sanity branch only)
+	size := uint64(datasetInitBytes + datasetGrowthBytes*uint64(epoch) - mixBytes)
+	for !new(big.Int).SetUint64(size / mixBytes).ProbablyPrime(1) { // Always accurate for n < 2^64
+		size -= 2 * mixBytes
+	}
+	return size
+}
diff --git a/consensus/ethash/algorithm_go1.8_test.go b/consensus/ethash/algorithm_go1.8_test.go
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..fdc302318
--- /dev/null
+++ b/consensus/ethash/algorithm_go1.8_test.go
@@ -0,0 +1,46 @@
+// Copyright 2017 The go-ethereum Authors
+// This file is part of the go-ethereum library.
+//
+// The go-ethereum library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The go-ethereum library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the go-ethereum library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+// +build go1.8
+
+package ethash
+
+import "testing"
+
+// Tests whether the dataset size calculator work correctly by cross checking the
+// hard coded lookup table with the value generated by it.
+func TestSizeCalculations(t *testing.T) {
+	var tests []uint64
+
+	// Verify all the cache sizes from the lookup table
+	defer func(sizes []uint64) { cacheSizes = sizes }(cacheSizes)
+	tests, cacheSizes = cacheSizes, []uint64{}
+
+	for i, test := range tests {
+		if size := cacheSize(uint64(i*epochLength) + 1); size != test {
+			t.Errorf("cache %d: cache size mismatch: have %d, want %d", i, size, test)
+		}
+	}
+	// Verify all the dataset sizes from the lookup table
+	defer func(sizes []uint64) { datasetSizes = sizes }(datasetSizes)
+	tests, datasetSizes = datasetSizes, []uint64{}
+
+	for i, test := range tests {
+		if size := datasetSize(uint64(i*epochLength) + 1); size != test {
+			t.Errorf("dataset %d: dataset size mismatch: have %d, want %d", i, size, test)
+		}
+	}
+}
diff --git a/consensus/ethash/algorithm_test.go b/consensus/ethash/algorithm_test.go
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..7e4307a74
--- /dev/null
+++ b/consensus/ethash/algorithm_test.go
@@ -0,0 +1,763 @@
+// Copyright 2017 The go-ethereum Authors
+// This file is part of the go-ethereum library.
+//
+// The go-ethereum library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The go-ethereum library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the go-ethereum library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+package ethash
+
+import (
+	"bytes"
+	"io/ioutil"
+	"math/big"
+	"os"
+	"reflect"
+	"sync"
+	"testing"
+
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/common"
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/common/hexutil"
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core/types"
+)
+
+// Tests that verification caches can be correctly generated.
+func TestCacheGeneration(t *testing.T) {
+	tests := []struct {
+		size  uint64
+		epoch uint64
+		cache []byte
+	}{
+		{
+			size:  1024,
+			epoch: 0,
+			cache: hexutil.MustDecode("0x" +
+				"7ce2991c951f7bf4c4c1bb119887ee07871eb5339d7b97b8588e85c742de90e5bafd5bbe6ce93a134fb6be9ad3e30db99d9528a2ea7846833f52e9ca119b6b54" +
+				"8979480c46e19972bd0738779c932c1b43e665a2fd3122fc3ddb2691f353ceb0ed3e38b8f51fd55b6940290743563c9f8fa8822e611924657501a12aafab8a8d" +
+				"88fb5fbae3a99d14792406672e783a06940a42799b1c38bc28715db6d37cb11f9f6b24e386dc52dd8c286bd8c36fa813dffe4448a9f56ebcbeea866b42f68d22" +
+				"6c32aae4d695a23cab28fd74af53b0c2efcc180ceaaccc0b2e280103d097a03c1d1b0f0f26ce5f32a90238f9bc49f645db001ef9cd3d13d44743f841fad11a37" +
+				"fa290c62c16042f703578921f30b9951465aae2af4a5dad43a7341d7b4a62750954965a47a1c3af638dc3495c4d62a9bab843168c9fc0114e79cffd1b2827b01" +
+				"75d30ba054658f214e946cf24c43b40d3383fbb0493408e5c5392434ca21bbcf43200dfb876c713d201813934fa485f48767c5915745cf0986b1dc0f33e57748" +
+				"bf483ee2aff4248dfe461ec0504a13628401020fc22638584a8f2f5206a13b2f233898c78359b21c8226024d0a7a93df5eb6c282bdbf005a4aab497e096f2847" +
+				"76c71cee57932a8fb89f6d6b8743b60a4ea374899a94a2e0f218d5c55818cefb1790c8529a76dba31ebb0f4592d709b49587d2317970d39c086f18dd244291d9" +
+				"eedb16705e53e3350591bd4ff4566a3595ac0f0ce24b5e112a3d033bc51b6fea0a92296dea7f5e20bf6ee6bc347d868fda193c395b9bb147e55e5a9f67cfe741" +
+				"7eea7d699b155bd13804204df7ea91fa9249e4474dddf35188f77019c67d201e4c10d7079c5ad492a71afff9a23ca7e900ba7d1bdeaf3270514d8eb35eab8a0a" +
+				"718bb7273aeb37768fa589ed8ab01fbf4027f4ebdbbae128d21e485f061c20183a9bc2e31edbda0727442e9d58eb0fe198440fe199e02e77c0f7b99973f1f74c" +
+				"c9089a51ab96c94a84d66e6aa48b2d0a4543adb5a789039a2aa7b335ca85c91026c7d3c894da53ae364188c3fd92f78e01d080399884a47385aa792e38150cda" +
+				"a8620b2ebeca41fbc773bb837b5e724d6eb2de570d99858df0d7d97067fb8103b21757873b735097b35d3bea8fd1c359a9e8a63c1540c76c9784cf8d975e995c" +
+				"778401b94a2e66e6993ad67ad3ecdc2acb17779f1ea8606827ec92b11c728f8c3b6d3f04a3e6ed05ff81dd76d5dc5695a50377bc135aaf1671cf68b750315493" +
+				"6c64510164d53312bf3c41740c7a237b05faf4a191bd8a95dafa068dbcf370255c725900ce5c934f36feadcfe55b687c440574c1f06f39d207a8553d39156a24" +
+				"845f64fd8324bb85312979dead74f764c9677aab89801ad4f927f1c00f12e28f22422bb44200d1969d9ab377dd6b099dc6dbc3222e9321b2c1e84f8e2f07731c"),
+		},
+		{
+			size:  1024,
+			epoch: 1,
+			cache: hexutil.MustDecode("0x" +
+				"1f56855d59cc5a085720899b4377a0198f1abe948d85fe5820dc0e346b7c0931b9cde8e541d751de3b2b3275d0aabfae316209d5879297d8bd99f8a033c9d4df" +
+				"35add1029f4e6404a022d504fb8023e42989aba985a65933b0109c7218854356f9284983c9e7de97de591828ae348b63d1fc78d8db58157344d4e06530ffd422" +
+				"5c7f6080d451ff94961ec2dd9e28e6d81b49102451676dbdcb6ef1094c1e8b29e7e808d47b2ba5aeb52dabf00d5f0ee08c116289cbf56d8132e5ca557c3d6220" +
+				"5ba3a48539acabfd4ca3c89e3aaa668e24ffeaeb9eb0136a9fc5a8a676b6d5ad76175eeda0a1fa44b5ff5591079e4b7f581569b6c82416adcb82d7e92980df67" +
+				"2248c4024013e7be52cf91a82491627d9e6d80eda2770ab82badc5e120cd33a4c84495f718b57396a8f397e797087fad81fa50f0e2f5da71e40816a85de35a96" +
+				"3cd351364905c45b3116ff25851d43a2ca1d2aa5cdb408440dabef8c57778fc18608bf431d0c7ffd37649a21a7bb9d90def39c821669dbaf165c0262434dfb08" +
+				"5d057a12de4a7a59fd2dfc931c29c20371abf748b69b618a9bd485b3fb3166cad4d3d27edf0197aabeceb28b96670bdf020f26d1bb9b564aaf82d866bdffd6d4" +
+				"1aea89e20b15a5d1264ab01d1556bfc2a266081609d60928216bd9646038f07de9fedcc9f2b86ab1b07d7bd88ba1df08b3d89b2ac789001b48a723f217debcb7" +
+				"090303a3ef50c1d5d99a75c640ec2b401ab149e06511753d8c49cafdde2929ae61e09cc0f0319d262869d21ead9e0cf5ff2de3dbedfb994f32432d2e4aa44c82" +
+				"7c42781d1477fe03ea0772998e776d63363c6c3edd2d52c89b4d2c9d89cdd90fa33b2b41c8e3f78ef06fe90bcf5cc5756d33a032f16b744141aaa8852bb4cb3a" +
+				"40792b93489c6d6e56c235ec4aa36c263e9b766a4daaff34b2ea709f9f811aef498a65bfbc1deffd36fcc4d1a123345fac7bf57a1fb50394843cd28976a6c7ff" +
+				"fe70f7b8d8f384aa06e2c9964c92a8788cef397fffdd35181b42a35d5d98cd7244bbd09e802888d7efc0311ae58e0961e3656205df4bdc553f317df4b6ede4ca" +
+				"846294a32aec830ab1aa5aac4e78b821c35c70fd752fec353e373bf9be656e775a0111bcbeffdfebd3bd5251d27b9f6971aa561a2bd27a99d61b2ce3965c3726" +
+				"1e114353e6a31b09340f4078b8a8c6ce6ff4213067a8f21020f78aff4f8b472b701ef730aacb8ce7806ea31b14abe8f8efdd6357ca299d339abc4e43ba324ad1" +
+				"efe6eb1a5a6e137daa6ec9f6be30931ca368a944cfcf2a0a29f9a9664188f0466e6f078c347f9fe26a9a89d2029462b19245f24ace47aecace6ef85a4e96b31b" +
+				"5f470eb0165c6375eb8f245d50a25d521d1e569e3b2dccce626752bb26eae624a24511e831a81fab6898a791579f462574ca4851e6588116493dbccc3072e0c5"),
+		},
+	}
+	for i, tt := range tests {
+		cache := make([]uint32, tt.size/4)
+		generateCache(cache, tt.epoch, seedHash(tt.epoch*epochLength+1))
+
+		want := make([]uint32, tt.size/4)
+		prepare(want, tt.cache)
+
+		if !reflect.DeepEqual(cache, want) {
+			t.Errorf("cache %d: content mismatch: have %x, want %x", i, cache, want)
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+func TestDatasetGeneration(t *testing.T) {
+	tests := []struct {
+		epoch       uint64
+		cacheSize   uint64
+		datasetSize uint64
+		dataset     []byte
+	}{
+		{
+			epoch:       0,
+			cacheSize:   1024,
+			datasetSize: 32 * 1024,
+			dataset: hexutil.MustDecode("0x" +
+				"4bc09fbd530a041dd2ec296110a29e8f130f179c59d223f51ecce3126e8b0c74326abc2f32ccd9d7f976bd0944e3ccf8479db39343cbbffa467046ca97e2da63" +
+				"da5f9d9688c7c33ab7b8aace570e422fa48b24659b72fc534669209d66389ca15b099c5604601e7581488e3bd6925cec0f12d465f8004d4fa84793f8e1e46a1b" +
+				"31b7298991c6142f4f0b6e6b296728ae5fa63ccb667b61fbb1b078003d18d97b906af157debed5e6c55d5a61cae90c85f9e97d565314a2f9fd9e0c08430547d0" +
+				"7cfcee3271f921b95c32a11596219abaa30abc62c2c72c6725078c436c677320594df6bcb92134c1b114fffec982a1f68f13a9f812f074b9fb9c78f2cd4c1c90" +
+				"7ebf1e447f7a422b06303921e3d54f430584d849eaa4b7d652e92a5d659bdfc462adcdd7991e8c66a19da4ddb5390463d073941491859397f135ebbbdbdf5801" +
+				"cafb873c383893390141ae385515504d74a33608273310c312ba468046d2e20c271a38cc0e3920b39705050e752f34f244fc23ddd17ff18677756a87671d4145" +
+				"3aebf97e4890da1d645f41eb20da92a8537c787ce419580073c46aa3bb154952993142ec5b4fb6e8f108fd15fc618cd5c27b45a37ee6dcd52a4ce656c0f58604" +
+				"717ec55f5e592355f1f20e8316f8fd77243734a8b0f50ad93c1d95b5b0482afb22cd0667d935bd6053d7198b54974e10d100df7ca3ec2e0bb5ccce5807b266e0" +
+				"8429d5fec2ae6ae1cc7c5efc27f19c89d4b4a6c5c0b9397886dac635ba37446ff528b582457a4fe7f803f1a47903574f8982d4a679b627396a4e97aaa12fa179" +
+				"0d31ba52e9010bc3c26ace81f702f86649fe9eeda9ec03b74a8a5cf540d82e22af33ab893564397dfc4edd8b1677350df5b82ab61d24db95f58fd2d78afb49c7" +
+				"2d2b1fefa8ff6606b8623829cc752ea37d663b945f3f1d48ad07b1416af252f81b55acd8f164da4faa9d9453721b3b795041ce7df7c77edc13865dbe04fee331" +
+				"47daebe18c183c4a6594a6df3a4d2dc5e3811d805102c9c49286e3d12b38927fa49a7b0cdcb1d799f57118953e31c560aae213a1799d59a78ae68f0590347061" +
+				"fc2668caf08f860452f6b7d3ebc1efecc2e1227d33296b1f1850360dee7236e85274eaede4d18a58b4261ce1f6a7d283dcf64e6d021813f82a566354445327e5" +
+				"6217279b2393fe5aa0f9eb149d4866e1105106bcc221810ceaf053f2ec733d8a22f409c1baf955e50184005c5d55de907de97f5f713b62ae10937e1a7af6267b" +
+				"d2a239e8589017197c343b81540bc26bc52bffd5336fb1da1202a511c7175014d2f500b9d9ce78e4b9f2b158d0fb27af352b6f78c129cad642fe909612c9d658" +
+				"17a8d7f9195ee97201675a918e3cf520fdc19f92b7e6a3db806d4f3799361334082cc58a22ddb4e4f5760bd1667c177b26be325166c6bbed669a158fc87acd43" +
+				"a2462e12578d72db6606f9e24ae659ff411ac9b31d696b8354fd08a591622967a14f8468eaaae3907b7818154ba2d6e4581589354d178bb6ae1c03651c44bbf0" +
+				"e7fa52cb0da09508b5a444aed05a54f416841247a4fe36bd5529029e3adf78b105e22468ed775f4d0954504dd55f2c9b9e6b3a086370b2c0b6fec7efd6914e07" +
+				"26627edb7a04869a874e31f448271077a7de3031cf81bdbc39848efee6075e0d65fa3a32640e9f0395cf7ec12139992aff0a54e0a7dfe5048b3cc03246b56f7d" +
+				"3093538a7b87538d8792a665bc589373621b2f3cf47d2c1f8f580fe34d79c6b2a66323ce89808ce0e5cf77700f5a4446c4be01a310e8f7c7ebefe756b0044886" +
+				"a0477c88ee8ea8c71503748a4cf9eb40ad5c1c8accf7c63c0f43a94ed2b8a5999df3ab9b11b80de73310e036ca88668e640015fcf9cd18eed05517d54896f43e" +
+				"25e7931b44872c4e4183500e0e8c5103292bca1c0d6b0b00c9acce25d31204bb3e4f255c03a0a0916664e9c831b28b364078109a74411a11afb1e610c7d1c9d4" +
+				"ba5e10d0ee0da409654d9e7308395e17caeb9caebccb0192679866e6f2ecb5f10044333bb70d61712adb6d74cdec6918ed9a71d9925da576a1e6f4e906a5cd5f" +
+				"0e94a25e48a4141e4e2770144b63e2449b0f84c82879f34d78440cc430196ba85a213fdac1bcf279a46d7592fa29a876bb7a2efb7081365522a3f06fdceaedd3" +
+				"cc0335cef9ea570733fe8799bb1b918aa7732b4d175929d80c7844a78e19f2dc6a6febf648f49b40320b0f7d784e7f84e45408d70b046bd01cbd8fdaf606fcd3" +
+				"02f4e5a48ab8d13e93a246adfcc94f3109e02a7a969986e75b6ced6bf2d11a55ab77488e131b65a06398fa8e384dc90d875584c9b17cdcf2da5dd72a461cd07c" +
+				"4a955c5fe48509b3284476c42247e086de7d63839b7358cf4ebd9edf9ac8b6fd0c096166405de19c51e8785009d30feb67cdb8ff9ba55459dfdffba8c022e26c" +
+				"0ebd399e4b76ccb4d5491a862c2c4d8cdf1461a96c9b98150e170efacec980edc00a2c7f6d7c6bea3075627e1eb386a7f1ede1059da81a4ac5cf35aa173c88c5" +
+				"1818dc0fbc688b68b82ddc225b6c87588e0c680e303e737c82a13e34be58df8b0cb336aeacc698c79e7682ebb69e6cd6bdc5d11790c96afcfa9290f39515142f" +
+				"5f90b938216a1d14bc049ce3f0ac135722208b989d2557d3520c2186479f179e50fe5b125b8d6638a65047729c6249b9b2c6381c9103c97d1b389cc9cdb31c21" +
+				"8a2eecbf4b9ad1dcfa57446cde88f96563a544c49d6f5303a84a1b7cf074fca78e67e72c9ffa0c542fb646418c6434b16b771088140725cf2dc723c1a975c4ca" +
+				"8a80e633721274907353f51e95952c2b403b45750b42ad10961f60473eb54616f61f7b038c5b7eca475d6a2b844994a9eeddce4f7bb49782e50ef78bc13b85d1" +
+				"9e956f47c60823f3d1981413cb78d309f63a844694861b11b5238961c71f61d82daef6795734f0961e92b9167c57f48e91693e9656fcc6e88f9ce2d373da26bf" +
+				"45b3dff50211fec72387005a7e04828e4ae7ddd10fc2332acf5f1b0f67adcd863752573c2d24488857bfc58c41af45be7641f5cfff611f184612fc0d695866f4" +
+				"2b396b1d9881f442c4a995f4b500f02d4ab4b53ad6e01776ab0e244583f01301203a1515f3dbb73906014e36c7143bf882b005f0228ca0562623893c8a24b7c6" +
+				"4c2c561912010c121b5c3a1e35e75c0b094731e9c0d6acf5a2b1e5b179355525a175640579705f898feb98bffa25633bc126613fa27d2ceb214812902ada23f4" +
+				"367a78655d0d2276095c9e83dfa79153730103963499c367c5621fecfd0888253df82b3d5716703ef92594cf269310b9e6c892c488edb3bba1d0b216e92f622a" +
+				"7f8f7f00d2926d81a4c7ca6cef40d240576a8d5541ccf561c8e0e699925d20347ba7493ed6e182cfe3b633e70b3ce3a0d90813574f6fe329c495d3cd46fd5d7e" +
+				"bdde58d7eafcb134a9a5d3e5d66136e8c9b5d9ecac195dcc44158941c9fe2d87db52a7ddcedc9f82ec160901cc36a9c877af80ceae0563dfa75cabde5d7a7c94" +
+				"9f24bc190f7c2045368356474ff6eee284e7125d1c5f9a036fbde24cecfd3a30481ce077f20cbcb31924368296abf66ce4834102cf7cb949d1b4c6faa6d006ef" +
+				"21379cead5d5a39324d41555c46e0b42a1e871143e47f8e6b3d794e75d7a43c282732766d856e04e666ea346657b157404b0fc8534a2dee8243d40a5e37609e6" +
+				"18bc1d52b91a7623aaf8214a97e4c8c5d860b31c3792b129354a121a7a7e42b50dfbe3ab6590769401eb280545547a43c3a1455355d5d5fdedccb472abfe75b8" +
+				"f5e7d62b0b31553d8d55de0c3c71e6f5a2abba6fe81e9a42ec1968f235bc4296c1ac5df7430917453384450ab56dafa7c7af764cefa3b0bc861c52ae27692365" +
+				"9d7d9ed7609958884147acca867909a75bb6a2c364debefaf98c7ff70c7f4acb5cdb81100fd79a48c5139f8bbdc6553b509f1eb0f5d5d31886a602cd669b3f9f" +
+				"59195a1fa2bcff1170003ba1b2e5e9ad7f2bfcd0573d0f2be9d8fc1773c3a63a2b9292cdbf9b4515c0b1d51772e5ee95303ff493d85314c989e269df4ec3a916" +
+				"40988a11c6a4ad96f7d0541a150edf444c2b1672aa6d37564453b835c2d39864c05c4366492fc9164bf73795410e7aae8206430403357fec6389142b4976b218" +
+				"d70622b4098e322f73020a0d045f07668d1e512c6eeed6e2befbfc3a6ac64054396df96fd41f7aeefa0ab1f66bb52ee1a1df066f365fc43ff0800b0398b621f9" +
+				"a415895268505a81517c44a56dc94e76580fd107dba034bab9f4f4b8a9f881ff34c60c406c47b6d4a998894401006aa88f328393f9cd55a2b4d24db5abbcb05e" +
+				"20d392f3feab3ca12dac475eb3690f2bf9c699d7d90900d9a840068c8cdda2ca7a27bebd685a26eb01a768259a65ab4d7efc1811c87a5a1f4e5038f6b3dc74a6" +
+				"b46d9ac58d31bfc22dac23645aeef819329c9419326f22e1c24c53457baf62ae9b92ab5f999d4ef0ccfb5a21b7598340eb2d399ec81588b6a674c5a1e45aa238" +
+				"c55cae8e1af0f5d64ea378b8afeab263a3a2e5c71cdda4cdb824ae55df2b0260aadf386275ef57781d46f6da3d0b300ea68c14a620c25b5df738c54aef04d63b" +
+				"7dee06cd225e9ed00e78abcddca5a133d8b5e0d9b287e6436014c5da729442239bddb7ecd3fe34e6f6e530134a03ef45de4ae4fe3bf507f16cdfb9bab1fc90e8" +
+				"dc565e4a7ead95352c5a894661e5d82c6d0fc47843d5cab12c4013db76c90734cbff34c73d0d873ac9b27b417665f4948469865f33179624860604a9aba2ceb1" +
+				"68e74b6af3d1ad0bfcac4180ea844339a034b6b2c3e2f61f0c7afbaa76c1ebe93727df1d3db27d59a5cf51b2baaf637b6eb8a20302ef9af0b25dbe3a5e74331c" +
+				"6b0c8a0cf2a2ad72d2e19797983e09468ea95270dc229f2fa084dd2aa96e722016504f6d82508572d9c30711c3ef41ae3ae2f36cc6f5dddbcb0b40d9499b24c5" +
+				"4cd36d2927a6b9d57e335e4fca7f0f16887711a8c1ffa0b48bda46c506ca444b7c23e2c8dd086c2a87283d5fc0d58e9a384106837318dc84ffe65b52d4cb9141" +
+				"2672adfe139c3327350fe3cf355a08c0ca43598a253833e114243c5253077d65643323f5d69b3c7902d91bab7a0928754e7d80afab8d48539fcbe0d9ab83b4db" +
+				"43a6594c4071df2ef35acd1f53006a570f09104f1776b26a303e2aec93a00d2fd8c952d1ca0e54504cd9b469be7c1e71557ec31467ecc773ee817b17c4418712" +
+				"163ae86646b20b80c85860e828c48e88f1309c9ff018e6a95f4c1178de6a4f9f5860039511845da7d8727b5d824ba2502d0a3d76ce74372db77c2050c728dd65" +
+				"b3a15da4f1e1e41c3c2acfebc5618e5e923d503c43a3421d2628ac037c5ce13c74c4ee14d47af02323872f6bf2e8bf09d017ea6e8ec4d3f9fc4fb203ac4e1663" +
+				"756b11629224c676713a42b1f43dfd6362876be1c4865928688765589e26c8dd8bc04ca18d76ced7f786cdb0fa5028ae53991d5b7b45f93bbd50aeb97300f04e" +
+				"69c6736f270907f6a7ad76dde0a365183a961bc8385511e0f22ce0cb8f3c42c5d3928621841e30285fb625294865409267dbb0cf91730ba2fb1088fb79789a54" +
+				"a856311bdca5b0ac0e95fbc79b11c561dc03ea82db182808031e86ec327097143ee761bb62dae8a9f4101fabcac1fc87b3c2080820582dc8a7a8287364550013" +
+				"08053c781b3eb279c89e817fe97103b6930fef2dbf7728def389403a4283f63ec04ae953784b749f0ea6f08749781cd17fadfd15bb197afd2f4e0a8aade2b1ad" +
+				"5100cbdce49ed59658993c00e06bf57c0026b97beadc30cd25f586ff03ab40fcd731535c9a1ccb2c99dc7f8815feab767e1237cb069981f28d8fe26bdec24218" +
+				"488e6086c0ab0efc5d4211fa0726b3a11387df9bb62b863a7b154ca390a268f5e49f50dec45d24bece2a06575cc07a24bfff017d7445024739efb050ace5f345" +
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+				"55408744524412cd4d3cbdbdd216694aa7477e88b25f7efeb34abf491a50695ff686829a8fea9e999877bcb37291b8dbeeddfd44465a2c28a215aa532590c487" +
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+				"1ae31bb64ccb084f7a59744b27d58c2388d449ff4b63604878ae858240348ecfcb51761678265bd60d5dd7d51e25e91668fdf80f6b726b29ef6c3f0f229d8af4" +
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+				"7db422bbad7eaa0824ce24b5c186e172c8c584f1cc5c126c901a69ebee8dbd230a653a3643b7875672d22fd86079daf8d834ba33664f5ad0b6eec767b4f58b45" +
+				"e67b776b90e0a5e130aa5365003eb7fd78b757b1cf9133f6a1d51064b293cb42c8c41b15b7e95e2a39fa5dae19c6e20031d2bfa4632c37779163fdecc6b45624" +
+				"4d6bfd01a8877f6fe7739591917a86e7dd795ad85cc3f256cff5961e8b62e92a0754a51f2c6d59819446eec8bdd08b87cf9f4fb5373e809d52240d2dd691cd50" +
+				"37fc79d35b61d63851917cfdba164868a3f79e2061bd4610c1f5216ed77df00baa75f949ad37142db4fd282a5c7d2e2636ca590f92fc4781d4f51efa69f53947" +
+				"d4fca1dc7dd2429837b6d7e5c9528effdecf6f731f676587785e5c4096bdb6f1f44e72f5f77d9025813e848881506f65bfb0f2b2d3ae6f9e00731929b5ac083d" +
+				"b1c9c324703e63fef6319e1d8150aa0ff7d9a2049961df9158f3e1f2e540a91feb742625d2a859a452186d2ccaa3ec2ba086ee0868a4dc24ae6818fc02f9c1df" +
+				"dc326cc31c46feefda97265238592f638968627ec24903b97513ab05ed58ce5b516decda0e2fbf01a70e6cb2e53c3e7b8855f80cd7e007b78da727ef0893e099" +
+				"592ba684d62ae2d1f06ad148fa7f34cfc724d804149cda21aee7eac064ad20d29132b260c2c2867fa6a2e747739fc30df2f002c2a99da6c7e64ee51e806af7d9" +
+				"768aec456b93a05002666cb61b2229c99f2cdef9afc9cea1c4ee3a85dd189823399781ee33cde2abedff09c47960c035e075a29156005d75845a11fa06abcc50" +
+				"5f7f849a0caaf683f334e9e7bbbef90fe6cf94cbf87767219440d31713daef6ad1e4a1cc720ce59fee4cf7731e46bbba9ec1648908ea345030aa8f10ade10ffa" +
+				"3d2acfd480b0b11eadc4fb2b740596b204e911456cb2f35ad9993ab7dd6a48b35ba0c207625384bb3c2ff24437810bd13c7ee96cd6f97f19ffd537ad182a3657" +
+				"b0e83d42fd6e2ebac6cbf5ea1bde97465b7cec6954ff5b5be049e59a49ea25ed6667dbace765401bde12031e5cfabf2df7afb728d2a0b2a38b24d79bf23a313c" +
+				"40fe5adef97487641c6088dd8712c0c352708e474b02c08fd2d71b6d44f16d82f291ccd61c43a339408379a8de54cfdbbae5e421e084112fbc17fb5561e084d1" +
+				"4149bf4bb06fd161878d8574f856867cff974d5898e161923d55bdac8699c9df6a220bcb6c800d3ae7f107b8c4acab206d780aafaf6c2e2379de8c900700d9c9" +
+				"c87d464772514c5aa3e5f5bfc00fb54f2b74702838b4731c5ac8a070b50783e81dd97fa8d55c739d026b607a2a78aba1bb79b1a7a3c22c78368672ac020061e6" +
+				"d9683d57d6989c6c6f08b8d5d74720f5cb25505fbe81d2bf53a68e972a54784705b20f83fd1ab5afff30764ef89dba4465b56f48b325ab3810bf8dcbf4faa61f" +
+				"676e2043ac8540df9e3af4c0f51d816e89c09bf67253be45fc5f75f64be97f6c7dc0c6392af6fa8e75aab58eda976b36773cd37d315771400a2cb846fdef3d8a" +
+				"a15bce5dfda0379e526f87cf67767a2ab93d41c85b4ed016ed0a89d2f94737433a3ebade813def29eaa18a1fb925fca7d08d1020f64caebc562cb4ad2fb241e2" +
+				"94923b2f2df5e6c4953c4b73be0f5568defe57ce49d16e2a205323e46cbb5a3e77fff1557671503bd7b5de5320f1fb951fbe26400cfa854af2d12fab0215310c" +
+				"f070add34dc4565d1757d7e10a03e3bb73a607ed7e10861b1274ddee76183cf7e56c1de7162c805c2dba0e0331d36f3a4e2019a2e0705ee2747ed1e52bc3a6fb" +
+				"3b061f784348204cdf8d643ff6c271fa72b56900edcc2f77201f3bd4fc296ad6534a7029ea66761bb9a3589a1f6ef566504c70297b98fbb603214fed2e4b7ca1" +
+				"06e3f0e993118897fa641fb9722d4667fa98d07a6837e5ab2144e5ec1548a7dbca28c559f2a9a99d54b8e55f56d0e59bcef1ac45e2046835b60579da0d2261e7" +
+				"30dab9009d138421c6458d146e870358b0b3fa20257e50b58f167c6b47edf7053513d58f33547d06ce52458baaa4dcf15f77b103565c66a81f183c827801b455" +
+				"b61b6287a46a37a96884075a7eada9ba7f0ddcc14654bf87a26d2e27a978b415257773796923a220e06b25af16fb5aaded9b2d081a4c64106df460ddce9c3b2a" +
+				"c8553e1521e501ad29a4b7f7681c9b60576a127087a5237c4c2bacf9b163dd590e63f2bc80e7f1e613773f87d034313064710404739d63363d204be7b14800c4" +
+				"d8c1b6a2a21da70223be51d281fee302ef806454f9d7d28244ba537c1d9f8f1bcc5d47038d986a8f95ca48437ffe94fd44a90bb03014a259112a97508adb3db4" +
+				"34f72a5268c1af6bc6d5801e579aab2228ca33600ebbf1a1959081c3a4ca99e444f97409f5e0ca4779241c9aacad1f4ee7fb4369bd6ae076378e4f63000b9a5c" +
+				"849ba6e72e47e2454a44659149338ac0767cd25d8693c0d143e354bd600f1c1d3a44eeb024923ea659060665d5cd9a4ca1ca86162819556535fd59b9fde90caa" +
+				"29920efe99479fe7e4b4e5371e13ccb43a1419cf023433239d840900d31bab37fabc3fd20e31bb7dbcb3ae8df66f67e2844944bcf544b658364f9e3d0b6d84b4" +
+				"63ad4eb621644fd7d774b501407a1178814b15149345d551b474347188067db2ab4d7f4d1abd3027133039e855e129f3f5649550da8c04fe2db57cb89bf1bf4f" +
+				"72eb35ccfe31afb92f6136d4c2a1c115b07b721b2da43151f11c356256230408979c5d95243714429e2c9500e7b043b20dac8a9763e5b487d1cbdb34ac379b9c" +
+				"6409454c79385b6e562459c4fdaad1b7f9297c1473e9b90fffe6d1c5390e241a187a4cefa2eb0cb0c11f4ca6c5b961c18ceb57892295290dbc991692556bffa3" +
+				"b8c405cf285e6bcb8a90246ad0ac15122f4cf73adc129d23aa2240733404beb6d74bf698e5589288a522573c774ce9f514b5d5c086382ea1dd4e89ff5facbf23" +
+				"d36bc3d203941e17747ede4b82820351f4df278ddb787ce8f6f1cc468ef953399efb072ce706e253f1bab76444bb70be6443cd0db633e958dc57bd223e00418e" +
+				"915a7c2e4d94c0623f9788276480cdfe798387d35e2ea2d304d066aec7627794cdd4200a44208d6c87f242c76e2d4a3f966b6fb96eaa63d892c1a177bef249b4" +
+				"fdd1a4c06c791f677dd9919f739ccf318bd77835330b0219786249c9c9736161dac771a838724f2dd70afba46a6782fd27601cf8a7126ae95a66e526131a68d7" +
+				"7a809e513533ed8021eecdbc5851dfcf95e10f1bbe47b5c7f079275a1837836245266b66d89fab25ac4bd6c1225560bea3259b67bf50a58ee056754d574da79e" +
+				"f9a1a0df3a5defed0f74fe74ce0bf65a04086f17e94a8451828c723c97932f26f9349f1a2c7866c617a528602721de4f3cc8916bcfc66cdc106bafa26ea87a13" +
+				"94dfa37e396365fb7f92df007b46a50ff04c7f85bfa679230ebedf18c2fb876fc7098dd1c4328adf85de71c31d94687a308053bfcdc158cfa7772170fbed63f5" +
+				"37dda41f65196dfacdd1186b5de0f3369d841ce6502192292d05a19ce7464f5bcab3015c721cac13ddca561b92dc1ee25d3068dc1945a1b4e2bd1e6604c42e4c" +
+				"3c04b490f6365828957990007394557854a903e19feb06906e41cbc8766bf37bd7dece90f4cdc987709b1129e84bfdc502543b5bfa887bf78553a5ec10ad68c5" +
+				"d10eff75f7aa495e7d934a55577fdc0aead31aee4522db0259d7d4ea8438a7996d80a787465a2980457193d1c4bf1a0a1e01741d72e5fc4dfe58475c1c01026b" +
+				"5a3bc973b902280753e9c3226db9cc778e2506c56ee86ae85b4d54dbf05394107329b2d1ee56522cb1ce562fb1aa4e592199d9c29f64cc3ab1d757531e209eec" +
+				"aa138d8388169b5e28c45f5aba267eeaa57f69869f0b6855d82b0eafcde63895251f41e8e676a0ab12ef3f569bb7de91b79fa46ad9637da01ca004f4d30259c1" +
+				"f5b00761f6ca9c17721a6718390624a10a11f7f52d7afb71ee5f8338828910e48f94a1347761abac87897b2dd0e23f1d325aec5031ef58f2972e8b402e05f8c1" +
+				"ae7053a90380a1ae0d4d06645548c23e13afa31aac8ff83b10f8341418af4114632f6406d6e33076391696c9161d63c8bcfd1c625fc737f68198046212d1638a" +
+				"d2d2d42ff7029c1fcc682a046edc4d4f24862d82c600180b1e8f57ff6a3865dfe9274f9886d00efa523a1b3b3757c4489200fec3dc5583854c955492336253dd" +
+				"767f2a60ce3d224afcff9cdc19e9b28830d33affda6af99942a8fe39562055f3e884fd6c1ebc1908ac159061f35e9b0da80434ce9673d9c6b87265170077c670" +
+				"743e37474d7605cd01c44af600f16d9ffaf24acf87fbe5ccf39bac41047a810d210051c87f06147a0bb8f1427a406700483679638f1af23f1dafb7aa0c468669" +
+				"71c3a82f535c26cf6cb335e8e915fda393799d3dbe0e04b907ed3612d12ac95783a6876cd986d2a13b82192532e02c250eaa42f891d2481655fa4494c723fe00" +
+				"87d224444245eb5b0eade5f741b025db1992a8ad0dce51b0c1af4a18a9e244f9f755891adf0f19179c7baa6c32bffc91e0b03c4ed3aaee1978b6a1f03b87ac6a" +
+				"fc3b9e7030bb212b17de198edfccde29d04224798c1204e47ea235f048724fac62d637d1ba0ee3922048fcf79c746b6c0c036d882e3491fd72bad6e009c6403e" +
+				"55876f4d31330caa02aedd0b0c121c3c41e736853a08071f0dd4ddc7412db0bbe274a9ac2932552bb37c40e72c2ef1d7cca8236942e480d709d3ea9d5ae0a1b7",
+			),
+		},
+	}
+	for i, tt := range tests {
+		cache := make([]uint32, tt.cacheSize/4)
+		generateCache(cache, tt.epoch, seedHash(tt.epoch*epochLength+1))
+
+		dataset := make([]uint32, tt.datasetSize/4)
+		generateDataset(dataset, tt.epoch, cache)
+
+		want := make([]uint32, tt.datasetSize/4)
+		prepare(want, tt.dataset)
+
+		if !reflect.DeepEqual(dataset, want) {
+			t.Errorf("dataset %d: content mismatch: have %x, want %x", i, dataset, want)
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+// Tests whether the hashimoto lookup works for both light as well as the full
+// datasets.
+func TestHashimoto(t *testing.T) {
+	// Create the verification cache and mining dataset
+	cache := make([]uint32, 1024/4)
+	generateCache(cache, 0, make([]byte, 32))
+
+	dataset := make([]uint32, 32*1024/4)
+	generateDataset(dataset, 0, cache)
+
+	// Create a block to verify
+	hash := hexutil.MustDecode("0xc9149cc0386e689d789a1c2f3d5d169a61a6218ed30e74414dc736e442ef3d1f")
+	nonce := uint64(0)
+
+	wantDigest := hexutil.MustDecode("0xe4073cffaef931d37117cefd9afd27ea0f1cad6a981dd2605c4a1ac97c519800")
+	wantResult := hexutil.MustDecode("0xd3539235ee2e6f8db665c0a72169f55b7f6c605712330b778ec3944f0eb5a557")
+
+	digest, result := hashimotoLight(32*1024, cache, hash, nonce)
+	if !bytes.Equal(digest, wantDigest) {
+		t.Errorf("light hashimoto digest mismatch: have %x, want %x", digest, wantDigest)
+	}
+	if !bytes.Equal(result, wantResult) {
+		t.Errorf("light hashimoto result mismatch: have %x, want %x", result, wantResult)
+	}
+	digest, result = hashimotoFull(dataset, hash, nonce)
+	if !bytes.Equal(digest, wantDigest) {
+		t.Errorf("full hashimoto digest mismatch: have %x, want %x", digest, wantDigest)
+	}
+	if !bytes.Equal(result, wantResult) {
+		t.Errorf("full hashimoto result mismatch: have %x, want %x", result, wantResult)
+	}
+}
+
+// Tests that caches generated on disk may be done concurrently.
+func TestConcurrentDiskCacheGeneration(t *testing.T) {
+	// Create a temp folder to generate the caches into
+	cachedir, err := ioutil.TempDir("", "")
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("Failed to create temporary cache dir: %v", err)
+	}
+	defer os.RemoveAll(cachedir)
+
+	// Define a heavy enough block, one from mainnet should do
+	block := types.NewBlockWithHeader(&types.Header{
+		Number:      big.NewInt(3311058),
+		ParentHash:  common.HexToHash("0xd783efa4d392943503f28438ad5830b2d5964696ffc285f338585e9fe0a37a05"),
+		UncleHash:   common.HexToHash("0x1dcc4de8dec75d7aab85b567b6ccd41ad312451b948a7413f0a142fd40d49347"),
+		Coinbase:    common.HexToAddress("0xc0ea08a2d404d3172d2add29a45be56da40e2949"),
+		Root:        common.HexToHash("0x77d14e10470b5850332524f8cd6f69ad21f070ce92dca33ab2858300242ef2f1"),
+		TxHash:      common.HexToHash("0x56e81f171bcc55a6ff8345e692c0f86e5b48e01b996cadc001622fb5e363b421"),
+		ReceiptHash: common.HexToHash("0x56e81f171bcc55a6ff8345e692c0f86e5b48e01b996cadc001622fb5e363b421"),
+		Difficulty:  big.NewInt(167925187834220),
+		GasLimit:    big.NewInt(4015682),
+		GasUsed:     big.NewInt(0),
+		Time:        big.NewInt(1488928920),
+		Extra:       []byte("www.bw.com"),
+		MixDigest:   common.HexToHash("0x3e140b0784516af5e5ec6730f2fb20cca22f32be399b9e4ad77d32541f798cd0"),
+		Nonce:       types.EncodeNonce(0xf400cd0006070c49),
+	})
+	// Simulate multiple processes sharing the same datadir
+	var pend sync.WaitGroup
+
+	for i := 0; i < 3; i++ {
+		pend.Add(1)
+
+		go func(idx int) {
+			defer pend.Done()
+
+			ethash := New(cachedir, 0, 1, "", 0, 0)
+			if err := ethash.VerifySeal(nil, block.Header()); err != nil {
+				t.Errorf("proc %d: block verification failed: %v", idx, err)
+			}
+		}(i)
+	}
+	pend.Wait()
+}
+
+// Benchmarks the cache generation performance.
+func BenchmarkCacheGeneration(b *testing.B) {
+	for i := 0; i < b.N; i++ {
+		cache := make([]uint32, cacheSize(1)/4)
+		generateCache(cache, 0, make([]byte, 32))
+	}
+}
+
+// Benchmarks the dataset (small) generation performance.
+func BenchmarkSmallDatasetGeneration(b *testing.B) {
+	cache := make([]uint32, 65536/4)
+	generateCache(cache, 0, make([]byte, 32))
+
+	b.ResetTimer()
+	for i := 0; i < b.N; i++ {
+		dataset := make([]uint32, 32*65536/4)
+		generateDataset(dataset, 0, cache)
+	}
+}
+
+// Benchmarks the light verification performance.
+func BenchmarkHashimotoLight(b *testing.B) {
+	cache := make([]uint32, cacheSize(1)/4)
+	generateCache(cache, 0, make([]byte, 32))
+
+	hash := hexutil.MustDecode("0xc9149cc0386e689d789a1c2f3d5d169a61a6218ed30e74414dc736e442ef3d1f")
+
+	b.ResetTimer()
+	for i := 0; i < b.N; i++ {
+		hashimotoLight(datasetSize(1), cache, hash, 0)
+	}
+}
+
+// Benchmarks the full (small) verification performance.
+func BenchmarkHashimotoFullSmall(b *testing.B) {
+	cache := make([]uint32, 65536/4)
+	generateCache(cache, 0, make([]byte, 32))
+
+	dataset := make([]uint32, 32*65536/4)
+	generateDataset(dataset, 0, cache)
+
+	hash := hexutil.MustDecode("0xc9149cc0386e689d789a1c2f3d5d169a61a6218ed30e74414dc736e442ef3d1f")
+
+	b.ResetTimer()
+	for i := 0; i < b.N; i++ {
+		hashimotoFull(dataset, hash, 0)
+	}
+}
diff --git a/consensus/ethash/consensus.go b/consensus/ethash/consensus.go
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..603be3e53
--- /dev/null
+++ b/consensus/ethash/consensus.go
@@ -0,0 +1,496 @@
+// Copyright 2017 The go-ethereum Authors
+// This file is part of the go-ethereum library.
+//
+// The go-ethereum library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The go-ethereum library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the go-ethereum library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+package ethash
+
+import (
+	"bytes"
+	"errors"
+	"fmt"
+	"math/big"
+	"runtime"
+	"sync/atomic"
+	"time"
+
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/common"
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/common/math"
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/consensus"
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/consensus/misc"
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core/state"
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core/types"
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/params"
+	set "gopkg.in/fatih/set.v0"
+)
+
+// Ethash proof-of-work protocol constants.
+var (
+	blockReward *big.Int = big.NewInt(5e+18) // Block reward in wei for successfully mining a block
+	maxUncles            = 2                 // Maximum number of uncles allowed in a single block
+)
+
+var (
+	ErrInvalidChain        = errors.New("invalid header chain")
+	ErrParentUnknown       = errors.New("parent not known locally")
+	ErrFutureBlock         = errors.New("block in the future")
+	ErrLargeBlockTimestamp = errors.New("timestamp too big")
+	ErrZeroBlockTime       = errors.New("timestamp equals parent's")
+	ErrInvalidNumber       = errors.New("invalid block number")
+	ErrTooManyUncles       = errors.New("too many uncles")
+	ErrDuplicateUncle      = errors.New("duplicate uncle")
+	ErrUncleIsAncestor     = errors.New("uncle is ancestor")
+	ErrDanglingUncle       = errors.New("uncle's parent is not ancestor")
+	ErrNonceOutOfRange     = errors.New("nonce out of range")
+	ErrInvalidDifficulty   = errors.New("non-positive difficulty")
+	ErrInvalidMixDigest    = errors.New("invalid mix digest")
+	ErrInvalidPoW          = errors.New("invalid proof-of-work")
+)
+
+// VerifyHeader checks whether a header conforms to the consensus rules of the
+// stock Ethereum ethash engine.
+func (ethash *Ethash) VerifyHeader(chain consensus.ChainReader, header *types.Header, seal bool) error {
+	// If we're running a full engine faking, accept any input as valid
+	if ethash.fakeFull {
+		return nil
+	}
+	// Short circuit if the header is known, or it's parent not
+	number := header.Number.Uint64()
+	if chain.GetHeader(header.Hash(), number) != nil {
+		return nil
+	}
+	parent := chain.GetHeader(header.ParentHash, number-1)
+	if parent == nil {
+		return ErrParentUnknown
+	}
+	// Sanity checks passed, do a proper verification
+	return ethash.verifyHeader(chain, header, parent, false, seal)
+}
+
+// VerifyHeaders is similar to VerifyHeader, but verifies a batch of headers
+// concurrently. The method returns a quit channel to abort the operations and
+// a results channel to retrieve the async verifications.
+func (ethash *Ethash) VerifyHeaders(chain consensus.ChainReader, headers []*types.Header, seals []bool) (chan<- struct{}, <-chan error) {
+	// If we're running a full engine faking, accept any input as valid
+	if ethash.fakeFull {
+		abort, results := make(chan struct{}), make(chan error, len(headers))
+		for i := 0; i < len(headers); i++ {
+			results <- nil
+		}
+		return abort, results
+	}
+	// Spawn as many workers as allowed threads
+	workers := runtime.GOMAXPROCS(0)
+	if len(headers) < workers {
+		workers = len(headers)
+	}
+	// Create a task channel and spawn the verifiers
+	type result struct {
+		index int
+		err   error
+	}
+	inputs := make(chan int, workers)
+	outputs := make(chan result, len(headers))
+
+	var badblock uint64
+	for i := 0; i < workers; i++ {
+		go func() {
+			for index := range inputs {
+				// If we've found a bad block already before this, stop validating
+				if bad := atomic.LoadUint64(&badblock); bad != 0 && bad <= headers[index].Number.Uint64() {
+					outputs <- result{index: index, err: ErrInvalidChain}
+					continue
+				}
+				// We need to look up the first parent
+				var parent *types.Header
+				if index == 0 {
+					parent = chain.GetHeader(headers[0].ParentHash, headers[0].Number.Uint64()-1)
+				} else if headers[index-1].Hash() == headers[index].ParentHash {
+					parent = headers[index-1]
+				}
+				// Ensure the validation is useful and execute it
+				var failure error
+				switch {
+				case chain.GetHeader(headers[index].Hash(), headers[index].Number.Uint64()-1) != nil:
+					outputs <- result{index: index, err: nil}
+				case parent == nil:
+					failure = ErrParentUnknown
+					outputs <- result{index: index, err: failure}
+				default:
+					failure = ethash.verifyHeader(chain, headers[index], parent, false, seals[index])
+					outputs <- result{index: index, err: failure}
+				}
+				// If a validation failure occurred, mark subsequent blocks invalid
+				if failure != nil {
+					number := headers[index].Number.Uint64()
+					if prev := atomic.LoadUint64(&badblock); prev == 0 || prev > number {
+						// This two step atomic op isn't thread-safe in that `badblock` might end
+						// up slightly higher than the block number of the first failure (if many
+						// workers try to write at the same time), but it's fine as we're mostly
+						// interested to avoid large useless work, we don't care about 1-2 extra
+						// runs. Doing "full thread safety" would involve mutexes, which would be
+						// a noticeable sync overhead on the fast spinning worker routines.
+						atomic.StoreUint64(&badblock, number)
+					}
+				}
+			}
+		}()
+	}
+	// Feed item indices to the workers until done, sorting and feeding the results to the caller
+	dones := make([]bool, len(headers))
+	errors := make([]error, len(headers))
+
+	abort := make(chan struct{})
+	returns := make(chan error, len(headers))
+
+	go func() {
+		defer close(inputs)
+
+		input, output := 0, 0
+		for i := 0; i < len(headers)*2; i++ {
+			var res result
+
+			// If there are tasks left, push to workers
+			if input < len(headers) {
+				select {
+				case inputs <- input:
+					input++
+					continue
+				case <-abort:
+					return
+				case res = <-outputs:
+				}
+			} else {
+				// Otherwise keep waiting for results
+				select {
+				case <-abort:
+					return
+				case res = <-outputs:
+				}
+			}
+			// A result arrived, save and propagate if next
+			dones[res.index], errors[res.index] = true, res.err
+			for output < len(headers) && dones[output] {
+				returns <- errors[output]
+				output++
+			}
+		}
+	}()
+	return abort, returns
+}
+
+// VerifyUncles verifies that the given block's uncles conform to the consensus
+// rules of the stock Ethereum ethash engine.
+func (ethash *Ethash) VerifyUncles(chain consensus.ChainReader, block *types.Block) error {
+	// If we're running a full engine faking, accept any input as valid
+	if ethash.fakeFull {
+		return nil
+	}
+	// Verify that there are at most 2 uncles included in this block
+	if len(block.Uncles()) > maxUncles {
+		return ErrTooManyUncles
+	}
+	// Gather the set of past uncles and ancestors
+	uncles, ancestors := set.New(), make(map[common.Hash]*types.Header)
+
+	number, parent := block.NumberU64()-1, block.ParentHash()
+	for i := 0; i < 7; i++ {
+		ancestor := chain.GetBlock(parent, number)
+		if ancestor == nil {
+			break
+		}
+		ancestors[ancestor.Hash()] = ancestor.Header()
+		for _, uncle := range ancestor.Uncles() {
+			uncles.Add(uncle.Hash())
+		}
+		parent, number = ancestor.ParentHash(), number-1
+	}
+	ancestors[block.Hash()] = block.Header()
+	uncles.Add(block.Hash())
+
+	// Verify each of the uncles that it's recent, but not an ancestor
+	for _, uncle := range block.Uncles() {
+		// Make sure every uncle is rewarded only once
+		hash := uncle.Hash()
+		if uncles.Has(hash) {
+			return ErrDuplicateUncle
+		}
+		uncles.Add(hash)
+
+		// Make sure the uncle has a valid ancestry
+		if ancestors[hash] != nil {
+			return ErrUncleIsAncestor
+		}
+		if ancestors[uncle.ParentHash] == nil || uncle.ParentHash == block.ParentHash() {
+			return ErrDanglingUncle
+		}
+		if err := ethash.verifyHeader(chain, uncle, ancestors[uncle.ParentHash], true, true); err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+// verifyHeader checks whether a header conforms to the consensus rules of the
+// stock Ethereum ethash engine.
+//
+// See YP section 4.3.4. "Block Header Validity"
+func (ethash *Ethash) verifyHeader(chain consensus.ChainReader, header, parent *types.Header, uncle bool, seal bool) error {
+	// Ensure that the header's extra-data section is of a reasonable size
+	if uint64(len(header.Extra)) > params.MaximumExtraDataSize {
+		return fmt.Errorf("extra-data too long: %d > %d", len(header.Extra), params.MaximumExtraDataSize)
+	}
+	// Verify the header's timestamp
+	if uncle {
+		if header.Time.Cmp(math.MaxBig256) > 0 {
+			return ErrLargeBlockTimestamp
+		}
+	} else {
+		if header.Time.Cmp(big.NewInt(time.Now().Unix())) > 0 {
+			return ErrFutureBlock
+		}
+	}
+	if header.Time.Cmp(parent.Time) <= 0 {
+		return ErrZeroBlockTime
+	}
+	// Verify the block's difficulty based in it's timestamp and parent's difficulty
+	expected := CalcDifficulty(chain.Config(), header.Time.Uint64(), parent.Time.Uint64(), parent.Number, parent.Difficulty)
+	if expected.Cmp(header.Difficulty) != 0 {
+		return fmt.Errorf("invalid difficulty: have %v, want %v", header.Difficulty, expected)
+	}
+	// Verify that the gas limit remains within allowed bounds
+	diff := new(big.Int).Set(parent.GasLimit)
+	diff = diff.Sub(diff, header.GasLimit)
+	diff.Abs(diff)
+
+	limit := new(big.Int).Set(parent.GasLimit)
+	limit = limit.Div(limit, params.GasLimitBoundDivisor)
+
+	if diff.Cmp(limit) >= 0 || header.GasLimit.Cmp(params.MinGasLimit) < 0 {
+		return fmt.Errorf("invalid gas limit: have %v, want %v += %v", header.GasLimit, parent.GasLimit, limit)
+	}
+	// Verify that the block number is parent's +1
+	if diff := new(big.Int).Sub(header.Number, parent.Number); diff.Cmp(big.NewInt(1)) != 0 {
+		return ErrInvalidNumber
+	}
+	// Verify the engine specific seal securing the block
+	if seal {
+		if err := ethash.VerifySeal(chain, header); err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+	}
+	// If all checks passed, validate any special fields for hard forks
+	if err := misc.VerifyDAOHeaderExtraData(chain.Config(), header); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	if err := misc.VerifyForkHashes(chain.Config(), header, uncle); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+// CalcDifficulty is the difficulty adjustment algorithm. It returns the difficulty
+// that a new block should have when created at time given the parent block's time
+// and difficulty.
+//
+// TODO (karalabe): Move the chain maker into this package and make this private!
+func CalcDifficulty(config *params.ChainConfig, time, parentTime uint64, parentNumber, parentDiff *big.Int) *big.Int {
+	if config.IsHomestead(new(big.Int).Add(parentNumber, common.Big1)) {
+		return calcDifficultyHomestead(time, parentTime, parentNumber, parentDiff)
+	}
+	return calcDifficultyFrontier(time, parentTime, parentNumber, parentDiff)
+}
+
+// Some weird constants to avoid constant memory allocs for them.
+var (
+	expDiffPeriod = big.NewInt(100000)
+	big10         = big.NewInt(10)
+	bigMinus99    = big.NewInt(-99)
+)
+
+// calcDifficultyHomestead is the difficulty adjustment algorithm. It returns
+// the difficulty that a new block should have when created at time given the
+// parent block's time and difficulty. The calculation uses the Homestead rules.
+func calcDifficultyHomestead(time, parentTime uint64, parentNumber, parentDiff *big.Int) *big.Int {
+	// https://github.com/ethereum/EIPs/blob/master/EIPS/eip-2.mediawiki
+	// algorithm:
+	// diff = (parent_diff +
+	//         (parent_diff / 2048 * max(1 - (block_timestamp - parent_timestamp) // 10, -99))
+	//        ) + 2^(periodCount - 2)
+
+	bigTime := new(big.Int).SetUint64(time)
+	bigParentTime := new(big.Int).SetUint64(parentTime)
+
+	// holds intermediate values to make the algo easier to read & audit
+	x := new(big.Int)
+	y := new(big.Int)
+
+	// 1 - (block_timestamp -parent_timestamp) // 10
+	x.Sub(bigTime, bigParentTime)
+	x.Div(x, big10)
+	x.Sub(common.Big1, x)
+
+	// max(1 - (block_timestamp - parent_timestamp) // 10, -99)))
+	if x.Cmp(bigMinus99) < 0 {
+		x.Set(bigMinus99)
+	}
+	// (parent_diff + parent_diff // 2048 * max(1 - (block_timestamp - parent_timestamp) // 10, -99))
+	y.Div(parentDiff, params.DifficultyBoundDivisor)
+	x.Mul(y, x)
+	x.Add(parentDiff, x)
+
+	// minimum difficulty can ever be (before exponential factor)
+	if x.Cmp(params.MinimumDifficulty) < 0 {
+		x.Set(params.MinimumDifficulty)
+	}
+	// for the exponential factor
+	periodCount := new(big.Int).Add(parentNumber, common.Big1)
+	periodCount.Div(periodCount, expDiffPeriod)
+
+	// the exponential factor, commonly referred to as "the bomb"
+	// diff = diff + 2^(periodCount - 2)
+	if periodCount.Cmp(common.Big1) > 0 {
+		y.Sub(periodCount, common.Big2)
+		y.Exp(common.Big2, y, nil)
+		x.Add(x, y)
+	}
+	return x
+}
+
+// calcDifficultyFrontier is the difficulty adjustment algorithm. It returns the
+// difficulty that a new block should have when created at time given the parent
+// block's time and difficulty. The calculation uses the Frontier rules.
+func calcDifficultyFrontier(time, parentTime uint64, parentNumber, parentDiff *big.Int) *big.Int {
+	diff := new(big.Int)
+	adjust := new(big.Int).Div(parentDiff, params.DifficultyBoundDivisor)
+	bigTime := new(big.Int)
+	bigParentTime := new(big.Int)
+
+	bigTime.SetUint64(time)
+	bigParentTime.SetUint64(parentTime)
+
+	if bigTime.Sub(bigTime, bigParentTime).Cmp(params.DurationLimit) < 0 {
+		diff.Add(parentDiff, adjust)
+	} else {
+		diff.Sub(parentDiff, adjust)
+	}
+	if diff.Cmp(params.MinimumDifficulty) < 0 {
+		diff.Set(params.MinimumDifficulty)
+	}
+
+	periodCount := new(big.Int).Add(parentNumber, common.Big1)
+	periodCount.Div(periodCount, expDiffPeriod)
+	if periodCount.Cmp(common.Big1) > 0 {
+		// diff = diff + 2^(periodCount - 2)
+		expDiff := periodCount.Sub(periodCount, common.Big2)
+		expDiff.Exp(common.Big2, expDiff, nil)
+		diff.Add(diff, expDiff)
+		diff = math.BigMax(diff, params.MinimumDifficulty)
+	}
+	return diff
+}
+
+// VerifySeal implements consensus.Engine, checking whether the given block satisfies
+// the PoW difficulty requirements.
+func (ethash *Ethash) VerifySeal(chain consensus.ChainReader, header *types.Header) error {
+	// If we're running a fake PoW, accept any seal as valid
+	if ethash.fakeMode {
+		time.Sleep(ethash.fakeDelay)
+		if ethash.fakeFail == header.Number.Uint64() {
+			return ErrInvalidPoW
+		}
+		return nil
+	}
+	// If we're running a shared PoW, delegate verification to it
+	if ethash.shared != nil {
+		return ethash.shared.VerifySeal(chain, header)
+	}
+	// Sanity check that the block number is below the lookup table size (60M blocks)
+	number := header.Number.Uint64()
+	if number/epochLength >= uint64(len(cacheSizes)) {
+		// Go < 1.7 cannot calculate new cache/dataset sizes (no fast prime check)
+		return ErrNonceOutOfRange
+	}
+	// Ensure that we have a valid difficulty for the block
+	if header.Difficulty.Sign() <= 0 {
+		return ErrInvalidDifficulty
+	}
+	// Recompute the digest and PoW value and verify against the header
+	cache := ethash.cache(number)
+
+	size := datasetSize(number)
+	if ethash.tester {
+		size = 32 * 1024
+	}
+	digest, result := hashimotoLight(size, cache, header.HashNoNonce().Bytes(), header.Nonce.Uint64())
+	if !bytes.Equal(header.MixDigest[:], digest) {
+		return ErrInvalidMixDigest
+	}
+	target := new(big.Int).Div(maxUint256, header.Difficulty)
+	if new(big.Int).SetBytes(result).Cmp(target) > 0 {
+		return ErrInvalidPoW
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+// Prepare implements consensus.Engine, initializing the difficulty field of a
+// header to conform to the ethash protocol. The changes are done inline.
+func (ethash *Ethash) Prepare(chain consensus.ChainReader, header *types.Header) error {
+	parent := chain.GetHeader(header.ParentHash, header.Number.Uint64()-1)
+	if parent == nil {
+		return ErrParentUnknown
+	}
+	header.Difficulty = CalcDifficulty(chain.Config(), header.Time.Uint64(),
+		parent.Time.Uint64(), parent.Number, parent.Difficulty)
+
+	return nil
+}
+
+// Finalize implements consensus.Engine, accumulating the block and uncle rewards,
+// setting the final state and assembling the block.
+func (ethash *Ethash) Finalize(chain consensus.ChainReader, header *types.Header, state *state.StateDB, txs []*types.Transaction, uncles []*types.Header, receipts []*types.Receipt) (*types.Block, error) {
+	// Accumulate any block and uncle rewards and commit the final state root
+	AccumulateRewards(state, header, uncles)
+	header.Root = state.IntermediateRoot(chain.Config().IsEIP158(header.Number))
+
+	// Header seems complete, assemble into a block and return
+	return types.NewBlock(header, txs, uncles, receipts), nil
+}
+
+// Some weird constants to avoid constant memory allocs for them.
+var (
+	big8  = big.NewInt(8)
+	big32 = big.NewInt(32)
+)
+
+// AccumulateRewards credits the coinbase of the given block with the mining
+// reward. The total reward consists of the static block reward and rewards for
+// included uncles. The coinbase of each uncle block is also rewarded.
+//
+// TODO (karalabe): Move the chain maker into this package and make this private!
+func AccumulateRewards(state *state.StateDB, header *types.Header, uncles []*types.Header) {
+	reward := new(big.Int).Set(blockReward)
+	r := new(big.Int)
+	for _, uncle := range uncles {
+		r.Add(uncle.Number, big8)
+		r.Sub(r, header.Number)
+		r.Mul(r, blockReward)
+		r.Div(r, big8)
+		state.AddBalance(uncle.Coinbase, r)
+
+		r.Div(blockReward, big32)
+		reward.Add(reward, r)
+	}
+	state.AddBalance(header.Coinbase, reward)
+}
diff --git a/consensus/ethash/consensus_test.go b/consensus/ethash/consensus_test.go
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..683c10be4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/consensus/ethash/consensus_test.go
@@ -0,0 +1,79 @@
+// Copyright 2017 The go-ethereum Authors
+// This file is part of the go-ethereum library.
+//
+// The go-ethereum library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The go-ethereum library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the go-ethereum library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+package ethash
+
+import (
+	"encoding/json"
+	"math/big"
+	"os"
+	"testing"
+
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/common/math"
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/params"
+)
+
+type diffTest struct {
+	ParentTimestamp    uint64
+	ParentDifficulty   *big.Int
+	CurrentTimestamp   uint64
+	CurrentBlocknumber *big.Int
+	CurrentDifficulty  *big.Int
+}
+
+func (d *diffTest) UnmarshalJSON(b []byte) (err error) {
+	var ext struct {
+		ParentTimestamp    string
+		ParentDifficulty   string
+		CurrentTimestamp   string
+		CurrentBlocknumber string
+		CurrentDifficulty  string
+	}
+	if err := json.Unmarshal(b, &ext); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
+	d.ParentTimestamp = math.MustParseUint64(ext.ParentTimestamp)
+	d.ParentDifficulty = math.MustParseBig256(ext.ParentDifficulty)
+	d.CurrentTimestamp = math.MustParseUint64(ext.CurrentTimestamp)
+	d.CurrentBlocknumber = math.MustParseBig256(ext.CurrentBlocknumber)
+	d.CurrentDifficulty = math.MustParseBig256(ext.CurrentDifficulty)
+
+	return nil
+}
+
+func TestCalcDifficulty(t *testing.T) {
+	file, err := os.Open("../../tests/files/BasicTests/difficulty.json")
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+	defer file.Close()
+
+	tests := make(map[string]diffTest)
+	err = json.NewDecoder(file).Decode(&tests)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+
+	config := &params.ChainConfig{HomesteadBlock: big.NewInt(1150000)}
+	for name, test := range tests {
+		number := new(big.Int).Sub(test.CurrentBlocknumber, big.NewInt(1))
+		diff := CalcDifficulty(config, test.CurrentTimestamp, test.ParentTimestamp, number, test.ParentDifficulty)
+		if diff.Cmp(test.CurrentDifficulty) != 0 {
+			t.Error(name, "failed. Expected", test.CurrentDifficulty, "and calculated", diff)
+		}
+	}
+}
diff --git a/consensus/ethash/ethash.go b/consensus/ethash/ethash.go
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..aa5b2d8a0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/consensus/ethash/ethash.go
@@ -0,0 +1,587 @@
+// Copyright 2017 The go-ethereum Authors
+// This file is part of the go-ethereum library.
+//
+// The go-ethereum library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The go-ethereum library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the go-ethereum library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+// Package ethash implements the ethash proof-of-work consensus engine.
+package ethash
+
+import (
+	"errors"
+	"fmt"
+	"math"
+	"math/big"
+	"math/rand"
+	"os"
+	"path/filepath"
+	"reflect"
+	"strconv"
+	"sync"
+	"time"
+	"unsafe"
+
+	mmap "github.com/edsrzf/mmap-go"
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/consensus"
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/log"
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/rpc"
+	metrics "github.com/rcrowley/go-metrics"
+)
+
+var ErrInvalidDumpMagic = errors.New("invalid dump magic")
+
+var (
+	// maxUint256 is a big integer representing 2^256-1
+	maxUint256 = new(big.Int).Exp(big.NewInt(2), big.NewInt(256), big.NewInt(0))
+
+	// sharedEthash is a full instance that can be shared between multiple users.
+	sharedEthash = New("", 3, 0, "", 1, 0)
+
+	// algorithmRevision is the data structure version used for file naming.
+	algorithmRevision = 23
+
+	// dumpMagic is a dataset dump header to sanity check a data dump.
+	dumpMagic = []uint32{0xbaddcafe, 0xfee1dead}
+)
+
+// isLittleEndian returns whether the local system is running in little or big
+// endian byte order.
+func isLittleEndian() bool {
+	n := uint32(0x01020304)
+	return *(*byte)(unsafe.Pointer(&n)) == 0x04
+}
+
+// memoryMap tries to memory map a file of uint32s for read only access.
+func memoryMap(path string) (*os.File, mmap.MMap, []uint32, error) {
+	file, err := os.OpenFile(path, os.O_RDONLY, 0644)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, nil, nil, err
+	}
+	mem, buffer, err := memoryMapFile(file, false)
+	if err != nil {
+		file.Close()
+		return nil, nil, nil, err
+	}
+	for i, magic := range dumpMagic {
+		if buffer[i] != magic {
+			mem.Unmap()
+			file.Close()
+			return nil, nil, nil, ErrInvalidDumpMagic
+		}
+	}
+	return file, mem, buffer[len(dumpMagic):], err
+}
+
+// memoryMapFile tries to memory map an already opened file descriptor.
+func memoryMapFile(file *os.File, write bool) (mmap.MMap, []uint32, error) {
+	// Try to memory map the file
+	flag := mmap.RDONLY
+	if write {
+		flag = mmap.RDWR
+	}
+	mem, err := mmap.Map(file, flag, 0)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, nil, err
+	}
+	// Yay, we managed to memory map the file, here be dragons
+	header := *(*reflect.SliceHeader)(unsafe.Pointer(&mem))
+	header.Len /= 4
+	header.Cap /= 4
+
+	return mem, *(*[]uint32)(unsafe.Pointer(&header)), nil
+}
+
+// memoryMapAndGenerate tries to memory map a temporary file of uint32s for write
+// access, fill it with the data from a generator and then move it into the final
+// path requested.
+func memoryMapAndGenerate(path string, size uint64, generator func(buffer []uint32)) (*os.File, mmap.MMap, []uint32, error) {
+	// Ensure the data folder exists
+	if err := os.MkdirAll(filepath.Dir(path), 0755); err != nil {
+		return nil, nil, nil, err
+	}
+	// Create a huge temporary empty file to fill with data
+	temp := path + "." + strconv.Itoa(rand.Int())
+
+	dump, err := os.Create(temp)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, nil, nil, err
+	}
+	if err = dump.Truncate(int64(len(dumpMagic))*4 + int64(size)); err != nil {
+		return nil, nil, nil, err
+	}
+	// Memory map the file for writing and fill it with the generator
+	mem, buffer, err := memoryMapFile(dump, true)
+	if err != nil {
+		dump.Close()
+		return nil, nil, nil, err
+	}
+	copy(buffer, dumpMagic)
+
+	data := buffer[len(dumpMagic):]
+	generator(data)
+
+	if err := mem.Flush(); err != nil {
+		mem.Unmap()
+		dump.Close()
+		return nil, nil, nil, err
+	}
+	os.Rename(temp, path)
+	return dump, mem, data, nil
+}
+
+// cache wraps an ethash cache with some metadata to allow easier concurrent use.
+type cache struct {
+	epoch uint64 // Epoch for which this cache is relevant
+
+	dump *os.File  // File descriptor of the memory mapped cache
+	mmap mmap.MMap // Memory map itself to unmap before releasing
+
+	cache []uint32   // The actual cache data content (may be memory mapped)
+	used  time.Time  // Timestamp of the last use for smarter eviction
+	once  sync.Once  // Ensures the cache is generated only once
+	lock  sync.Mutex // Ensures thread safety for updating the usage time
+}
+
+// generate ensures that the cache content is generated before use.
+func (c *cache) generate(dir string, limit int, test bool) {
+	c.once.Do(func() {
+		// If we have a testing cache, generate and return
+		if test {
+			c.cache = make([]uint32, 1024/4)
+			generateCache(c.cache, c.epoch, seedHash(c.epoch*epochLength+1))
+			return
+		}
+		// If we don't store anything on disk, generate and return
+		size := cacheSize(c.epoch*epochLength + 1)
+		seed := seedHash(c.epoch*epochLength + 1)
+
+		if dir == "" {
+			c.cache = make([]uint32, size/4)
+			generateCache(c.cache, c.epoch, seed)
+			return
+		}
+		// Disk storage is needed, this will get fancy
+		var endian string
+		if !isLittleEndian() {
+			endian = ".be"
+		}
+		path := filepath.Join(dir, fmt.Sprintf("cache-R%d-%x%s", algorithmRevision, seed[:8], endian))
+		logger := log.New("epoch", c.epoch)
+
+		// Try to load the file from disk and memory map it
+		var err error
+		c.dump, c.mmap, c.cache, err = memoryMap(path)
+		if err == nil {
+			logger.Debug("Loaded old ethash cache from disk")
+			return
+		}
+		logger.Debug("Failed to load old ethash cache", "err", err)
+
+		// No previous cache available, create a new cache file to fill
+		c.dump, c.mmap, c.cache, err = memoryMapAndGenerate(path, size, func(buffer []uint32) { generateCache(buffer, c.epoch, seed) })
+		if err != nil {
+			logger.Error("Failed to generate mapped ethash cache", "err", err)
+
+			c.cache = make([]uint32, size/4)
+			generateCache(c.cache, c.epoch, seed)
+		}
+		// Iterate over all previous instances and delete old ones
+		for ep := int(c.epoch) - limit; ep >= 0; ep-- {
+			seed := seedHash(uint64(ep)*epochLength + 1)
+			path := filepath.Join(dir, fmt.Sprintf("cache-R%d-%x%s", algorithmRevision, seed[:8], endian))
+			os.Remove(path)
+		}
+	})
+}
+
+// release closes any file handlers and memory maps open.
+func (c *cache) release() {
+	if c.mmap != nil {
+		c.mmap.Unmap()
+		c.mmap = nil
+	}
+	if c.dump != nil {
+		c.dump.Close()
+		c.dump = nil
+	}
+}
+
+// dataset wraps an ethash dataset with some metadata to allow easier concurrent use.
+type dataset struct {
+	epoch uint64 // Epoch for which this cache is relevant
+
+	dump *os.File  // File descriptor of the memory mapped cache
+	mmap mmap.MMap // Memory map itself to unmap before releasing
+
+	dataset []uint32   // The actual cache data content
+	used    time.Time  // Timestamp of the last use for smarter eviction
+	once    sync.Once  // Ensures the cache is generated only once
+	lock    sync.Mutex // Ensures thread safety for updating the usage time
+}
+
+// generate ensures that the dataset content is generated before use.
+func (d *dataset) generate(dir string, limit int, test bool) {
+	d.once.Do(func() {
+		// If we have a testing dataset, generate and return
+		if test {
+			cache := make([]uint32, 1024/4)
+			generateCache(cache, d.epoch, seedHash(d.epoch*epochLength+1))
+
+			d.dataset = make([]uint32, 32*1024/4)
+			generateDataset(d.dataset, d.epoch, cache)
+
+			return
+		}
+		// If we don't store anything on disk, generate and return
+		csize := cacheSize(d.epoch*epochLength + 1)
+		dsize := datasetSize(d.epoch*epochLength + 1)
+		seed := seedHash(d.epoch*epochLength + 1)
+
+		if dir == "" {
+			cache := make([]uint32, csize/4)
+			generateCache(cache, d.epoch, seed)
+
+			d.dataset = make([]uint32, dsize/4)
+			generateDataset(d.dataset, d.epoch, cache)
+		}
+		// Disk storage is needed, this will get fancy
+		var endian string
+		if !isLittleEndian() {
+			endian = ".be"
+		}
+		path := filepath.Join(dir, fmt.Sprintf("full-R%d-%x%s", algorithmRevision, seed[:8], endian))
+		logger := log.New("epoch", d.epoch)
+
+		// Try to load the file from disk and memory map it
+		var err error
+		d.dump, d.mmap, d.dataset, err = memoryMap(path)
+		if err == nil {
+			logger.Debug("Loaded old ethash dataset from disk")
+			return
+		}
+		logger.Debug("Failed to load old ethash dataset", "err", err)
+
+		// No previous dataset available, create a new dataset file to fill
+		cache := make([]uint32, csize/4)
+		generateCache(cache, d.epoch, seed)
+
+		d.dump, d.mmap, d.dataset, err = memoryMapAndGenerate(path, dsize, func(buffer []uint32) { generateDataset(buffer, d.epoch, cache) })
+		if err != nil {
+			logger.Error("Failed to generate mapped ethash dataset", "err", err)
+
+			d.dataset = make([]uint32, dsize/2)
+			generateDataset(d.dataset, d.epoch, cache)
+		}
+		// Iterate over all previous instances and delete old ones
+		for ep := int(d.epoch) - limit; ep >= 0; ep-- {
+			seed := seedHash(uint64(ep)*epochLength + 1)
+			path := filepath.Join(dir, fmt.Sprintf("full-R%d-%x%s", algorithmRevision, seed[:8], endian))
+			os.Remove(path)
+		}
+	})
+}
+
+// release closes any file handlers and memory maps open.
+func (d *dataset) release() {
+	if d.mmap != nil {
+		d.mmap.Unmap()
+		d.mmap = nil
+	}
+	if d.dump != nil {
+		d.dump.Close()
+		d.dump = nil
+	}
+}
+
+// MakeCache generates a new ethash cache and optionally stores it to disk.
+func MakeCache(block uint64, dir string) {
+	c := cache{epoch: block/epochLength + 1}
+	c.generate(dir, math.MaxInt32, false)
+	c.release()
+}
+
+// MakeDataset generates a new ethash dataset and optionally stores it to disk.
+func MakeDataset(block uint64, dir string) {
+	d := dataset{epoch: block/epochLength + 1}
+	d.generate(dir, math.MaxInt32, false)
+	d.release()
+}
+
+// Ethash is a consensus engine based on proot-of-work implementing the ethash
+// algorithm.
+type Ethash struct {
+	cachedir     string // Data directory to store the verification caches
+	cachesinmem  int    // Number of caches to keep in memory
+	cachesondisk int    // Number of caches to keep on disk
+	dagdir       string // Data directory to store full mining datasets
+	dagsinmem    int    // Number of mining datasets to keep in memory
+	dagsondisk   int    // Number of mining datasets to keep on disk
+
+	caches   map[uint64]*cache   // In memory caches to avoid regenerating too often
+	fcache   *cache              // Pre-generated cache for the estimated future epoch
+	datasets map[uint64]*dataset // In memory datasets to avoid regenerating too often
+	fdataset *dataset            // Pre-generated dataset for the estimated future epoch
+
+	// Mining related fields
+	rand     *rand.Rand    // Properly seeded random source for nonces
+	threads  int           // Number of threads to mine on if mining
+	update   chan struct{} // Notification channel to update mining parameters
+	hashrate metrics.Meter // Meter tracking the average hashrate
+
+	// The fields below are hooks for testing
+	tester    bool          // Flag whether to use a smaller test dataset
+	shared    *Ethash       // Shared PoW verifier to avoid cache regeneration
+	fakeMode  bool          // Flag whether to disable PoW checking
+	fakeFull  bool          // Flag whether to disable all consensus rules
+	fakeFail  uint64        // Block number which fails PoW check even in fake mode
+	fakeDelay time.Duration // Time delay to sleep for before returning from verify
+
+	lock sync.Mutex // Ensures thread safety for the in-memory caches and mining fields
+}
+
+// New creates a full sized ethash PoW scheme.
+func New(cachedir string, cachesinmem, cachesondisk int, dagdir string, dagsinmem, dagsondisk int) *Ethash {
+	if cachesinmem <= 0 {
+		log.Warn("One ethash cache must alwast be in memory", "requested", cachesinmem)
+		cachesinmem = 1
+	}
+	if cachedir != "" && cachesondisk > 0 {
+		log.Info("Disk storage enabled for ethash caches", "dir", cachedir, "count", cachesondisk)
+	}
+	if dagdir != "" && dagsondisk > 0 {
+		log.Info("Disk storage enabled for ethash DAGs", "dir", dagdir, "count", dagsondisk)
+	}
+	return &Ethash{
+		cachedir:     cachedir,
+		cachesinmem:  cachesinmem,
+		cachesondisk: cachesondisk,
+		dagdir:       dagdir,
+		dagsinmem:    dagsinmem,
+		dagsondisk:   dagsondisk,
+		caches:       make(map[uint64]*cache),
+		datasets:     make(map[uint64]*dataset),
+		update:       make(chan struct{}),
+		hashrate:     metrics.NewMeter(),
+	}
+}
+
+// NewTester creates a small sized ethash PoW scheme useful only for testing
+// purposes.
+func NewTester() *Ethash {
+	return &Ethash{
+		cachesinmem: 1,
+		caches:      make(map[uint64]*cache),
+		datasets:    make(map[uint64]*dataset),
+		tester:      true,
+		update:      make(chan struct{}),
+		hashrate:    metrics.NewMeter(),
+	}
+}
+
+// NewFaker creates a ethash consensus engine with a fake PoW scheme that accepts
+// all blocks' seal as valid, though they still have to conform to the Ethereum
+// consensus rules.
+func NewFaker() *Ethash {
+	return &Ethash{fakeMode: true}
+}
+
+// NewFakeFailer creates a ethash consensus engine with a fake PoW scheme that
+// accepts all blocks as valid apart from the single one specified, though they
+// still have to conform to the Ethereum consensus rules.
+func NewFakeFailer(fail uint64) *Ethash {
+	return &Ethash{fakeMode: true, fakeFail: fail}
+}
+
+// NewFakeDelayer creates a ethash consensus engine with a fake PoW scheme that
+// accepts all blocks as valid, but delays verifications by some time, though
+// they still have to conform to the Ethereum consensus rules.
+func NewFakeDelayer(delay time.Duration) *Ethash {
+	return &Ethash{fakeMode: true, fakeDelay: delay}
+}
+
+// NewFullFaker creates a ethash consensus engine with a full fake scheme that
+// accepts all blocks as valid, without checking any consensus rules whatsoever.
+func NewFullFaker() *Ethash {
+	return &Ethash{fakeMode: true, fakeFull: true}
+}
+
+// NewShared creates a full sized ethash PoW shared between all requesters running
+// in the same process.
+func NewShared() *Ethash {
+	return &Ethash{shared: sharedEthash}
+}
+
+// cache tries to retrieve a verification cache for the specified block number
+// by first checking against a list of in-memory caches, then against caches
+// stored on disk, and finally generating one if none can be found.
+func (ethash *Ethash) cache(block uint64) []uint32 {
+	epoch := block / epochLength
+
+	// If we have a PoW for that epoch, use that
+	ethash.lock.Lock()
+
+	current, future := ethash.caches[epoch], (*cache)(nil)
+	if current == nil {
+		// No in-memory cache, evict the oldest if the cache limit was reached
+		for len(ethash.caches) > 0 && len(ethash.caches) >= ethash.cachesinmem {
+			var evict *cache
+			for _, cache := range ethash.caches {
+				if evict == nil || evict.used.After(cache.used) {
+					evict = cache
+				}
+			}
+			delete(ethash.caches, evict.epoch)
+			evict.release()
+
+			log.Trace("Evicted ethash cache", "epoch", evict.epoch, "used", evict.used)
+		}
+		// If we have the new cache pre-generated, use that, otherwise create a new one
+		if ethash.fcache != nil && ethash.fcache.epoch == epoch {
+			log.Trace("Using pre-generated cache", "epoch", epoch)
+			current, ethash.fcache = ethash.fcache, nil
+		} else {
+			log.Trace("Requiring new ethash cache", "epoch", epoch)
+			current = &cache{epoch: epoch}
+		}
+		ethash.caches[epoch] = current
+
+		// If we just used up the future cache, or need a refresh, regenerate
+		if ethash.fcache == nil || ethash.fcache.epoch <= epoch {
+			if ethash.fcache != nil {
+				ethash.fcache.release()
+			}
+			log.Trace("Requiring new future ethash cache", "epoch", epoch+1)
+			future = &cache{epoch: epoch + 1}
+			ethash.fcache = future
+		}
+	}
+	current.used = time.Now()
+	ethash.lock.Unlock()
+
+	// Wait for generation finish, bump the timestamp and finalize the cache
+	current.generate(ethash.cachedir, ethash.cachesondisk, ethash.tester)
+
+	current.lock.Lock()
+	current.used = time.Now()
+	current.lock.Unlock()
+
+	// If we exhausted the future cache, now's a good time to regenerate it
+	if future != nil {
+		go future.generate(ethash.cachedir, ethash.cachesondisk, ethash.tester)
+	}
+	return current.cache
+}
+
+// dataset tries to retrieve a mining dataset for the specified block number
+// by first checking against a list of in-memory datasets, then against DAGs
+// stored on disk, and finally generating one if none can be found.
+func (ethash *Ethash) dataset(block uint64) []uint32 {
+	epoch := block / epochLength
+
+	// If we have a PoW for that epoch, use that
+	ethash.lock.Lock()
+
+	current, future := ethash.datasets[epoch], (*dataset)(nil)
+	if current == nil {
+		// No in-memory dataset, evict the oldest if the dataset limit was reached
+		for len(ethash.datasets) > 0 && len(ethash.datasets) >= ethash.dagsinmem {
+			var evict *dataset
+			for _, dataset := range ethash.datasets {
+				if evict == nil || evict.used.After(dataset.used) {
+					evict = dataset
+				}
+			}
+			delete(ethash.datasets, evict.epoch)
+			evict.release()
+
+			log.Trace("Evicted ethash dataset", "epoch", evict.epoch, "used", evict.used)
+		}
+		// If we have the new cache pre-generated, use that, otherwise create a new one
+		if ethash.fdataset != nil && ethash.fdataset.epoch == epoch {
+			log.Trace("Using pre-generated dataset", "epoch", epoch)
+			current = &dataset{epoch: ethash.fdataset.epoch} // Reload from disk
+			ethash.fdataset = nil
+		} else {
+			log.Trace("Requiring new ethash dataset", "epoch", epoch)
+			current = &dataset{epoch: epoch}
+		}
+		ethash.datasets[epoch] = current
+
+		// If we just used up the future dataset, or need a refresh, regenerate
+		if ethash.fdataset == nil || ethash.fdataset.epoch <= epoch {
+			if ethash.fdataset != nil {
+				ethash.fdataset.release()
+			}
+			log.Trace("Requiring new future ethash dataset", "epoch", epoch+1)
+			future = &dataset{epoch: epoch + 1}
+			ethash.fdataset = future
+		}
+	}
+	current.used = time.Now()
+	ethash.lock.Unlock()
+
+	// Wait for generation finish, bump the timestamp and finalize the cache
+	current.generate(ethash.dagdir, ethash.dagsondisk, ethash.tester)
+
+	current.lock.Lock()
+	current.used = time.Now()
+	current.lock.Unlock()
+
+	// If we exhausted the future dataset, now's a good time to regenerate it
+	if future != nil {
+		go future.generate(ethash.dagdir, ethash.dagsondisk, ethash.tester)
+	}
+	return current.dataset
+}
+
+// Threads returns the number of mining threads currently enabled. This doesn't
+// necessarily mean that mining is running!
+func (ethash *Ethash) Threads() int {
+	ethash.lock.Lock()
+	defer ethash.lock.Unlock()
+
+	return ethash.threads
+}
+
+// SetThreads updates the number of mining threads currently enabled. Calling
+// this method does not start mining, only sets the thread count. If zero is
+// specified, the miner will use all cores of the machine.
+func (ethash *Ethash) SetThreads(threads int) {
+	ethash.lock.Lock()
+	defer ethash.lock.Unlock()
+
+	// Update the threads and ping any running seal to pull in any changes
+	ethash.threads = threads
+	select {
+	case ethash.update <- struct{}{}:
+	default:
+	}
+}
+
+// Hashrate implements PoW, returning the measured rate of the search invocations
+// per second over the last minute.
+func (ethash *Ethash) Hashrate() float64 {
+	return ethash.hashrate.Rate1()
+}
+
+// APIs implements consensus.Engine, returning the user facing RPC APIs. Currently
+// that is empty.
+func (ethash *Ethash) APIs(chain consensus.ChainReader) []rpc.API {
+	return nil
+}
+
+// SeedHash is the seed to use for generating a verification cache and the mining
+// dataset.
+func SeedHash(block uint64) []byte {
+	return seedHash(block)
+}
diff --git a/consensus/ethash/ethash_test.go b/consensus/ethash/ethash_test.go
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..b3a2f32f7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/consensus/ethash/ethash_test.go
@@ -0,0 +1,40 @@
+// Copyright 2017 The go-ethereum Authors
+// This file is part of the go-ethereum library.
+//
+// The go-ethereum library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The go-ethereum library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the go-ethereum library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+package ethash
+
+import (
+	"math/big"
+	"testing"
+
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core/types"
+)
+
+// Tests that ethash works correctly in test mode.
+func TestTestMode(t *testing.T) {
+	head := &types.Header{Number: big.NewInt(1), Difficulty: big.NewInt(100)}
+
+	ethash := NewTester()
+	block, err := ethash.Seal(nil, types.NewBlockWithHeader(head), nil)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("failed to seal block: %v", err)
+	}
+	head.Nonce = types.EncodeNonce(block.Nonce())
+	head.MixDigest = block.MixDigest()
+	if err := ethash.VerifySeal(nil, head); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("unexpected verification error: %v", err)
+	}
+}
diff --git a/consensus/ethash/sealer.go b/consensus/ethash/sealer.go
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..9a000ed31
--- /dev/null
+++ b/consensus/ethash/sealer.go
@@ -0,0 +1,146 @@
+// Copyright 2017 The go-ethereum Authors
+// This file is part of the go-ethereum library.
+//
+// The go-ethereum library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The go-ethereum library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the go-ethereum library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+package ethash
+
+import (
+	crand "crypto/rand"
+	"math"
+	"math/big"
+	"math/rand"
+	"runtime"
+	"sync"
+
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/common"
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/consensus"
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core/types"
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/log"
+)
+
+// Seal implements consensus.Engine, attempting to find a nonce that satisfies
+// the block's difficulty requirements.
+func (ethash *Ethash) Seal(chain consensus.ChainReader, block *types.Block, stop <-chan struct{}) (*types.Block, error) {
+	// If we're running a fake PoW, simply return a 0 nonce immediately
+	if ethash.fakeMode {
+		header := block.Header()
+		header.Nonce, header.MixDigest = types.BlockNonce{}, common.Hash{}
+		return block.WithSeal(header), nil
+	}
+	// If we're running a shared PoW, delegate sealing to it
+	if ethash.shared != nil {
+		return ethash.shared.Seal(chain, block, stop)
+	}
+	// Create a runner and the multiple search threads it directs
+	abort := make(chan struct{})
+	found := make(chan *types.Block)
+
+	ethash.lock.Lock()
+	threads := ethash.threads
+	if ethash.rand == nil {
+		seed, err := crand.Int(crand.Reader, big.NewInt(math.MaxInt64))
+		if err != nil {
+			ethash.lock.Unlock()
+			return nil, err
+		}
+		ethash.rand = rand.New(rand.NewSource(seed.Int64()))
+	}
+	ethash.lock.Unlock()
+	if threads == 0 {
+		threads = runtime.NumCPU()
+	}
+	var pend sync.WaitGroup
+	for i := 0; i < threads; i++ {
+		pend.Add(1)
+		go func(id int, nonce uint64) {
+			defer pend.Done()
+			ethash.mine(block, id, nonce, abort, found)
+		}(i, uint64(ethash.rand.Int63()))
+	}
+	// Wait until sealing is terminated or a nonce is found
+	var result *types.Block
+	select {
+	case <-stop:
+		// Outside abort, stop all miner threads
+		close(abort)
+	case result = <-found:
+		// One of the threads found a block, abort all others
+		close(abort)
+	case <-ethash.update:
+		// Thread count was changed on user request, restart
+		close(abort)
+		pend.Wait()
+		return ethash.Seal(chain, block, stop)
+	}
+	// Wait for all miners to terminate and return the block
+	pend.Wait()
+	return result, nil
+}
+
+// mine is the actual proof-of-work miner that searches for a nonce starting from
+// seed that results in correct final block difficulty.
+func (ethash *Ethash) mine(block *types.Block, id int, seed uint64, abort chan struct{}, found chan *types.Block) {
+	// Extract some data from the header
+	var (
+		header = block.Header()
+		hash   = header.HashNoNonce().Bytes()
+		target = new(big.Int).Div(maxUint256, header.Difficulty)
+
+		number  = header.Number.Uint64()
+		dataset = ethash.dataset(number)
+	)
+	// Start generating random nonces until we abort or find a good one
+	var (
+		attempts = int64(0)
+		nonce    = seed
+	)
+	logger := log.New("miner", id)
+	logger.Trace("Started ethash search for new nonces", "seed", seed)
+	for {
+		select {
+		case <-abort:
+			// Mining terminated, update stats and abort
+			logger.Trace("Ethash nonce search aborted", "attempts", nonce-seed)
+			ethash.hashrate.Mark(attempts)
+			return
+
+		default:
+			// We don't have to update hash rate on every nonce, so update after after 2^X nonces
+			attempts++
+			if (attempts % (1 << 15)) == 0 {
+				ethash.hashrate.Mark(attempts)
+				attempts = 0
+			}
+			// Compute the PoW value of this nonce
+			digest, result := hashimotoFull(dataset, hash, nonce)
+			if new(big.Int).SetBytes(result).Cmp(target) <= 0 {
+				// Correct nonce found, create a new header with it
+				header = types.CopyHeader(header)
+				header.Nonce = types.EncodeNonce(nonce)
+				header.MixDigest = common.BytesToHash(digest)
+
+				// Seal and return a block (if still needed)
+				select {
+				case found <- block.WithSeal(header):
+					logger.Trace("Ethash nonce found and reported", "attempts", nonce-seed, "nonce", nonce)
+				case <-abort:
+					logger.Trace("Ethash nonce found but discarded", "attempts", nonce-seed, "nonce", nonce)
+				}
+				return
+			}
+			nonce++
+		}
+	}
+}
diff --git a/consensus/ethash/xor.go b/consensus/ethash/xor.go
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..90e232746
--- /dev/null
+++ b/consensus/ethash/xor.go
@@ -0,0 +1,85 @@
+// Copyright 2013 The Go Authors. All rights reserved.
+// Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style
+// license that can be found in the LICENSE file.
+
+// Source: https://golang.org/src/crypto/cipher/xor.go
+
+package ethash
+
+import (
+	"runtime"
+	"unsafe"
+)
+
+const wordSize = int(unsafe.Sizeof(uintptr(0)))
+const supportsUnaligned = runtime.GOARCH == "386" || runtime.GOARCH == "amd64" || runtime.GOARCH == "ppc64" || runtime.GOARCH == "ppc64le" || runtime.GOARCH == "s390x"
+
+// fastXORBytes xors in bulk. It only works on architectures that
+// support unaligned read/writes.
+func fastXORBytes(dst, a, b []byte) int {
+	n := len(a)
+	if len(b) < n {
+		n = len(b)
+	}
+
+	w := n / wordSize
+	if w > 0 {
+		dw := *(*[]uintptr)(unsafe.Pointer(&dst))
+		aw := *(*[]uintptr)(unsafe.Pointer(&a))
+		bw := *(*[]uintptr)(unsafe.Pointer(&b))
+		for i := 0; i < w; i++ {
+			dw[i] = aw[i] ^ bw[i]
+		}
+	}
+
+	for i := (n - n%wordSize); i < n; i++ {
+		dst[i] = a[i] ^ b[i]
+	}
+
+	return n
+}
+
+func safeXORBytes(dst, a, b []byte) int {
+	n := len(a)
+	if len(b) < n {
+		n = len(b)
+	}
+	for i := 0; i < n; i++ {
+		dst[i] = a[i] ^ b[i]
+	}
+	return n
+}
+
+// xorBytes xors the bytes in a and b. The destination is assumed to have enough
+// space. Returns the number of bytes xor'd.
+func xorBytes(dst, a, b []byte) int {
+	if supportsUnaligned {
+		return fastXORBytes(dst, a, b)
+	}
+	// TODO(hanwen): if (dst, a, b) have common alignment
+	// we could still try fastXORBytes. It is not clear
+	// how often this happens, and it's only worth it if
+	// the block encryption itself is hardware
+	// accelerated.
+	return safeXORBytes(dst, a, b)
+}
+
+// fastXORWords XORs multiples of 4 or 8 bytes (depending on architecture.)
+// The arguments are assumed to be of equal length.
+func fastXORWords(dst, a, b []byte) {
+	dw := *(*[]uintptr)(unsafe.Pointer(&dst))
+	aw := *(*[]uintptr)(unsafe.Pointer(&a))
+	bw := *(*[]uintptr)(unsafe.Pointer(&b))
+	n := len(b) / wordSize
+	for i := 0; i < n; i++ {
+		dw[i] = aw[i] ^ bw[i]
+	}
+}
+
+func xorWords(dst, a, b []byte) {
+	if supportsUnaligned {
+		fastXORWords(dst, a, b)
+	} else {
+		safeXORBytes(dst, a, b)
+	}
+}