path: root/vm/vm.go

package vm

import (
    "fmt"
    "math/big"

    "github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/crypto"
    "github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/ethutil"
    "github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/state"
)

type Vm struct {
    env Environment

    logTy  byte
    logStr string

    err error
    // For logging
    debug bool

    Dbg Debugger

    BreakPoints []int64
    Stepping    bool
    Fn          string

    Recoverable bool
}

func New(env Environment) *Vm {
    lt := LogTyPretty
    // lt = LogTyDiff
    return &Vm{debug: true, env: env, logTy: lt, Recoverable: true}
}

func (self *Vm) Run(me, caller ContextRef, code []byte, value, gas, price *big.Int, callData []byte) (ret []byte, err error) {
    self.env.SetDepth(self.env.Depth() + 1)

    context := NewContext(caller, me, code, gas, price)

    vmlogger.Debugf("(%d) (%x) %x (code=%d) gas: %v (d) %x\n", self.env.Depth(), caller.Address()[:4], context.Address(), len(code), context.Gas, callData)

    if self.Recoverable {
        // Recover from any require exception
        defer func() {
            if r := recover(); r != nil {
                self.Printf(" %v", r).Endl()

                context.UseGas(context.Gas)

                ret = context.Return(nil)

                err = fmt.Errorf("%v", r)

            }
        }()
    }

    if p := Precompiled[string(me.Address())]; p != nil {
        return self.RunPrecompiled(p, callData, context)
    }

    var (
        op OpCode

        destinations        = analyseJumpDests(context.Code)
        mem                 = NewMemory()
        stack               = NewStack()
        pc           uint64 = 0
        step                = 0
        prevStep            = 0
        statedb             = self.env.State()

        jump = func(from uint64, to *big.Int) {
            p := to.Uint64()

            nop := context.GetOp(p)
            if !destinations.Has(p) {
                panic(fmt.Sprintf("invalid jump destination (%v) %v", nop, p))
            }

            self.Printf(" ~> %v", to)
            pc = to.Uint64()

            self.Endl()
        }
    )

    // Don't bother with the execution if there's no code.
    if len(code) == 0 {
        return context.Return(nil), nil
    }

    for {
        prevStep = step
        // The base for all big integer arithmetic
        base := new(big.Int)

        step++
        // Get the memory location of pc
        op = context.GetOp(pc)

        self.Printf("(pc) %-3d -o- %-14s (m) %-4d (s) %-4d ", pc, op.String(), mem.Len(), stack.Len())
        if self.Dbg != nil {
            //self.Dbg.Step(self, op, mem, stack, context)
        }

        newMemSize, gas := self.calculateGasAndSize(context, caller, op, statedb, mem, stack)

        self.Printf("(g) %-3v (%v)", gas, context.Gas)

        if !context.UseGas(gas) {
            self.Endl()

            tmp := new(big.Int).Set(context.Gas)

            context.UseGas(context.Gas)

            return context.Return(nil), OOG(gas, tmp)
        }

        mem.Resize(newMemSize.Uint64())

        switch op {
        // 0x20 range
        case ADD:
            x, y := stack.Popn()
            self.Printf(" %v + %v", y, x)

            base.Add(y, x)

            U256(base)

            self.Printf(" = %v", base)
            // Pop result back on the stack
            stack.Push(base)
        case SUB:
            x, y := stack.Popn()
            self.Printf(" %v - %v", y, x)

            base.Sub(y, x)

            U256(base)

            self.Printf(" = %v", base)
            // Pop result back on the stack
            stack.Push(base)
        case MUL:
            x, y := stack.Popn()
            self.Printf(" %v * %v", y, x)

            base.Mul(y, x)

            U256(base)

            self.Printf(" = %v", base)
            // Pop result back on the stack
            stack.Push(base)
        case DIV:
            x, y := stack.Pop(), stack.Pop()
            self.Printf(" %v / %v", x, y)

            if y.Cmp(ethutil.Big0) != 0 {
                base.Div(x, y)
            }

            U256(base)

            self.Printf(" = %v", base)
            // Pop result back on the stack
            stack.Push(base)
        case SDIV:
            x, y := S256(stack.Pop()), S256(stack.Pop())

            self.Printf(" %v / %v", x, y)

            if y.Cmp(ethutil.Big0) == 0 {
                base.Set(ethutil.Big0)
            } else {
                n := new(big.Int)
                if new(big.Int).Mul(x, y).Cmp(ethutil.Big0) < 0 {
                    n.SetInt64(-1)
                } else {
                    n.SetInt64(1)
                }

                base.Div(x.Abs(x), y.Abs(y)).Mul(base, n)

                U256(base)
            }

            self.Printf(" = %v", base)
            stack.Push(base)
        case MOD:
            x, y := stack.Pop(), stack.Pop()

            self.Printf(" %v %% %v", x, y)

            if y.Cmp(ethutil.Big0) == 0 {
                base.Set(ethutil.Big0)
            } else {
                base.Mod(x, y)
            }

            U256(base)

            self.Printf(" = %v", base)
            stack.Push(base)
        case SMOD:
            x, y := S256(stack.Pop()), S256(stack.Pop())

            self.Printf(" %v %% %v", x, y)

            if y.Cmp(ethutil.Big0) == 0 {
                base.Set(ethutil.Big0)
            } else {
                n := new(big.Int)
                if x.Cmp(ethutil.Big0) < 0 {
                    n.SetInt64(-1)
                } else {
                    n.SetInt64(1)
                }

                base.Mod(x.Abs(x), y.Abs(y)).Mul(base, n)

                U256(base)
            }

            self.Printf(" = %v", base)
            stack.Push(base)

        case EXP:
            x, y := stack.Popn()

            self.Printf(" %v ** %v", y, x)

            base.Exp(y, x, Pow256)

            U256(base)

            self.Printf(" = %v", base)

            stack.Push(base)
        case SIGNEXTEND:
            back := stack.Pop().Uint64()
            if back < 31 {
                bit := uint(back*8 + 7)
                num := stack.Pop()
                mask := new(big.Int).Lsh(ethutil.Big1, bit)
                mask.Sub(mask, ethutil.Big1)
                if ethutil.BitTest(num, int(bit)) {
                    num.Or(num, mask.Not(mask))
                } else {
                    num.And(num, mask)
                }

                num = U256(num)

                self.Printf(" = %v", num)

                stack.Push(num)
            }
        case NOT:
            base.Sub(Pow256, stack.Pop()).Sub(base, ethutil.Big1)

            // Not needed
            base = U256(base)

            stack.Push(base)
        case LT:
            x, y := stack.Popn()
            self.Printf(" %v < %v", y, x)
            // x < y
            if y.Cmp(x) < 0 {
                stack.Push(ethutil.BigTrue)
            } else {
                stack.Push(ethutil.BigFalse)
            }
        case GT:
            x, y := stack.Popn()
            self.Printf(" %v > %v", y, x)

            // x > y
            if y.Cmp(x) > 0 {
                stack.Push(ethutil.BigTrue)
            } else {
                stack.Push(ethutil.BigFalse)
            }

        case SLT:
            y, x := S256(stack.Pop()), S256(stack.Pop())
            self.Printf(" %v < %v", y, x)
            // x < y
            if y.Cmp(S256(x)) < 0 {
                stack.Push(ethutil.BigTrue)
            } else {
                stack.Push(ethutil.BigFalse)
            }
        case SGT:
            y, x := S256(stack.Pop()), S256(stack.Pop())
            self.Printf(" %v > %v", y, x)

            // x > y
            if y.Cmp(x) > 0 {
                stack.Push(ethutil.BigTrue)
            } else {
                stack.Push(ethutil.BigFalse)
            }

        case EQ:
            x, y := stack.Popn()
            self.Printf(" %v == %v", y, x)

            // x == y
            if x.Cmp(y) == 0 {
                stack.Push(ethutil.BigTrue)
            } else {
                stack.Push(ethutil.BigFalse)
            }
        case ISZERO:
            x := stack.Pop()
            if x.Cmp(ethutil.BigFalse) > 0 {
                stack.Push(ethutil.BigFalse)
            } else {
                stack.Push(ethutil.BigTrue)
            }

            // 0x10 range
        case AND:
            x, y := stack.Popn()
            self.Printf(" %v & %v", y, x)

            stack.Push(base.And(y, x))
        case OR:
            x, y := stack.Popn()
            self.Printf(" %v | %v", y, x)

            stack.Push(base.Or(y, x))
        case XOR:
            x, y := stack.Popn()
            self.Printf(" %v ^ %v", y, x)

            stack.Push(base.Xor(y, x))
        case BYTE:
            val, th := stack.Popn()

            if th.Cmp(big.NewInt(32)) < 0 {
                byt := big.NewInt(int64(ethutil.LeftPadBytes(val.Bytes(), 32)[th.Int64()]))

                base.Set(byt)
            } else {
                base.Set(ethutil.BigFalse)
            }

            self.Printf(" => 0x%x", base.Bytes())

            stack.Push(base)
        case ADDMOD:

            x := stack.Pop()
            y := stack.Pop()
            z := stack.Pop()

            add := new(big.Int).Add(x, y)
            if len(z.Bytes()) > 0 { // NOT 0x0
                base.Mod(add, z)

                U256(base)
            }

            self.Printf(" %v + %v %% %v = %v", x, y, z, base)

            stack.Push(base)
        case MULMOD:

            x := stack.Pop()
            y := stack.Pop()
            z := stack.Pop()

            mul := new(big.Int).Mul(x, y)
            if len(z.Bytes()) > 0 { // NOT 0x0
                base.Mod(mul, z)

                U256(base)
            }

            self.Printf(" %v + %v %% %v = %v", x, y, z, base)

            stack.Push(base)

            // 0x20 range
        case SHA3:
            size, offset := stack.Popn()
            data := crypto.Sha3(mem.Get(offset.Int64(), size.Int64()))

            stack.Push(ethutil.BigD(data))

            self.Printf(" => (%v) %x", size, data)
            // 0x30 range
        case ADDRESS:
            stack.Push(ethutil.BigD(context.Address()))

            self.Printf(" => %x", context.Address())
        case BALANCE:

            addr := stack.Pop().Bytes()
            balance := statedb.GetBalance(addr)

            stack.Push(balance)

            self.Printf(" => %v (%x)", balance, addr)
        case ORIGIN:
            origin := self.env.Origin()

            stack.Push(ethutil.BigD(origin))

            self.Printf(" => %x", origin)
        case CALLER:
            caller := context.caller.Address()
            stack.Push(ethutil.BigD(caller))

            self.Printf(" => %x", caller)
        case CALLVALUE:
            stack.Push(value)

            self.Printf(" => %v", value)
        case CALLDATALOAD:
            var (
                offset  = stack.Pop()
                data    = make([]byte, 32)
                lenData = big.NewInt(int64(len(callData)))
            )

            if lenData.Cmp(offset) >= 0 {
                length := new(big.Int).Add(offset, ethutil.Big32)
                length = ethutil.BigMin(length, lenData)

                copy(data, callData[offset.Int64():length.Int64()])
            }

            self.Printf(" => 0x%x", data)

            stack.Push(ethutil.BigD(data))
        case CALLDATASIZE:
            l := int64(len(callData))
            stack.Push(big.NewInt(l))

            self.Printf(" => %d", l)
        case CALLDATACOPY:
            var (
                size = uint64(len(callData))
                mOff = stack.Pop().Uint64()
                cOff = stack.Pop().Uint64()
                l    = stack.Pop().Uint64()
            )

            if cOff > size {
                cOff = 0
                l = 0
            } else if cOff+l > size {
                l = 0
            }

            code := callData[cOff : cOff+l]

            mem.Set(mOff, l, code)

            self.Printf(" => [%v, %v, %v] %x", mOff, cOff, l, callData[cOff:cOff+l])
        case CODESIZE, EXTCODESIZE:
            var code []byte
            if op == EXTCODESIZE {
                addr := stack.Pop().Bytes()

                code = statedb.GetCode(addr)
            } else {
                code = context.Code
            }

            l := big.NewInt(int64(len(code)))
            stack.Push(l)

            self.Printf(" => %d", l)
        case CODECOPY, EXTCODECOPY:
            var code []byte
            if op == EXTCODECOPY {
                code = statedb.GetCode(stack.Pop().Bytes())
            } else {
                code = context.Code
            }
            context := NewContext(nil, nil, code, ethutil.Big0, ethutil.Big0)
            var (
                mOff = stack.Pop().Uint64()
                cOff = stack.Pop().Uint64()
                l    = stack.Pop().Uint64()
            )
            codeCopy := context.GetCode(cOff, l)

            mem.Set(mOff, l, codeCopy)

            self.Printf(" => [%v, %v, %v] %x", mOff, cOff, l, codeCopy)
        case GASPRICE:
            stack.Push(context.Price)

            self.Printf(" => %x", context.Price)

            // 0x40 range
        case BLOCKHASH:
            num := stack.Pop()

            n := new(big.Int).Sub(self.env.BlockNumber(), ethutil.Big257)
            if num.Cmp(n) > 0 && num.Cmp(self.env.BlockNumber()) < 0 {
                stack.Push(ethutil.BigD(self.env.GetHash(num.Uint64())))
            } else {
                stack.Push(ethutil.Big0)
            }

            self.Printf(" => 0x%x", stack.Peek().Bytes())
        case COINBASE:
            coinbase := self.env.Coinbase()

            stack.Push(ethutil.BigD(coinbase))

            self.Printf(" => 0x%x", coinbase)
        case TIMESTAMP:
            time := self.env.Time()

            stack.Push(big.NewInt(time))

            self.Printf(" => 0x%x", time)
        case NUMBER:
            number := self.env.BlockNumber()

            stack.Push(U256(number))

            self.Printf(" => 0x%x", number.Bytes())
        case DIFFICULTY:
            difficulty := self.env.Difficulty()

            stack.Push(difficulty)

            self.Printf(" => 0x%x", difficulty.Bytes())
        case GASLIMIT:
            self.Printf(" => %v", self.env.GasLimit())

            stack.Push(self.env.GasLimit())

            // 0x50 range
        case PUSH1, PUSH2, PUSH3, PUSH4, PUSH5, PUSH6, PUSH7, PUSH8, PUSH9, PUSH10, PUSH11, PUSH12, PUSH13, PUSH14, PUSH15, PUSH16, PUSH17, PUSH18, PUSH19, PUSH20, PUSH21, PUSH22, PUSH23, PUSH24, PUSH25, PUSH26, PUSH27, PUSH28, PUSH29, PUSH30, PUSH31, PUSH32:
            a := uint64(op - PUSH1 + 1)
            byts := context.GetRangeValue(pc+1, a)
            // Push value to stack
            stack.Push(ethutil.BigD(byts))
            pc += a

            step += int(op) - int(PUSH1) + 1

            self.Printf(" => 0x%x", byts)
        case POP:
            stack.Pop()
        case DUP1, DUP2, DUP3, DUP4, DUP5, DUP6, DUP7, DUP8, DUP9, DUP10, DUP11, DUP12, DUP13, DUP14, DUP15, DUP16:
            n := int(op - DUP1 + 1)
            stack.Dupn(n)

            self.Printf(" => [%d] 0x%x", n, stack.Peek().Bytes())
        case SWAP1, SWAP2, SWAP3, SWAP4, SWAP5, SWAP6, SWAP7, SWAP8, SWAP9, SWAP10, SWAP11, SWAP12, SWAP13, SWAP14, SWAP15, SWAP16:
            n := int(op - SWAP1 + 2)
            x, y := stack.Swapn(n)

            self.Printf(" => [%d] %x [0] %x", n, x.Bytes(), y.Bytes())
        case LOG0, LOG1, LOG2, LOG3, LOG4:
            n := int(op - LOG0)
            topics := make([][]byte, n)
            mSize, mStart := stack.Popn()
            for i := 0; i < n; i++ {
                topics[i] = ethutil.LeftPadBytes(stack.Pop().Bytes(), 32)
            }

            data := mem.Get(mStart.Int64(), mSize.Int64())
            log := &Log{context.Address(), topics, data, self.env.BlockNumber().Uint64()}
            self.env.AddLog(log)

            self.Printf(" => %v", log)
        case MLOAD:
            offset := stack.Pop()
            val := ethutil.BigD(mem.Get(offset.Int64(), 32))
            stack.Push(val)

            self.Printf(" => 0x%x", val.Bytes())
        case MSTORE: // Store the value at stack top-1 in to memory at location stack top
            // Pop value of the stack
            val, mStart := stack.Popn()
            mem.Set(mStart.Uint64(), 32, ethutil.BigToBytes(val, 256))

            self.Printf(" => 0x%x", val)
        case MSTORE8:
            off := stack.Pop()
            val := stack.Pop()

            mem.store[off.Int64()] = byte(val.Int64() & 0xff)

            self.Printf(" => [%v] 0x%x", off, val)
        case SLOAD:
            loc := stack.Pop()
            val := ethutil.BigD(statedb.GetState(context.Address(), loc.Bytes()))
            stack.Push(val)

            self.Printf(" {0x%x : 0x%x}", loc.Bytes(), val.Bytes())
        case SSTORE:
            val, loc := stack.Popn()
            statedb.SetState(context.Address(), loc.Bytes(), val)

            self.Printf(" {0x%x : 0x%x}", loc.Bytes(), val.Bytes())
        case JUMP:
            jump(pc, stack.Pop())

            continue
        case JUMPI:
            cond, pos := stack.Popn()

            if cond.Cmp(ethutil.BigTrue) >= 0 {
                jump(pc, pos)

                continue
            }

            self.Printf(" ~> false")

        case JUMPDEST:
        case PC:
            stack.Push(big.NewInt(int64(pc)))
        case MSIZE:
            stack.Push(big.NewInt(int64(mem.Len())))
        case GAS:
            stack.Push(context.Gas)

            self.Printf(" => %x", context.Gas)
            // 0x60 range
        case CREATE:

            var (
                value        = stack.Pop()
                size, offset = stack.Popn()
                input        = mem.Get(offset.Int64(), size.Int64())
                gas          = new(big.Int).Set(context.Gas)
                addr         []byte
            )
            self.Endl()

            context.UseGas(context.Gas)
            ret, suberr, ref := self.env.Create(context, nil, input, gas, price, value)
            if suberr != nil {
                stack.Push(ethutil.BigFalse)

                self.Printf(" (*) 0x0 %v", suberr)
            } else {

                // gas < len(ret) * CreateDataGas == NO_CODE
                dataGas := big.NewInt(int64(len(ret)))
                dataGas.Mul(dataGas, GasCreateByte)
                if context.UseGas(dataGas) {
                    ref.SetCode(ret)
                }
                addr = ref.Address()

                stack.Push(ethutil.BigD(addr))

            }

            // Debug hook
            if self.Dbg != nil {
                self.Dbg.SetCode(context.Code)
            }
        case CALL, CALLCODE:
            gas := stack.Pop()
            // Pop gas and value of the stack.
            value, addr := stack.Popn()
            value = U256(value)
            // Pop input size and offset
            inSize, inOffset := stack.Popn()
            // Pop return size and offset
            retSize, retOffset := stack.Popn()

            address := ethutil.Address(addr.Bytes())
            self.Printf(" => %x", address).Endl()

            // Get the arguments from the memory
            args := mem.Get(inOffset.Int64(), inSize.Int64())

            if len(value.Bytes()) > 0 {
                gas.Add(gas, GasStipend)
            }

            var (
                ret []byte
                err error
            )
            if op == CALLCODE {
                ret, err = self.env.CallCode(context, address, args, gas, price, value)
            } else {
                ret, err = self.env.Call(context, address, args, gas, price, value)
            }

            if err != nil {
                stack.Push(ethutil.BigFalse)

                vmlogger.Debugln(err)
            } else {
                stack.Push(ethutil.BigTrue)

                mem.Set(retOffset.Uint64(), retSize.Uint64(), ret)
            }
            self.Printf("resume %x (%v)", context.Address(), context.Gas)

            // Debug hook
            if self.Dbg != nil {
                self.Dbg.SetCode(context.Code)
            }

        case RETURN:
            size, offset := stack.Popn()
            ret := mem.Get(offset.Int64(), size.Int64())

            self.Printf(" => [%v, %v] (%d) 0x%x", offset, size, len(ret), ret).Endl()

            return context.Return(ret), nil
        case SUICIDE:
            receiver := statedb.GetOrNewStateObject(stack.Pop().Bytes())
            balance := statedb.GetBalance(context.Address())

            self.Printf(" => (%x) %v", receiver.Address()[:4], balance)

            receiver.AddBalance(balance)
            statedb.Delete(context.Address())

            fallthrough
        case STOP: // Stop the context
            self.Endl()

            return context.Return(nil), nil
        default:
            vmlogger.Debugf("(pc) %-3v Invalid opcode %x\n", pc, op)

            panic(fmt.Errorf("Invalid opcode %x", op))
        }

        pc++

        self.Endl()

        if self.Dbg != nil {
            for _, instrNo := range self.Dbg.BreakPoints() {
                if pc == uint64(instrNo) {
                    self.Stepping = true

                    if !self.Dbg.BreakHook(prevStep, op, mem, stack, statedb.GetStateObject(context.Address())) {
                        return nil, nil
                    }
                } else if self.Stepping {
                    if !self.Dbg.StepHook(prevStep, op, mem, stack, statedb.GetStateObject(context.Address())) {
                        return nil, nil
                    }
                }
            }
        }

    }
}

type req struct {
    stack int
    gas   *big.Int
}

var _baseCheck = map[OpCode]req{
    //       Req Stack  Gas price
    ADD:          {2, GasFastestStep},
    LT:           {2, GasFastestStep},
    GT:           {2, GasFastestStep},
    SLT:          {2, GasFastestStep},
    SGT:          {2, GasFastestStep},
    EQ:           {2, GasFastestStep},
    ISZERO:       {1, GasFastestStep},
    SUB:          {2, GasFastestStep},
    AND:          {2, GasFastestStep},
    OR:           {2, GasFastestStep},
    XOR:          {2, GasFastestStep},
    NOT:          {1, GasFastestStep},
    BYTE:         {2, GasFastestStep},
    CALLDATALOAD: {1, GasFastestStep},
    CALLDATACOPY: {3, GasFastestStep},
    MLOAD:        {1, GasFastestStep},
    MSTORE:       {2, GasFastestStep},
    MSTORE8:      {2, GasFastestStep},
    CODECOPY:     {3, GasFastestStep},
    MUL:          {2, GasFastStep},
    DIV:          {2, GasFastStep},
    SDIV:         {2, GasFastStep},
    MOD:          {2, GasFastStep},
    SMOD:         {2, GasFastStep},
    SIGNEXTEND:   {2, GasFastStep},
    ADDMOD:       {3, GasMidStep},
    MULMOD:       {3, GasMidStep},
    JUMP:         {1, GasMidStep},
    JUMPI:        {2, GasSlowStep},
    EXP:          {2, GasSlowStep},
    ADDRESS:      {0, GasQuickStep},
    ORIGIN:       {0, GasQuickStep},
    CALLER:       {0, GasQuickStep},
    CALLVALUE:    {0, GasQuickStep},
    CODESIZE:     {0, GasQuickStep},
    GASPRICE:     {0, GasQuickStep},
    COINBASE:     {0, GasQuickStep},
    TIMESTAMP:    {0, GasQuickStep},
    NUMBER:       {0, GasQuickStep},
    CALLDATASIZE: {0, GasQuickStep},
    DIFFICULTY:   {0, GasQuickStep},
    GASLIMIT:     {0, GasQuickStep},
    POP:          {0, GasQuickStep},
    PC:           {0, GasQuickStep},
    MSIZE:        {0, GasQuickStep},
    GAS:          {0, GasQuickStep},
    BLOCKHASH:    {1, GasExtStep},
    BALANCE:      {0, GasExtStep},
    EXTCODESIZE:  {1, GasExtStep},
    EXTCODECOPY:  {4, GasExtStep},
    SLOAD:        {1, GasStorageGet},
    SSTORE:       {2, Zero},
    SHA3:         {1, GasSha3Base},
    CREATE:       {3, GasCreate},
    CALL:         {7, GasCall},
    CALLCODE:     {7, GasCall},
    JUMPDEST:     {0, GasJumpDest},
    SUICIDE:      {1, Zero},
    RETURN:       {2, Zero},
}

func baseCheck(op OpCode, stack *Stack, gas *big.Int) {
    if r, ok := _baseCheck[op]; ok {
        stack.require(r.stack)

        gas.Add(gas, r.gas)
    }
}

func toWordSize(size *big.Int) *big.Int {
    tmp := new(big.Int)
    tmp.Add(size, u256(31))
    tmp.Div(tmp, u256(32))
    return tmp
}

func (self *Vm) calculateGasAndSize(context *Context, caller ContextRef, op OpCode, statedb *state.StateDB, mem *Memory, stack *Stack) (*big.Int, *big.Int) {
    var (
        gas                 = new(big.Int)
        newMemSize *big.Int = new(big.Int)
    )
    baseCheck(op, stack, gas)

    // Stack Check, memory resize & gas phase
    switch op {
    case PUSH1, PUSH2, PUSH3, PUSH4, PUSH5, PUSH6, PUSH7, PUSH8, PUSH9, PUSH10, PUSH11, PUSH12, PUSH13, PUSH14, PUSH15, PUSH16, PUSH17, PUSH18, PUSH19, PUSH20, PUSH21, PUSH22, PUSH23, PUSH24, PUSH25, PUSH26, PUSH27, PUSH28, PUSH29, PUSH30, PUSH31, PUSH32:
        gas.Set(GasFastestStep)
    case SWAP1, SWAP2, SWAP3, SWAP4, SWAP5, SWAP6, SWAP7, SWAP8, SWAP9, SWAP10, SWAP11, SWAP12, SWAP13, SWAP14, SWAP15, SWAP16:
        n := int(op - SWAP1 + 2)
        stack.require(n)
        gas.Set(GasFastestStep)
    case DUP1, DUP2, DUP3, DUP4, DUP5, DUP6, DUP7, DUP8, DUP9, DUP10, DUP11, DUP12, DUP13, DUP14, DUP15, DUP16:
        n := int(op - DUP1 + 1)
        stack.require(n)
        gas.Set(GasFastestStep)
    case LOG0, LOG1, LOG2, LOG3, LOG4:
        n := int(op - LOG0)
        stack.require(n + 2)

        mSize, mStart := stack.Peekn()

        gas.Add(gas, GasLogBase)
        gas.Add(gas, new(big.Int).Mul(big.NewInt(int64(n)), GasLogTopic))
        gas.Add(gas, new(big.Int).Mul(mSize, GasLogByte))

        newMemSize = calcMemSize(mStart, mSize)
    case EXP:
        gas.Add(gas, new(big.Int).Mul(big.NewInt(int64(len(stack.data[stack.Len()-2].Bytes()))), GasExpByte))
    case SSTORE:
        stack.require(2)

        var g *big.Int
        y, x := stack.Peekn()
        val := statedb.GetState(context.Address(), x.Bytes())
        if len(val) == 0 && len(y.Bytes()) > 0 {
            // 0 => non 0
            g = GasStorageAdd
        } else if len(val) > 0 && len(y.Bytes()) == 0 {
            statedb.Refund(self.env.Origin(), RefundStorage)

            g = GasStorageMod
        } else {
            // non 0 => non 0 (or 0 => 0)
            g = GasStorageMod
        }
        gas.Set(g)
    case MLOAD:
        newMemSize = calcMemSize(stack.Peek(), u256(32))
    case MSTORE8:
        newMemSize = calcMemSize(stack.Peek(), u256(1))
    case MSTORE:
        newMemSize = calcMemSize(stack.Peek(), u256(32))
    case RETURN:
        newMemSize = calcMemSize(stack.Peek(), stack.data[stack.Len()-2])
    case SHA3:
        newMemSize = calcMemSize(stack.Peek(), stack.data[stack.Len()-2])

        words := toWordSize(stack.data[stack.Len()-2])
        gas.Add(gas, words.Mul(words, GasSha3Word))
    case CALLDATACOPY:
        newMemSize = calcMemSize(stack.Peek(), stack.data[stack.Len()-3])

        words := toWordSize(stack.data[stack.Len()-3])
        gas.Add(gas, words.Mul(words, GasCopyWord))
    case CODECOPY:
        newMemSize = calcMemSize(stack.Peek(), stack.data[stack.Len()-3])

        words := toWordSize(stack.data[stack.Len()-3])
        gas.Add(gas, words.Mul(words, GasCopyWord))
    case EXTCODECOPY:
        newMemSize = calcMemSize(stack.data[stack.Len()-2], stack.data[stack.Len()-4])

        words := toWordSize(stack.data[stack.Len()-4])
        gas.Add(gas, words.Mul(words, GasCopyWord))

    case CREATE:
        newMemSize = calcMemSize(stack.data[stack.Len()-2], stack.data[stack.Len()-3])
    case CALL, CALLCODE:
        gas.Add(gas, stack.data[stack.Len()-1])

        if op == CALL {
            if self.env.State().GetStateObject(stack.data[stack.Len()-2].Bytes()) == nil {
                gas.Add(gas, GasCallNewAccount)
            }
        }

        if len(stack.data[stack.Len()-3].Bytes()) > 0 {
            gas.Add(gas, GasCallValueTransfer)
        }

        x := calcMemSize(stack.data[stack.Len()-6], stack.data[stack.Len()-7])
        y := calcMemSize(stack.data[stack.Len()-4], stack.data[stack.Len()-5])

        newMemSize = ethutil.BigMax(x, y)
    }

    if newMemSize.Cmp(ethutil.Big0) > 0 {
        newMemSizeWords := toWordSize(newMemSize)
        newMemSize.Mul(newMemSizeWords, u256(32))

        if newMemSize.Cmp(u256(int64(mem.Len()))) > 0 {
            oldSize := toWordSize(big.NewInt(int64(mem.Len())))
            pow := new(big.Int).Exp(oldSize, ethutil.Big2, Zero)
            linCoef := new(big.Int).Mul(oldSize, GasMemWord)
            quadCoef := new(big.Int).Div(pow, GasQuadCoeffDenom)
            oldTotalFee := new(big.Int).Add(linCoef, quadCoef)

            pow.Exp(newMemSizeWords, ethutil.Big2, Zero)
            linCoef = new(big.Int).Mul(newMemSizeWords, GasMemWord)
            quadCoef = new(big.Int).Div(pow, GasQuadCoeffDenom)
            newTotalFee := new(big.Int).Add(linCoef, quadCoef)

            gas.Add(gas, new(big.Int).Sub(newTotalFee, oldTotalFee))
        }
    }

    return newMemSize, gas
}

func (self *Vm) RunPrecompiled(p *PrecompiledAccount, callData []byte, context *Context) (ret []byte, err error) {
    gas := p.Gas(len(callData))
    if context.UseGas(gas) {
        ret = p.Call(callData)
        self.Printf("NATIVE_FUNC => %x", ret)
        self.Endl()

        return context.Return(ret), nil
    } else {
        self.Printf("NATIVE_FUNC => failed").Endl()

        tmp := new(big.Int).Set(context.Gas)

        panic(OOG(gas, tmp).Error())
    }
}

func (self *Vm) Printf(format string, v ...interface{}) VirtualMachine {
    if self.debug {
        if self.logTy == LogTyPretty {
            self.logStr += fmt.Sprintf(format, v...)
        }
    }

    return self
}

func (self *Vm) Endl() VirtualMachine {
    if self.debug {
        if self.logTy == LogTyPretty {
            vmlogger.Debugln(self.logStr)
            self.logStr = ""
        }
    }

    return self
}

func (self *Vm) Env() Environment {
    return self.env
}