********************************
Layout of a Solidity Source File
********************************
Source files can contain an arbitrary number of
:ref:`contract definitions<contract_structure>`, import_ directives
and :ref:`pragma directives<pragma>`.
.. index:: ! pragma
.. _pragma:
Pragmas
=======
The ``pragma`` keyword can be used to enable certain compiler features
or checks. A pragma directive is always local to a source file, so
you have to add the pragma to all your files if you want enable it
in all of your project. If you :ref:`import<import>` another file, the pragma
from that file will not automatically apply to the importing file.
.. index:: ! pragma, version
.. _version_pragma:
Version Pragma
--------------
Source files can (and should) be annotated with a so-called version pragma to reject
being compiled with future compiler versions that might introduce incompatible
changes. We try to keep such changes to an absolute minimum and especially
introduce changes in a way that changes in semantics will also require changes
in the syntax, but this is of course not always possible. Because of that, it is always
a good idea to read through the changelog at least for releases that contain
breaking changes, those releases will always have versions of the form
``0.x.0`` or ``x.0.0``.
The version pragma is used as follows::
pragma solidity ^0.4.0;
Such a source file will not compile with a compiler earlier than version 0.4.0
and it will also not work on a compiler starting from version 0.5.0 (this
second condition is added by using ``^``). The idea behind this is that
there will be no breaking changes until version ``0.5.0``, so we can always
be sure that our code will compile the way we intended it to. We do not fix
the exact version of the compiler, so that bugfix releases are still possible.
It is possible to specify much more complex rules for the compiler version,
the expression follows those used by `npm <https://docs.npmjs.com/misc/semver>`_.
.. note::
Using the version pragma will *not* change the version of the compiler.
It will also *not* enable or disable features of the compiler. It will just
instruct the compiler to check whether its version matches the one
required by the pragma. If it does not match, the compiler will issue
an error.
.. index:: ! pragma, experimental
.. _experimental_pragma:
Experimental Pragma
-------------------
The second pragma is the experimental pragma. It can be used to enable
features of the compiler or language that are not yet enabled by default.
The following experimental pragmas are currently supported:
ABIEncoderV2
~~~~~~~~~~~~
The new ABI encoder is able to encode and decode arbitrarily nested
arrays and structs. It produces less optimal code (the optimizer
for this part of the code is still under development) and has not
received as much testing as the old encoder. You can activate it
using ``pragma experimental ABIEncoderV2;``.
.. _smt_checker:
SMTChecker
~~~~~~~~~~
This component has to be enabled when the Solidity compiler is built
and therefore it is not available in all Solidity binaries.
The :ref:`build instructions<smt_solvers_build>` explain how to activate this option.
It is activated for the Ubuntu PPA releases in most versions,
but not for solc-js, the Docker images, Windows binaries or the
statically-built Linux binaries.
If you use
``pragma experimental SMTChecker;``, then you get additional
safety warnings which are obtained by querying an SMT solver.
The component does not yet support all features of the Solidity language
and likely outputs many warnings. In case it reports unsupported
features, the analysis may not be fully sound.
.. index:: source file, ! import
.. _import:
Importing other Source Files
============================
Syntax and Semantics
--------------------
Solidity supports import statements that are very similar to those available in JavaScript
(from ES6 on), although Solidity does not know the concept of a "default export".
At a global level, you can use import statements of the following form:
::
import "filename";
This statement imports all global symbols from "filename" (and symbols imported there) into the
current global scope (different than in ES6 but backwards-compatible for Solidity).
This simple form is not recommended for use, because it pollutes the namespace in an
unpredictable way: If you add new top-level items inside "filename", they will automatically
appear in all files that import like this from "filename". It is better to import specific
symbols explicitly.
The following example creates a new global symbol ``symbolName`` whose members are all
the global symbols from ``"filename"``.
::
import * as symbolName from "filename";
If there is a naming collision, you can also rename symbols while importing.
This code
creates new global symbols ``alias`` and ``symbol2`` which reference ``symbol1`` and ``symbol2`` from inside ``"filename"``, respectively.
::
import {symbol1 as alias, symbol2} from "filename";
Another syntax is not part of ES6, but probably convenient:
::
import "filename" as symbolName;
which is equivalent to ``import * as symbolName from "filename";``.
.. note::
If you use `import "filename.sol" as moduleName;`, you access a contract called `C`
from inside `"filename.sol"` as `moduleName.C` and not by using `C` directly.
Paths
-----
In the above, ``filename`` is always treated as a path with ``/`` as directory separator,
``.`` as the current and ``..`` as the parent directory. When ``.`` or ``..`` is followed by a character except ``/``,
it is not considered as the current or the parent directory.
All path names are treated as absolute paths unless they start with the current ``.`` or the parent directory ``..``.
To import a file ``x`` from the same directory as the current file, use ``import "./x" as x;``.
If you use ``import "x" as x;`` instead, a different file could be referenced
(in a global "include directory").
It depends on the compiler (see below) how to actually resolve the paths.
In general, the directory hierarchy does not need to strictly map onto your local
filesystem, it can also map to resources discovered via e.g. ipfs, http or git.
.. note::
Always use relative imports like ``import "./filename.sol";`` and avoid
using ``..`` in path specifiers. In the latter case, it is probably better to use
global paths and set up remappings as explained below.
Use in Actual Compilers
-----------------------
When invoking the compiler, you can specify how to discover the first element
of a path, and also path prefix remappings. For
example you can setup a remapping so that everything imported from the virtual
directory ``github.com/ethereum/dapp-bin/library`` would actually be read from
your local directory ``/usr/local/dapp-bin/library``.
If multiple remappings apply, the one with the longest key is tried first.
An empty prefix is not allowed. The remappings can depend on a context,
which allows you to configure packages to import e.g., different versions of a
library of the same name.
**solc**:
For solc (the commandline compiler), you provide these path remappings as
``context:prefix=target`` arguments, where both the ``context:`` and the
``=target`` parts are optional (``target`` defaults to ``prefix`` in this
case). All remapping values that are regular files are compiled (including
their dependencies).
This mechanism is backwards-compatible (as long
as no filename contains ``=`` or ``:``) and thus not a breaking change. All
files in or below the ``context`` directory that import a file that starts with
``prefix`` are redirected by replacing ``prefix`` by ``target``.
For example, if you clone ``github.com/ethereum/dapp-bin/`` locally to
``/usr/local/dapp-bin``, you can use the following in your source file:
::
import "github.com/ethereum/dapp-bin/library/iterable_mapping.sol" as it_mapping;
Then run the compiler:
.. code-block:: bash
solc github.com/ethereum/dapp-bin/=/usr/local/dapp-bin/ source.sol
As a more complex example, suppose you rely on a module that uses an old
version of dapp-bin that you checked out to ``/usr/local/dapp-bin_old``, then you can run:
.. code-block:: bash
solc module1:github.com/ethereum/dapp-bin/=/usr/local/dapp-bin/ \
module2:github.com/ethereum/dapp-bin/=/usr/local/dapp-bin_old/ \
source.sol
This means that all imports in ``module2`` point to the old version but imports
in ``module1`` point to the new version.
.. note::
``solc`` only allows you to include files from certain directories. They have
to be in the directory (or subdirectory) of one of the explicitly specified
source files or in the directory (or subdirectory) of a remapping target. If
you want to allow direct absolute includes, add the remapping ``/=/``.
If there are multiple remappings that lead to a valid file, the remapping
with the longest common prefix is chosen.
**Remix**:
`Remix <https://remix.ethereum.org/>`_ provides an automatic remapping for
GitHub and automatically retrieves the file over the network. You can import
the iterable mapping as above, e.g.
::
import "github.com/ethereum/dapp-bin/library/iterable_mapping.sol" as it_mapping;
Remix may add other source code providers in the future.
.. index:: ! comment, natspec
Comments
========
Single-line comments (``//``) and multi-line comments (``/*...*/``) are possible.
::
// This is a single-line comment.
/*
This is a
multi-line comment.
*/
.. note::
A single-line comment is terminated by any unicode line terminator
(LF, VF, FF, CR, NEL, LS or PS) in utf8 encoding. The terminator is still part of
the source code after the comment, so if it is not an ascii symbol
(these are NEL, LS and PS), it will lead to a parser error.
Additionally, there is another type of comment called a natspec comment,
for which the documentation is not yet written. They are written with a
triple slash (``///``) or a double asterisk block(``/** ... */``) and
they should be used directly above function declarations or statements.
You can use `Doxygen <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doxygen>`_-style tags inside these comments to document
functions, annotate conditions for formal verification, and provide a
**confirmation text** which is shown to users when they attempt to invoke a
function.
In the following example we document the title of the contract, the explanation
for the two function parameters and two return variables.
::
pragma solidity >=0.4.0 <0.6.0;
/** @title Shape calculator. */
contract ShapeCalculator {
/** @dev Calculates a rectangle's surface and perimeter.
* @param w Width of the rectangle.
* @param h Height of the rectangle.
* @return s The calculated surface.
* @return p The calculated perimeter.
*/
function rectangle(uint w, uint h) public pure returns (uint s, uint p) {
s = w * h;
p = 2 * (w + h);
}
}
